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Yadav TC, Bachhuka A. Tuning foreign body response with tailor-engineered nanoscale surface modifications: fundamentals to clinical applications. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7834-7854. [PMID: 37528807 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials are omnipresent in today's healthcare services and are employed in various applications, including implants, sensors, healthcare accessories, and drug delivery systems. Unfavorable host immunological responses frequently jeopardize the efficacy of biomaterials. As a result, surface modification has received much attention in controlling inflammatory responses since it helps camouflage the biomaterial from the host immune system, influencing the foreign body response (FBR) from protein adsorption to fibrous capsule formation. Surfaces with controlled nanotopography and chemistry, among other surface modification methodologies, have effectively altered the immune response to biomaterials. However, the field is still in its early stages, with only a few studies showing a synergistic effect of surface chemistry and nanotopography on inflammatory and wound healing pathways. Therefore, this review will concentrate on the individual and synergistic effects of surface chemistry and nanotopography on FBR modulation and the molecular processes known to modulate these responses. This review will also provide insights into crucial research gaps and advancements in various tactics for modulating FBR, opening new paths for future research. This will further aid in improving our understanding of the immune response to biomaterials, developing advanced surface modification techniques, designing immunomodulatory biomaterials, and translating discoveries into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Chand Yadav
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Marwadi University, Gujarat, 360003, India
- Department of Electronics, Electric, and Automatic Engineering, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), Tarragona, 43003, Spain.
| | - Akash Bachhuka
- Department of Electronics, Electric, and Automatic Engineering, Rovira I Virgili University (URV), Tarragona, 43003, Spain.
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2
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Antmen E, Muller CB, Calligaro C, Dupret-Bories A, Barthes J, Lavalle P, Vrana NE. In vitro two-step granuloma formation model for testing innate immune response to implants and coatings. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 138:212872. [PMID: 35913252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extensive innate immune response to implanted biomaterials contributes significantly to their sub-par performance and failure. Granuloma formation is one of such reactions which results in multi-cell type clusters in line with the immune reaction to implanted materials. However, currently no in vitro model of granuloma formation exists that takes into account the arrival of multiple cell types (immune cells and connective tissue cells) to the implant insertion site. In this study, we developed a two-step model based on stimulated macrophage seeding followed by fibroblast introduction after a physiologically relevant time period for mimicking initial steps of immune reaction to biomaterials and inducing granuloma like behavior. Both LPS and TNF-α induction resulted in granuloma like formations which persisted longer than the control conditions. Introduction of human fibroblasts resulted in the colonization of the surfaces where the cell numbers and the collagen secretion were dependent on the microenvironment. In order to demonstrate the capacity of our model system to monitor the reaction to a given coating, a validated antimicrobial coating (Polyarginine (PAR)/Hyaluronic acid (HA)) was used as a testing bed. The coating prevented the adhesion of macrophages while allowing the adhesion of the fibroblast at the time of their arrival. Similar to its antimicrobial activity, macrophage metabolic activity and M2 differentiation in the presence of PAR was dependent to its chain length. The incorporation of fibroblasts resulted in decreased TNF-α and increased IL-1RA secretion especially in stimulation conditions. The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretions were low for PAR/HA coatings in line with the decreased number of macrophage presence. In the presence of complex PBMC population, the coating resulted in slightly less cellular attachment, without any significant cytokine secretion; the absence of inflammatory reaction was also demonstrated in vivo in a mouse model. The described in vitro granuloma testing system can control the macrophage reaction as a function of stimulation. It can also be used for testing new biomaterials for the potential innate immune responses and also for validation of implant coatings beyond their primary function from the immune response point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Antmen
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Celine B Muller
- SPARTHA Medical, 14B Rue de la Canardiere, Strasbourg Cedex 67100, France; INSERM Unité 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRBS, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg Cedex 67000, France
| | - Cynthia Calligaro
- SPARTHA Medical, 14B Rue de la Canardiere, Strasbourg Cedex 67100, France; INSERM Unité 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRBS, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg Cedex 67000, France
| | - Agnes Dupret-Bories
- Surgery Department, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, 1 avenue Irène Joliot Curie, Toulouse 31052, France
| | - Julien Barthes
- INSERM Unité 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRBS, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg Cedex 67000, France
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- SPARTHA Medical, 14B Rue de la Canardiere, Strasbourg Cedex 67100, France; INSERM Unité 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRBS, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg Cedex 67000, France
| | - Nihal Engin Vrana
- SPARTHA Medical, 14B Rue de la Canardiere, Strasbourg Cedex 67100, France; INSERM Unité 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRBS, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg Cedex 67000, France.
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3
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Crawford L, Wyatt M, Bryers J, Ratner B. Biocompatibility Evolves: Phenomenology to Toxicology to Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002153. [PMID: 33829678 PMCID: PMC8221530 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The word "biocompatibility," is inconsistent with the observations of healing for so-called biocompatible biomaterials. The vast majority of the millions of medical implants in humans today, presumably "biocompatible," are walled off by a dense, avascular, crosslinked collagen capsule, hardly suggestive of life or compatibility. In contrast, one is now seeing examples of implant biomaterials that lead to a vascularized reconstruction of localized tissue, a biological reaction different from traditional biocompatible materials that generate a foreign body capsule. Both the encapsulated biomaterials and the reconstructive biomaterials qualify as "biocompatible" by present day measurements of biocompatibility. Yet, this new generation of materials would seem to heal "compatibly" with the living organism, where older biomaterials are isolated from the living organism by the dense capsule. This review/perspective article will explore this biocompatibility etymological conundrum by reviewing the history of the concepts around biocompatibility, today's standard methods for assessing biocompatibility, a contemporary view of the foreign body reaction and finally, a compendium of new biomaterials that heal without the foreign body capsule. A new definition of biocompatibility is offered here to address advances in biomaterials design leading to biomaterials that heal into the body in a facile manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Crawford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Meghan Wyatt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - James Bryers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Buddy Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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4
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Su FH, Xiao WC, Lin SH, Li Q. Cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane colloid as novel contrast agent for gastrointestinal magnetic resonance imaging: Transient nuclear Overhauser effect within the interface. J Biomater Appl 2020; 35:264-273. [PMID: 32366157 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220921528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With good contrast in T1 and T2 weighted imaging as well as low toxicity in 3- (4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, this work proposes the cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane colloids as a novel non-ionic contrast agent for gastrointestinal magnetic resonance imaging. The experiments of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and relaxation show that within the interface of the colloids, there are nuclear Overhauser effect and transient nuclear Overhauser effect (cross-relaxation). Regarding the longitudinal relaxation experiments of CH2CH2O segments of Tween 80, a two spins system is found and modeled well by the equation IZ-I0= S0((1-X) e-tD1 -(1+X) e-tT1) which is deduced based on the transient nuclear Overhauser effect proposed by Solomon. The arbitrary constant X is additionally added with the initial conditions (Iz - I0)t=0 = -2XS0 and (Sz - S0)t=0 = -2S0. For the two spins system, D1 and T1 are corresponding to longitudinal relaxation times of the bound water and the CH2CH2O respectively. Concerning the transverse relaxation experiments of the CH2CH2O, they agree with the equation with three exponential decays, defined by three relaxation times, likely corresponding to three mechanisms. These mechanisms possibly are intramolecular and intermolecular dipole-dipole (DD) interactions and scalar coupling. Within the interface, hydrogen bonding causes the positive nuclear Overhauser effect of the CH2CH2O's nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, the transient nuclear Overhauser effect of the CH2CH2O's longitudinal relaxation experiments and the intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions of the CH2CH2O's transverse relaxation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Hu Su
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, China.,Fujian Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fluorine-containing Materials, Sanming University, China
| | - Wang-Chuan Xiao
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, China.,Fujian Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fluorine-containing Materials, Sanming University, China
| | - Sheann-Huei Lin
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, China
| | - Qiyong Li
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, China.,Fujian Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fluorine-containing Materials, Sanming University, China
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5
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Lee JS, Shin BH, Yoo BY, Nam SY, Lee M, Choi J, Park H, Choy YB, Heo CY, Koh WG. Modulation of Foreign Body Reaction against PDMS Implant by Grafting Topographically Different Poly(acrylic acid) Micropatterns. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900206. [PMID: 31709762 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The surface of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is grafted with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) layers via surface-initiated photopolymerization to suppress the capsular contracture resulting from a foreign body reaction. Owing to the nature of photo-induced polymerization, various PAA micropatterns can be fabricated using photolithography. Hole and stripe micropatterns ≈100-µm wide and 3-µm thick are grafted onto the PDMS surface without delamination. The incorporation of PAA micropatterns provides not only chemical cues by hydrophilic PAA microdomains but also topographical cues by hole or stripe micropatterns. In vitro studies reveal that a PAA-grafted PDMS surface has a lower proliferation of both macrophages (Raw 264.7) and fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) regardless of the pattern presence. However, PDMS with PAA micropatterns, especially stripe micropatterns, minimizes the aggregation of fibroblasts and their subsequent differentiation into myofibroblasts. An in vivo study also shows that PDMS samples with stripe micropatterns polarized macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and most effectively inhibits capsular contracture, which is demonstrated by investigation of inflammation score, transforming-growth-factor-β expression, number of macrophages, and myofibroblasts as well as the collagen density and capsule thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sang Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Yong Yoo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Nam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Miji Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Heo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Al-Khoury H, Espinosa-Cano E, Aguilar MR, Román JS, Syrowatka F, Schmidt G, Groth T. Anti-inflammatory Surface Coatings Based on Polyelectrolyte Multilayers of Heparin and Polycationic Nanoparticles of Naproxen-Bearing Polymeric Drugs. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4015-4025. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hala Al-Khoury
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Heinrich Damerow Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Materials Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eva Espinosa-Cano
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rosa Aguilar
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio San Román
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Syrowatka
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Materials Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Georg Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Materials Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Department Biomedical Materials, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Heinrich Damerow Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Materials Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Applied Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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7
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Abstract
Biomaterials as we know them today had their origins in the late 1940s with off-the-shelf commercial polymers and metals. The evolution of materials for medical applications from these simple origins has been rapid and impactful. This review relates some of the early history; addresses concerns after two decades of development in the twenty-first century; and discusses how advanced technologies in both materials science and biology will address concerns, advance materials used at the biointerface, and improve outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddy D. Ratner
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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8
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Surface-attached dual-functional hydrogel for controlled cell adhesion based on poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Improving long-term subcutaneous drug delivery by regulating material-bioenvironment interaction. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 127:20-34. [PMID: 29391221 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous long-acting release (LAR) formulations have been extensively developed in the clinic to increase patient compliance and reduce treatment cost. Despite preliminary success for some LAR systems, a major obstacle limiting the therapeutic effect remains on their interaction with surrounding tissues. In this review, we summarize how living bodies respond to injected or implanted materials, and highlight some typical strategies based on smart material design, which may significantly improve long-term subcutaneous drug delivery. Moreover, possible strategies to achieve ultra-long (months, years) subcutaneous drug delivery systems are proposed. Based on these discussions, we believe the well-designed subcutaneous long-acting formulations will hold great promise to improve patient quality of life in the clinic.
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10
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Lotti F, Ranieri F, Vadalà G, Zollo L, Di Pino G. Invasive Intraneural Interfaces: Foreign Body Reaction Issues. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:497. [PMID: 28932181 PMCID: PMC5592213 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneural interfaces are stimulation/registration devices designed to couple the peripheral nervous system (PNS) with the environment. Over the last years, their use has increased in a wide range of applications, such as the control of a new generation of neural-interfaced prostheses. At present, the success of this technology is limited by an electrical impedance increase, due to an inflammatory response called foreign body reaction (FBR), which leads to the formation of a fibrotic tissue around the interface, eventually causing an inefficient transduction of the electrical signal. Based on recent developments in biomaterials and inflammatory/fibrotic pathologies, we explore and select the biological solutions that might be adopted in the neural interfaces FBR context: modifications of the interface surface, such as organic and synthetic coatings; the use of specific drugs or molecular biology tools to target the microenvironment around the interface; the development of bio-engineered-scaffold to reduce immune response and promote interface-tissue integration. By linking what we believe are the major crucial steps of the FBR process with related solutions, we point out the main issues that future research has to focus on: biocompatibility without losing signal conduction properties, good reproducible in vitro/in vivo models, drugs exhaustion and undesired side effects. The underlined pros and cons of proposed solutions show clearly the importance of a better understanding of all the molecular and cellular pathways involved and the need of a multi-target action based on a bio-engineered combination approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Lotti
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy.,Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Federico Ranieri
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy.,Fondazione Alberto Sordi-Research Institute for AgingRome, Italy.,Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vadalà
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Loredana Zollo
- Research Unit of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy.,Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
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11
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Köwitsch A, Zhou G, Groth T. Medical application of glycosaminoglycans: a review. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e23-e41. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Köwitsch
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
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12
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Zhou G, Niepel MS, Saretia S, Groth T. Reducing the inflammatory responses of biomaterials by surface modification with glycosaminoglycan multilayers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:493-502. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Zhou
- Biomedical Materials Group; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4 Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
| | - Marcus S. Niepel
- Biomedical Materials Group; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4 Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
| | - Shivam Saretia
- Biomedical Materials Group; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4 Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
| | - Thomas Groth
- Biomedical Materials Group; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4 Halle (Saale) 06120 Germany
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