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Khamwut A, Klomkliew P, Jumpathong W, Kaewsapsak P, Chanchaem P, Sivapornnukul P, Chantanakat K, T-Thienprasert NP, Payungporn S. In vitro evaluation of the anti‑breast cancer properties and gene expression profiles of Thai traditional formulary medicine extracts. Biomed Rep 2023; 19:70. [PMID: 37719681 PMCID: PMC10502604 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Moreover, standard treatments are limited, so new alternative treatments are required. Thai traditional formulary medicine (TTFM) utilizes certain herbs to treat different diseases due to their dominant properties including anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer actions. However, very little is known about the anti-cancer properties of TTFM against breast cancer cells and the underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. Therefore, the present study, evaluated the metabolite profiles of TTFM extracts, the anti-cancer activities of TTFM extracts, their effects on the apoptosis pathway and associated gene expression profiles. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy analysis identified a total of 226 compounds within the TTFM extracts. Several of these compounds have been previously shown to have an anti-cancer effect in certain cancer types. The MTT results demonstrated that the TTFM extracts significantly reduced the cell viability of the breast cancer 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Moreover, an apoptosis assay, demonstrated that the TTFM extracts significantly increased the proportion of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, the RNA-sequencing results demonstrated that 25 known genes were affected by TTFM treatment in 4T1 cells. TTFM treatment significantly up-regulated Slc5a8 and Arhgap9 expression compared with untreated cells. Moreover, Cybb, and Bach2os were significantly downregulated after TTFM treatment compared with untreated cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR demonstrated that TTFM extract treatment significantly increased Slc5a8 and Arhgap9 mRNA expression levels and significantly decreased Cybb mRNA expression levels. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of Bax and Casp9 were significantly increased after TTFM treatment in 4T1 cells compared with EpH4-Ev cells. These findings indicated anti-breast cancer activity via induction of the apoptotic process. However, further experiments are required to elucidate how TTFM specifically regulates genes and proteins. This study supports the potential usage of TTFM extracts for the development of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariya Khamwut
- Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pavit Klomkliew
- Center of Excellence in Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Pornchai Kaewsapsak
- Center of Excellence in Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Prangwalai Chanchaem
- Center of Excellence in Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pavaret Sivapornnukul
- Center of Excellence in Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kridsana Chantanakat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Center of Excellence in Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Zhao P, Qiu J, Pan C, Tang Y, Chen M, Song H, Yang J, Hao X. Potential roles and molecular mechanisms of bioactive ingredients in Curcumae Rhizoma against breast cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 114:154810. [PMID: 37075623 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality. Despite great advances in the therapeutic strategies, the survival rate in the past decades of patients with breast cancer remains unsatisfactory. Growing evidence has demonstrated that Curcumae Rhizoma, called Ezhu in Chinese, showed various pharmacological properties, including anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. It has been widely used in Chinese medicine to treat many types of human cancer. PURPOSE To comprehensively summarize and analyze the effects of active substances in Curcumae Rhizoma on breast cancer malignant phenotypes and the underlying mechanisms, as well as discuss its medicinal value and future perspectives. METHOD We used "Curcumae Rhizoma" or the name of crude extracts and bioactive components in Curcumae Rhizoma in combination with "breast cancer" as key words. Studies focusing on their anti-breast cancer activities and mechanisms of action were extracted from Pubmed, Web of Science and CNKI databases up to October 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guideline was followed. RESULTS Crude extracts and 7 main bioactive phytochemicals (curcumol, β-elemene, furanodiene, furanodienone, germacrone, curdione and curcumin) isolated from Curcumae Rhizoma have shown many anti-breast cancer pharmacological properties, including inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, invasion and stemness, reversing chemoresistance, and inducing cell apoptosis, cycle arrest and ferroptosis. The mechanisms of action were involved in regulating MAPK, PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways. In vivo and clinical studies demonstrated that these compounds exhibited high anti-tumor efficacy and safety against breast cancer. CONCLUSION These findings provide strong evidence that Curcumae Rhizoma acts as a rich source of phytochemicals and has robust anti-breast cancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang & Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianfei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology and Characteristics, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chaolan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang & Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Yunyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang & Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Meijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang & Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang & Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Jue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang & Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang & Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China.
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3
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Anticancer effects of Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe ethanol extract on a human breast cancer cell line. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Identification of Molecular Targets and Underlying Mechanisms of Xiaoji Recipe against Pancreatic Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4640849. [PMID: 36118824 PMCID: PMC9477627 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4640849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is applied in the anticancer adjuvant therapy of various malignancies and pancreatic cancer included. Xiaoji recipe consists several TCM materials with anticancer activities. In our work, we intended to analyze the molecular targets as well as the underlying mechanisms of Xiaoji recipe against pancreatic cancer. A total of 32 active components and 522 potential targets of Xiaoji recipe were selected using the TCMSP and SwissTargetPrediction databases. The potential target gene prediction in pancreatic cancer was performed using OMIM, Disgenet, and Genecards databases, and totally, 998 target genes were obtained. The component-disease network was constructed using the Cytoscape software, and 116 shared targets of pancreatic cancer and Xiaoji recipe were screened out. As shown in the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, the top 20 hub genes such as TP53, HRAS, AKT1, VEGFA, STAT3, EGFR, and SRC were further selected by degree. GO and KEGG functional enrichment analysis revealed that Xiaoji recipe may affect pancreatic cancer progression by targeting the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, we performed in vitro assays to explore the effect of Xiaoji recipe on pancreatic cancer cells. The results revealed that Xiaoji recipe suppressed the viability and migration and promoted the apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells via the inactivation of PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and STAT3 pathways. The findings of our study suggested the potential of Xiaoji recipe in the targeting therapy of pancreatic cancer.
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Qiao EQ, Yang HJ, Yu XF, Gong LJ, Zhang XP, Chen DB. Curcuma zedoaria petroleum ether extract reverses the resistance of triple-negative breast cancer to docetaxel via pregnane X receptor. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1389. [PMID: 34733941 PMCID: PMC8506551 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by its aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Docetaxel is the common chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of TNBC. However, resistance to docetaxel has limited the effectiveness of TNBC treatment. Petroleum ether extracts of Curcuma zedoaria (PECZ) can inhibit the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. However, the effect of PECZ on docetaxel resistance is not clear. Methods A docetaxel-resistant MDA-MB-231 (MDA-MB-231/docetaxel) cell line was established, and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and western blotting assays were used to evaluate the effect of docetaxel resistance in MDA-MB-231 cells. Next, CCK-8 was also performed to detect the effect of docetaxel or the combination treatment of docetaxel and PECZ on the proliferation of MDA-MB-231/docetaxel cells. Thereafter, MDA-MB-231/docetaxel cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice to induce a TNBC xenograft model, and the mice were divided into a model group, docetaxel group, PECZ group, and combination of docetaxel and PECZ group. Subsequently, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemical, qRT-PCR, and western blotting were used to estimate the effect of pre-treatment with PECZ on docetaxel tolerance reversal. Results PECZ significantly inhibited the expression of pregnane X receptor (PXR), multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and cytochrome P-450 (CYP3A4) in MDA-MB-231/docetaxel cells. Only higher concentrations of docetaxel could inhibit the viability of MDA-MB-231/docetaxel cells. When pre-treated with PECZ, lower concentrations of docetaxel could significantly inhibit cell viability. Meanwhile, combination treatment also reduced the tumor volume, ameliorated the pathological change of tumor tissues, and down-regulated the expressions of PXR, MDR1, BCRP, and CYP3A4 (according to HE staining, immunohistochemical, qRT-PCR and western blotting results in vivo). Conclusions Our research showed that PECZ reversed docetaxel resistance in TNBC by PXR both in vitro and in vivo, which provides the basis for further investigations into the potential therapeutic impact of docetaxel resistance in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Qi Qiao
- Department of Breast Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Jian Yang
- Department of Breast Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Fei Yu
- Department of Breast Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Jie Gong
- Department of Breast Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Ping Zhang
- Department of Breast Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dao-Bao Chen
- Department of Breast Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Tang X, Wei Y, Wang J, Chen S, Cai J, Tang J, Xu X, Long B, Yu G, Zhang Z, He M, Qin J. Association between SIRT6 Methylation and Human Longevity in a Chinese Population. Public Health Genomics 2020; 23:190-199. [PMID: 33238266 DOI: 10.1159/000508832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirtuin 6 gene (SIRT6) is a longevity gene that is involved in a variety of metabolic pathways, but the relationship between SIRT6 methylation and longevity has not been clarified. METHODS We conducted a case-control study on 129 residents with a family history of longevity (1 of parents, themselves, or siblings aged ≥90 years) and 86 individuals without a family history of exceptional longevity to identify the association. DNA pyrosequencing was performed to analyze the methylation status of SIRT6 promoter CpG sites. qRT-PCR and ELISA were used to estimate the SIRT6 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and protein content. Six CpG sites (P1-P6) were identified as methylation variable positions in the SIRT6 promoter region. RESULTS At the P2 and P5 CpG sites, the methylation rates of the longevity group were lower than those of the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009), which might be independent determinants of longevity. The mRNA and protein levels of SIRT6 decreased in the control group (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.038). The mRNA level negatively correlated with the methylation rates at the P2 (rs = -0.173, p = 0.011) and P5 sites (rs = -0.207, p = 0.002). Furthermore, the protein content positively correlated with the methylation rate at the P5 site (rs = 0.136, p = 0.046) but showed no significant correlation with the methylation rate at the P2 site. CONCLUSION The low level of SIRT6 methylation may be a potential protective factor of Chinese longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiansheng Cai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiexia Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bingshuang Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guoqi Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China,
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
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Yu CH, Zhao JS, Zhao H, Peng T, Shen DC, Xu QX, Li Y, Webb RC, Wang MH, Shi XM, Peng C, Ding WJ. Transcriptional profiling of uterine leiomyoma rats treated by a traditional herb pair, Curcumae rhizoma and Sparganii rhizoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8132. [PMID: 31141088 PMCID: PMC6542090 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the concise effects of a traditional herb pair, Curcumae rhizoma-Sparganii rhizoma (CRSR), on uterine leiomyoma (UL) by analyzing transcriptional profiling. The UL rat model was made by intramuscular injection of progesterone and gavage administration of diethylstilbestrol. From 11 weeks of the establishment of the model, rats of the UL+CRSR group were gavaged daily with CRSR (6.67 g/kg). The serum concentrations of progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) were determined by radioimmunoassay, the uterine index was measured by caliper measurement, and the pathological status was observed by hematoxylin and eosin stain. Gene expression profiling was checked by NimbleGen Rat Gene Expression Microarrays. The results indicated that the uterine mass of UL+CRSR rats was significantly shrunk and serum P and E2 levels significantly reduced compared to UL animals and nearly to the level of normal rats. Results of microarrays displayed the extensive inhibition of CRSR upon the expression of proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes, and significantly regulated a wide range of metabolism disorders. Furthermore, CRSR extensively regulated key pathways of the UL process, such as MAPK, PPAR, Notch, and TGF-β/Smad. Regulation of the crucial pathways for the UL process and ECM metabolism may be the underlying mechanisms of CRSR treatment. Further studies will provide clear clues for effectively treating UL with CRSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hao Yu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jin Shuang Zhao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Teng Peng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Cheng Shen
- The Community Health Service Center of Xi'an Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiu Xia Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mong Heng Wang
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xing Ming Shi
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Cheng Peng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Jun Ding
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Liu XF, Li JW, Chen HZ, Sun ZY, Shi GX, Zhu JM, Song AL, Wang Y, Li XQ. Yanghe Huayan decoction inhibits the capability of trans-endothelium and angiogenesis of HER2+ breast cancer via pAkt signaling. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181260. [PMID: 30429238 PMCID: PMC6379224 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Yanghe Huayan Decoction (YHD), a traditional Chinese medicine, is one of the most common complementary medicine currently used in the treatment of breast cancer (BC). It has been recently linked to suppress precancerous lesion and tumor development. The current study sought to explore the role of YHD on trans-endothelium and angiogenesis of BC. Methods: HER2+ BC cells were treated with YHD, Trastuzumab, or the combination in vitro and in vivo to compare the effects of them on trans-endothelium and angiogenesis features. The present study also investigated the potential molecular mechanism of YHD in inhibiting angiogenesis of BC. Results: YHD significantly suppressed the invasion and angiogenesis of BC cells via elevated pAkt signaling. Administration of YHD in vivo also strikingly repressed angiogenesis in tumor grafts. Conclusion: YHD could partially inhibit and reverse tumorigenesis of BC. It also could inhibit Akt activation and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo Its effect was superior to trastuzumab. Thus it was suitable for prevention and treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Liu
- First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing-Wei Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medecine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guang-Xi Shi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ai-Li Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Qi Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Wang N, Yang B, Zhang X, Wang S, Zheng Y, Li X, Liu S, Pan H, Li Y, Huang Z, Zhang F, Wang Z. Network Pharmacology-Based Validation of Caveolin-1 as a Key Mediator of Ai Du Qing Inhibition of Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1106. [PMID: 30333750 PMCID: PMC6176282 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese formulas have been paid increasing attention in cancer multidisciplinary therapy due to their multi-targets and multi-substances property. Here, we aim to investigate the anti-breast cancer and chemosensitizing function of Ai Du Qing (ADQ) formula made up of Hedyotis diffusa, Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc., Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Our findings revealed that ADQ significantly inhibited cell proliferation in both parental and chemo-resistant breast cancer cells, but with little cytotoxcity effects on the normal cells. Besides, ADQ was found to facilitate the G2/M arresting and apoptosis induction effects of paclitaxel. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis further demonstrated that ADQ yielded 132 candidate compounds and 297 potential targets, and shared 22 putative targets associating with breast cancer chemoresponse. Enrichment analysis and experimental validation demonstrated that ADQ might improve breast cancer chemosensitivity via inhibiting caveolin-1, which further triggered expression changes of cell cycle-related proteins p21/cyclinB1 and apoptosis-associated proteins PARP1, BAX and Bcl-2. Besides, ADQ enhanced in vivo paclitaxel chemosensitivity on breast cancer. Our study not only uncovers the novel function and mechanisms of ADQ in chemosensitizing breast cancer at least partly via targeting caveolin-1, but also sheds novel light in utilizing network pharmacology in Chinese Medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Yang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Zheng
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Li
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Liu
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Pan
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwei Li
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhujuan Huang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxue Zhang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Integrative Research Laboratory of Breast Cancer, Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Zou L, Wang X, Jiang L, Wang S, Xiong X, Yang H, Gao W, Gong M, Hu CAA, Yin Y. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of Frizzled 6 in the small intestine of pigs (Sus scrofa). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179421. [PMID: 28614361 PMCID: PMC5470702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Frizzled 6 (FZD6) encodes an integral membrane protein that functions in multiple signal transduction pathways, for example, as a receptor in Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway for polarized cell migration and organ morphogenesis. Mutations in FZD6 have been identified in a variety of tumors. In this study, the full-length cDNA of Sus scrofa FZD6 (Sfz6) was cloned and characterized. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrates that the Sfz6 gene encodes the 712 amino-acid (aa) protein with seven transmembrane domain. Tissue distribution analysis showed that Sfz6 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, being highest in kidney, moderate in jejunum, ileum, colon, liver, and spleen. However, FZD6 protein is highly expressed in the heart and there was no significant difference in other tissues. The relative abundance and localization of FZD6 protein in jejunum along the crypt-villus axis was determined by Western blot and immunohistochemical localization. The results show that in the jejunum, FZD6 protein is highly expressed in the villus and less in the crypt cells. Cellular proliferation and viability assays indicate that knockdown of FZD6 with small interfering RNAs (siRNA) significantly reduced the cell viability of the intestinal porcine enterocyte cells (IPEC-J2). Furthermore, qPCR and Western blot analysis revealed that expressions of ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1); ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), some components of PCP signaling pathway were upregulated (P < 0.05) by knockdown of FZD6 in IPEC-J2 cells. In conclusion, these results showed that FZD6 abundance in the villus was higher than that in crypt cells and knockdown of FZD6 induces PCP signal pathway components expression in IPEC-J2 cells. Our findings provide the foundation for further investigation into porcine FZD6 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Basic Biology, Hunan First Normal College, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaocheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shengping Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Gong
- Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chien-An A Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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11
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Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Dan'e-Fukang Soft Extract in the Treatment of Endometriosis: A Meta-Analysis of 39 Randomized Controlled Trials Enrolling 5442 Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:9767391. [PMID: 28337228 PMCID: PMC5350406 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9767391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Dan'e-fukang soft extract in endometriosis treatment. Method. PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang Database, VIP, SinoMed, and Cochrane Library were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of Dan'e-fukang soft extract and conventional western medicines for endometriosis treatment were included. The data were extracted independently by two people and analyzed using RevMan 5.2.0 software. The relative risk (RR) and mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals were considered as effective outcome indicators. Results. Thirty-nine papers including 5442 patients with endometriosis were included in this study. A meta-analysis revealed that Dan'e-fukang soft extract was more efficient than gestrinone in the treatment of endometriosis (RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.15, I2 = 71%, REM, 18 trials) and its efficacy was comparable to that of danazol and mifepristone. Dan'e-fukang soft extract was also as effective as gestrinone and mifepristone in terms of relapse rate and relieving dysmenorrhea. The incidence of adverse reactions was lower than that of conventional western medicines. Conclusions. The results of this study showed that Dan'e-fukang soft extract offers certain advantages in endometriosis treatment, but rigorously designed, strictly implemented RCTs are needed to further validate its efficacy.
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12
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Sun W, Wang S, Zhao W, Wu C, Guo S, Gao H, Tao H, Lu J, Wang Y, Chen X. Chemical constituents and biological research on plants in the genus Curcuma. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1451-1523. [PMID: 27229295 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1176554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Curcuma, a valuable genus in the family Zingiberaceae, includes approximately 110 species. These plants are native to Southeast Asia and are extensively cultivated in India, China, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Peru, Australia, and the West Indies. The plants have long been used in folk medicine to treat stomach ailments, stimulate digestion, and protect the digestive organs, including the intestines, stomach, and liver. In recent years, substantial progress has been achieved in investigations regarding the chemical and pharmacological properties, as well as in clinical trials of certain Curcuma species. This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge on the chemistry and briefly discusses the biological activities of Curcuma species. A total of 720 compounds, including 102 diphenylalkanoids, 19 phenylpropene derivatives, 529 terpenoids, 15 flavonoids, 7 steroids, 3 alkaloids, and 44 compounds of other types isolated or identified from 32 species, have been phytochemically investigated. The biological activities of plant extracts and pure compounds are classified into 15 groups in detail, with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Sheng Wang
- b State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Shuhui Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Hongxun Tao
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Jinjian Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Yitao Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
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13
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Tariq S, Imran M, Mushtaq Z, Asghar N. Phytopreventive antihypercholesterolmic and antilipidemic perspectives of zedoary (Curcuma Zedoaria Roscoe.) herbal tea. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:39. [PMID: 26920896 PMCID: PMC4769493 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is an increasingly prevalent problem, not only in industrialized developed countries, but in developing countries as well. The modern healthcare to reduce the dysfunction of metabolic syndrome is burdened with great problems of unsafe medicines and certain degree of side effects. Medicinal plants and derived component products are becoming increasingly popular in modern society as natural alternatives to synthetic multiple drugs for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The present research work was carried out to evaluate the zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe.) herbal tea (ZHT) for antihypercholestrolemic and antilipidemic perspectives in discerning consumers. METHODS Zedoary rhizome dried powder (ZRDP) after proximate composition analysis was used to prepared ZHT samples as T1 (500 mg ZRDP), T2 (1 g ZRDP) and T3 (1.5 g ZRDP) in 200 mL boiling water for 5 minutes, respectively. ZHT samples were characterized for total phenolic compounds (TPC), DPPH inhibition, total flavonoids, color tonality (L*, a* and b* value), pH, acidity, total soluble solids (TSS) and sensory acceptance. Thirty mild-hypercholestrolemic male human volunteers were randomly allocated to three groups (G1, G2 and G3) and each group consisting of 1o mild-hypercholestrolemic male human subjects. The volunteers were assigned ZHT samples for consecutive two months. The blood drawn for day 0, day 30 and day 60 after an overnight 12 h fast was analyzed for serum parameters such as total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) and triglycerides (TG) concentration. RESULTS The ZRDP possessed abundantly the crude protein (13.5 ± 0.68 %), total dietary fiber (21.86 ± 0.71 %), acid detergent fiber (13.22 ± 0.44 %), neutral detergent fiber (18.68 ± 0.53 %) and mineral contents. Highest TPC, DPPH inhibition and total flavonoids values were observed 9.74 ± 0.64 (mg GAE/g DW), 47.28 ± 1.62 (%) and 17.12 ± 0.75 (QE mg/g), respectively in T3. L* value was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) low for T3 samples. In contrast, a* value and b* value was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher for T3 when compared with T1 and T2. T3 samples showed lower pH (5.13 ± 0.13) and higher acidity (0.25 ± 0.08) values than T1 (5.64 ± 0.25, 0.17 ± 0.05) and T2 (5.42 ± 0.21, 0.21 ± 0.06), respectively. Similarly, an increasing trend in TSS contents was observed. Sensory scores assigned to color, flavor, aroma and overall acceptability attributes varied in a quite narrow range for all ZHT samples. The lowest evaluation scores were recorded for T3 samples. The G3 showed the more reduction in body weight and BMI during efficacy study as compared to G1 and G2. The decrease in serum TC for G1, G2 and G3 on day 60 was observed 9 %, 14 % and 17 %, respectively when compared with reference value at day 0. The consumption of T3 resulted in significant increase (6.8 %) of HDL-cholesterol after two months. A trend in decrease of serum LDL-cholesterol (5.6 %) and TG (12.5 %) was also observed after consumption of T3 at day 60. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study conclude that the strong phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity of zedoary rhizome have protective role against hypercholesterolemic and lipidemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tariq
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Home Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zarina Mushtaq
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Nosheen Asghar
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Home Economics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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14
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Zhu F, Li X, Jiang Y, Zhu H, Zhang H, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Luo F. GdCl3 suppresses the malignant potential of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the expression of CD206 in tumor‑associated macrophages. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2643-55. [PMID: 26352004 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to ascertain whether there is a correlation between CD206 expression in tumor associated-macrophages (TAMs) and the prognosis of primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and we investigated the effect of GdCl3 on HCC. The expression of CD206 in HCC tumor tissues and peri-carcinoma tissues was measured using an array for liver tissues. The effects of GdCl3 on CD206 expression were examined in stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Target gene expression was evaluated by RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The transwell system was used to assess the invasiveness of HCC cells. Finally, we established a mouse model for HCC using N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) to determine the effect of GdCl3 on HCC. Liver tissue array analysis revealed that CD206 was highly expressed in the HCC tissues compared to the level in peri-carcinoma tissue. We found that GdCl3 suppressed the expression of CD206 in the M2 macrophage phenotype of stimulated RAW264.7 cells with an IC10 value of 0.07 µg/µl. In addition, GdCl3 also induced cell apoptosis in the RAW264.7 cells. Addition of GdCl3 into the culture medium of RAW264.7 cells markedly reduced the invasive ability of Hepa1-6 cells compared to the control cells. Accordingly, GdCl3 treatment increased the expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein E-cadherin while expression of N-cadherin, TWIST and Snail was reduced in IL-4-stimulated cells. Moreover, GdCl3 treatment inhibited HCC progression in DEN-induced HCC mice, possibly by downregulating CD206. Our findings indicate that CD206 is a potential biomarker for predicting HCC prognosis and that GdCl3 suppresses HCC progression by downregulating the expression of CD206 in TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Haolong Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Chengyao Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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