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Karthikeyan A, Joseph A, Nair BG. Promising bioactive compounds from the marine environment and their potential effects on various diseases. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:14. [PMID: 35080679 PMCID: PMC8790952 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The marine environment hosts a wide variety of species that have evolved to live in harsh and challenging conditions. Marine organisms are the focus of interest due to their capacity to produce biotechnologically useful compounds. They are promising biocatalysts for new and sustainable industrial processes because of their resistance to temperature, pH, salt, and contaminants, representing an opportunity for several biotechnological applications. Encouraged by the extensive and richness of the marine environment, marine organisms’ role in developing new therapeutic benefits is heading as an arable field. Main body of the abstract There is currently much interest in biologically active compounds derived from natural resources, especially compounds that can efficiently act on molecular targets, which are involved in various diseases. Studies are focused on bacteria and fungi, isolated from sediments, seawater, fish, algae, and most marine invertebrates such as sponges, mollusks, tunicates, coelenterates, and crustaceans. In addition to marine macro-organisms, such as sponges, algae, or corals, marine bacteria and fungi have been shown to produce novel secondary metabolites (SMs) with specific and intricate chemical structures that may hold the key to the production of novel drugs or leads. The marine environment is known as a rich source of chemical structures with numerous beneficial health effects. Presently, several lines of studies have provided insight into biological activities and neuroprotective effects of marine algae, including antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammatory, cholinesterase inhibitory activity, and neuronal death inhibition. Conclusion The application of marine-derived bioactive compounds has gained importance because of their therapeutic uses in several diseases. Marine natural products (MNPs) display various pharmaceutically significant bioactivities, including antibiotic, antiviral, neurodegenerative, anticancer, or anti-inflammatory properties. The present review focuses on the importance of critical marine bioactive compounds and their role in different diseases and highlights their possible contribution to humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Karthikeyan
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Abey Joseph
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Baiju G Nair
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India. .,Nanomedical Engineering Laboratory, Riken, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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Large Scale Molecular Studies of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors: Novel Markers, Mechanisms and Translational Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061395. [PMID: 33808624 PMCID: PMC8003417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors are non-cancerous tumors of the pituitary gland, that may overproduce hormones leading to serious health conditions or due to tumor size cause chronic headache, vertigo or visual impairment. In recent years pituitary neuroendocrine tumors are studied with the latest molecular biology methods that simultaneously investigate a large number of factors to understand the mechanisms of how these tumors develop and how they could be diagnosed or treated. In this review article, we have studied literature reports, compiled information and described molecular factors that could affect the development and clinical characteristics of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, discovered factors that overlap between several studies using large scale molecular analysis and interpreted the potential involvement of these factors in pituitary tumor development. Overall, this study provides a valuable resource for understanding the biology of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Abstract Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are non-metastatic neoplasms of the pituitary, which overproduce hormones leading to systemic disorders, or tumor mass effects causing headaches, vertigo or visual impairment. Recently, PitNETs have been investigated in large scale (exome and genome) molecular analyses (transcriptome microarrays and sequencing), to uncover novel markers. We performed a literature analysis on these studies to summarize the research data and extrapolate overlapping gene candidates, biomarkers, and molecular mechanisms. We observed a tendency in samples with driver mutations (GNAS, USP8) to have a smaller overall mutational rate, suggesting driver-promoted tumorigenesis, potentially changing transcriptome profiles in tumors. However, direct links from drivers to signaling pathways altered in PitNETs (Notch, Wnt, TGF-β, and cell cycle regulators) require further investigation. Modern technologies have also identified circulating nucleic acids, and pinpointed these as novel PitNET markers, i.e., miR-143-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-145-5p, and let-7g-5p, therefore these molecules must be investigated in the future translational studies. Overall, large-scale molecular studies have provided key insight into the molecular mechanisms behind PitNET pathogenesis, highlighting previously reported molecular markers, bringing new candidates into the research field, and reapplying traditional perspectives to newly discovered molecular mechanisms.
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Shirian FI, Ghorbani M, Khamseh ME, Imani M, Panahi M, Alimohammadi A, Nourbakhsh M, Salimi V, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. Up-regulation of sex-determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:50. [PMID: 33736633 PMCID: PMC7971953 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenomas are benign brain tumors that cause considerable morbidity and neurological symptoms. SOX9 as a regulatory transcriptional mediator affects normal and tumor cell growth with an undefined role in pituitary adenomas pathogenesis. Thus, in the present study, the expression pattern of SOX9 in GH-secreting pituitary tumors and normal pituitary tissues is investigated. METHODS The SOX9 gene expression level was evaluated in 60 pituitary tissues including different types of GH-secreting adenomas and normal pituitary tissues through Real-Time PCR. The protein level of SOX9 was assessed using immunohistochemistry. The correlations of SOX9 gene and protein expression level with the patient's clinical and pathological features were considered. RESULTS The SOX9 over-expression was detected in GH-secreting adenomas tumor tissues compared to normal pituitary tissues which were accompanied by overexpression of SOX9 protein in tumor tissues. The over-expression of SOX9 had a significant impact on GH-secreting adenomas tumor incidence with the odds ratio of 8.4 and the diagnostic value of SOX9 was considerable. The higher level of SOX9 expression was associated with invasive and macro tumors in GH-secreting pituitary adenoma patients. The positive correlation of SOX9 gene and protein level was observed and the tumor size and tumor invasive features were valuable in predicting SOX9 expression level in GH-producing pituitary tumors. CONCLUSION The study provided the first shreds of evidence regarding the expression pattern of SOX9 in the GH- secreting pituitary adenomas at both gene and protein levels which may emphasize the possible involvement of SOX9 as a mediator in pituitary adenoma tumor formation also open up new intrinsic molecular mechanism regarding pituitary adenoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Izak Shirian
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad E Khamseh
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Imani
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Firozgar Hospital, Pathology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mitra Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Avila C, Angulo-Preckler C. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Heterobranchs. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:657. [PMID: 33371188 PMCID: PMC7767343 DOI: 10.3390/md18120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural products of heterobranch molluscs display a huge variability both in structure and in their bioactivity. Despite the considerable lack of information, it can be observed from the recent literature that this group of animals possesses an astonishing arsenal of molecules from different origins that provide the molluscs with potent chemicals that are ecologically and pharmacologically relevant. In this review, we analyze the bioactivity of more than 450 compounds from ca. 400 species of heterobranch molluscs that are useful for the snails to protect themselves in different ways and/or that may be useful to us because of their pharmacological activities. Their ecological activities include predator avoidance, toxicity, antimicrobials, antifouling, trail-following and alarm pheromones, sunscreens and UV protection, tissue regeneration, and others. The most studied ecological activity is predation avoidance, followed by toxicity. Their pharmacological activities consist of cytotoxicity and antitumoral activity; antibiotic, antiparasitic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activity; and activity against neurodegenerative diseases and others. The most studied pharmacological activities are cytotoxicity and anticancer activities, followed by antibiotic activity. Overall, it can be observed that heterobranch molluscs are extremely interesting in regard to the study of marine natural products in terms of both chemical ecology and biotechnology studies, providing many leads for further detailed research in these fields in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Carlos Angulo-Preckler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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Marques P, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. The tumour microenvironment of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 58:100852. [PMID: 32553750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) includes a variety of non-neoplastic cells and non-cellular elements such as cytokines, growth factors and enzymes surrounding tumour cells. The TME emerged as a key modulator of tumour initiation, progression and invasion, with extensive data available in many cancers, but little is known in pituitary tumours. However, the understanding of the TME of pituitary tumours has advanced thanks to active research in this field over the last decade. Different immune and stromal cell subpopulations, and several cytokines, growth factors and matrix remodelling enzymes, have been characterised in pituitary tumours. Studying the TME in pituitary tumours may lead to a better understanding of tumourigenic mechanisms, identification of biomarkers useful to predict aggressive disease, and development of novel therapies. This review summarises the current knowledge on the different TME cellular/non-cellular elements in pituitary tumours and provides an overview of their role in tumourigenesis, biological behaviour and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Würth R, Thellung S, Corsaro A, Barbieri F, Florio T. Experimental Evidence and Clinical Implications of Pituitary Adenoma Stem Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:54. [PMID: 32153500 PMCID: PMC7044184 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas, accounting for 15% of diagnosed intracranial neoplasms, are usually benign and pharmacologically and surgically treatable; however, the critical location, mass effects and hormone hypersecretion sustain their significant morbidity. Approximately 35% of pituitary tumors show a less benign course since they are highly proliferative and invasive, poorly resectable, and likely recurring. The latest WHO classification of pituitary tumors includes pituitary transcription factor assessment to determine adenohypophysis cell lineages and accurate designation of adenomas, nevertheless little is known about molecular and cellular pathways which contribute to pituitary tumorigenesis. In malignant tumors the identification of cancer stem cells radically changed the concepts of both tumorigenesis and pharmacological approaches. Cancer stem cells are defined as a subset of undifferentiated transformed cells from which the bulk of cancer cells populating a tumor mass is generated. These cells are able to self-renew, promoting tumor progression and recurrence of malignant tumors, also conferring cytotoxic drug resistance. On the other hand, the existence of stem cells within benign tumors is still debated. The presence of adult stem cells in human and murine pituitaries where they sustain the high plasticity of hormone-producing cells, allowed the hypothesis that putative tumor stem cells might exist in pituitary adenomas, reinforcing the concept that the cancer stem cell model could also be applied to pituitary tumorigenesis. In the last few years, the isolation and phenotypic characterization of putative pituitary adenoma stem-like cells was performed using a wide and heterogeneous variety of experimental models and techniques, although the role of these cells in adenoma initiation and progression is still not completely definite. The assessment of possible pituitary adenoma-initiating cell population would be of extreme relevance to better understand pituitary tumor biology and to identify novel potential diagnostic markers and pharmacological targets. In this review, we summarize the most updated studies focused on the definition of pituitary adenoma stem cell phenotype and functional features, highlighting the biological processes and intracellular pathways potentially involved in driving tumor growth, relapse, and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Würth
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Thellung
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Expression and Functional Analysis of CXCL12 and Its Receptors in Human Term Trophoblast Cells. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:46-54. [PMID: 32046406 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4/CXCR7 play a pivotal role in many physiological and pathological situations, while the expression and function in human term trophoblast cells remain largely unknown. In the study, the expression and function of CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4/CXCR7 in human term trophoblast cells were investigated. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry showed that the expression of CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 could be detected in term trophoblast cells while expression level differed. The secretion of CXCL12 in human term trophoblast cells was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to reveal the function of CXCL12, exogenetic recombinant human CXCL12 protein (rhCXCL12) was added to the cultured term trophoblast cells; results showed that cell proliferation ability was increased while cell apoptosis rate was decreased. Moreover, the effects of rhCXCL12 on term trophoblast cells could be diminished or attenuated by antibodies against CXCL12, CXCR4, or CXCR7, respectively. Therefore, these results revealed the important role of CXCL12 on human term trophoblast cells. Our study will provide new insights into understanding the role of CXCL12 on human term trophoblast cells.
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Wang X, Fang Y, Zhou Y, Guo X, Xu K, Li C, Zhang J, Hong Y. SDF-1α/MicroRNA-134 Axis Regulates Nonfunctioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor Growth via Targeting VEGFA. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:566761. [PMID: 33362712 PMCID: PMC7756115 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.566761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (NF-PitNET) is difficult to resect. Except for surgery, there is no effective treatment for NF-PitNET. MicroRNA-134 (miR-134) has been reported to inhibit proliferation and invasion ability of tumor cells. Herein, the mechanism underlying the effect of miR-134 on alleviating NF-PitNET tumor cells growth is explored. METHODS Mouse pituitary αT3-1 cells were transfected with miR-134 mimics and inhibitor, followed by treatment with stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) in vitro. MiR-134 expression level: we used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to detect the expression of miR-134. Cell behavior level: cell viability and invasion ability were assessed using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay and Transwell invasion assay respectively. Cytomolecular level: tumor cell proliferation was evaluated by Ki-67 staining; propidium iodide (PI) staining analyzed the effect of miR-134 on cell cycle arrest; western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining evaluated tumor migration and invasive ability. Additionally, we collected 27 NF-PitNET tumor specimens and related clinical data. The specimens were subjected to qRT-PCR to obtain the relative miR-134 expression level of each specimen; linear regression analysis was used to analyze the miR-134 expression level in tumor specimens and the age of the NF-PitNET population, gender, tumor invasion, prognosis, and other indicators. RESULTS In vitro experiment, miR-134 was observed to significantly inhibit αT3-1 cells proliferation characterized by inhibited cell viability and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase (P < 0.01). VEGFA was verified as a target of miR-134. Additionally, miR-134-induced inhibition of αT3-1 cell proliferation and invasion was attenuated by SDF-1α and VEGFA overexpression (P < 0.01). In primary NF-PitNET tumor analysis, miR-134 expression level was negatively correlated with tumor invasion (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION The regulation of the SDF-1α/miR-134/VEGFA axis represents a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of NF-PitNETs and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of NF-PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianmin Zhang, ; Yuan Hong,
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianmin Zhang, ; Yuan Hong,
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Taniguchi-Ponciano K, Gomez-Apo E, Chavez-Macias L, Vargas G, Espinosa-Cardenas E, Ramirez-Renteria C, Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Sosa E, Silva-Román G, Peña-Martínez E, Andonegui-Elguera S, Vargas-Chavez S, Santiago-Andres Y, Peralta R, Marrero-Rodríguez D, Mercado M. Molecular alterations in non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Cancer Biomark 2020; 28:193-199. [PMID: 32224525 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-191121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically non-functioning Pituitary Adenomas (NFPA) are among the most common neoplasms of the sellar region. They usually present with compressive symptoms such as headache and visual field defects and not infrequently, are found incidentally. NFPA are classified as gonadotropinomas, null cell adenomas, according to their immunohistochemical phenotype. The molecular alterations responsible for the development of these lesions are incompletely understood, and there is scarce information regarding the molecular alterations and markers. OBJECTIVE We carried out an in-silico analysis aimed at identifying the molecular alterations in NFPA and to discover new molecular markers. METHODS Twenty-three microarray libraries were analyzed. Fourteen correspond to NFPA and 9 to control tissue gland. They were analyzed using Partek Genomic Suite to identify differentially expressed genes and WebGestalt and Metascape to understand the meaning behind the gene lists. RESULTS Pituitary adenomas showed a markedly different transcriptome compared to the non-tumoral gland, regardless of their putative immunophenotype. Genes related to calcium metabolism such as CACNA2D4, immune-related CXCR4, and stem cell-related KLF8 and PITX2 were altered. CONCLUSIONS Differentially expressed calcium metabolism and immune-related genes in NFPA represent attractive molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Taniguchi-Ponciano
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Erick Gomez-Apo
- Área de Neuropatología, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Chavez-Macias
- Área de Neuropatología, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Vargas
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Etual Espinosa-Cardenas
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Claudia Ramirez-Renteria
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Aldo Ferreira-Hermosillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Sosa
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
- Servicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Gloria Silva-Román
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Peña-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Sergio Andonegui-Elguera
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
- Departamento de Desarrollo Tecnologico, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sonia Vargas-Chavez
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yorgui Santiago-Andres
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raul Peralta
- Centro de Investigacion en Dinamica Celular, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Daniel Marrero-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Moises Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
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Mousavi A. CXCL12/CXCR4 signal transduction in diseases and its molecular approaches in targeted-therapy. Immunol Lett 2019; 217:91-115. [PMID: 31747563 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small molecules called "chemotactic cytokines" and regulate many processes like leukocyte trafficking, homing of immune cells, maturation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, physiology, migration during development, and host immune responses. These proteins bind to their corresponding 7-membrane G-protein-coupled receptors. Chemokines and their receptors are anti-inflammatory factors in autoimmune conditions, so consider as potential targets for neutralization in such diseases. They also express by cancer cells and function as angiogenic factors, and/or survival/growth factors that enhance tumor angiogenesis and development. Among chemokines, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has significantly been studied in numerous cancers and autoimmune diseases. CXCL12 is a homeostatic chemokine, which is acts as an anti-inflammatory chemokine during autoimmune inflammatory responses. In cancer cells, CXCL12 acts as an angiogenic, proliferative agent and regulates tumor cell apoptosis as well. CXCR4 has a role in leukocyte chemotaxis in inflammatory situations in numerous autoimmune diseases, as well as the high levels of CXCR4, observed in different types of human cancers. These findings suggest CXCL12/CXCR4 as a potential therapeutic target for therapy of autoimmune diseases and open a new approach to targeted-therapy of cancers by neutralizing CXCL12 and CXCR4. In this paper, we reviewed the current understanding of the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in disease pathology and cancer biology, and discuss its therapeutic implications in cancer and diseases.
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Biological and Biochemical Basis of the Differential Efficacy of First and Second Generation Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163940. [PMID: 31412614 PMCID: PMC6720449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous somatostatin shows anti-secretory effects in both physiological and pathological settings, as well as inhibitory activity on cell growth. Since somatostatin is not suitable for clinical practice, researchers developed synthetic somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) to overcome this limitation. Currently, SRLs represent pivotal tools in the treatment algorithm of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Octreotide and lanreotide are the first-generation SRLs developed and show a preferential binding affinity to somatostatin receptor (SST) subtype 2, while pasireotide, which is a second-generation SRL, has high affinity for multiple SSTs (SST5 > SST2 > SST3 > SST1). A number of studies demonstrated that first-generation and second-generation SRLs show distinct functional properties, besides the mere receptor affinity. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to critically review the current evidence on the biological effects of SRLs in pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors, by mainly focusing on the differences between first-generation and second-generation ligands.
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12
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Feng Q, Guo P, Wang J, Zhang X, Yang HC, Feng JG. High expression of SDF-1 and VEGF is associated with poor prognosis in patients with synovial sarcomas. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2597-2603. [PMID: 29456663 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) predicts poor clinical outcomes of certain types of cancer. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of SDF-1 and VEGF in patients with synovial sarcoma and to determine their expression is correlated with unfavorable outcomes. Levels of SDF-1 and VEGF proteins were evaluated in 54 patients with synovial sarcoma using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. Potential associations between the expression of SDF-1 and VEGF and various clinical parameters were analyzed using Pearson's χ2 test and the Spearman-rho test. Additionally, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify potential prognostic factors, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the overall survival rates of patients. Low SDF-1 and VEGF expression was detected in 20.4% (11/54) and 22.2% (12/54) of patients with synovial sarcoma; moderate expression was detected in 35.2% (19/54) and 37.0% (20/54) of patients and high expression was detected in 44.4% (24 of 54) and 40.7% (22 of 54) of patients, respectively. Levels of SDF-1 and VEGF proteins were significantly associated with histological grade (P<0.05), metastasis (P<0.05) and American Joint Committee on Cancer staging (P<0.05). In addition, levels of SDF-1 and VEGF expression were positively correlated with each other (P<0.001). Univariate analysis also indicated that VEGF expression was associated with shorter overall survival rates in (P<0.05), whereas multivariate analysis demonstrated that SDF-1 expression was associated with shorter patient survival rates (P<0.05). Finally, both SDF-1 and VEGF expression were associated with various characteristics of synovial sarcoma. Therefore, SDF-1 expression may be a potential independent prognostic indicator in patients with synovial sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Chai Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Gang Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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13
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Qian T, Liu Y, Dong Y, Zhang L, Dong Y, Sun Y, Sun D. CXCR7 regulates breast tumor metastasis and angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3633-3639. [PMID: 29257351 PMCID: PMC5802168 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR7 is regarded as a scavenger receptor for CXCL12, and induces numerous key steps in tumor growth and metastasis. However, the exact molecular mechanism of CXCR7 regulation in breast tumor angiogenesis remains unknown. In the present study, the function of CXCR7 in breast tumors was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line was used. Pharmacological inhibition of CXCR7 by CCX771 reduced breast tumor invasion, adhesion and metastasis. Furthermore, CXCR7 was essential for the tube formation of HUVECs in vitro, and for blood vessel formation in a Matrigel plug assay in vivo. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor expression was also decreased in CCX771-treated MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that CCX771 regulates tumor angiogenesis. The present results indicated that CXCR7 regulated breast cancer metastasis at multiple stages; additional understanding of CXCR7 in tumor environments may develop anti-metastatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qian
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, P.R. China
| | - Yancheng Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Yan Dong
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, Anhui 239000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, Anhui 239000, P.R. China
| | - Yining Dong
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, Anhui 239000, P.R. China
| | - Yanhui Sun
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, Anhui 239000, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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14
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Ruiz-Torres V, Encinar JA, Herranz-López M, Pérez-Sánchez A, Galiano V, Barrajón-Catalán E, Micol V. An Updated Review on Marine Anticancer Compounds: The Use of Virtual Screening for the Discovery of Small-Molecule Cancer Drugs. Molecules 2017; 22:E1037. [PMID: 28644406 PMCID: PMC6152364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine secondary metabolites are a promising source of unexploited drugs that have a wide structural diversity and have shown a variety of biological activities. These compounds are produced in response to the harsh and competitive conditions that occur in the marine environment. Invertebrates are considered to be among the groups with the richest biodiversity. To date, a significant number of marine natural products (MNPs) have been established as antineoplastic drugs. This review gives an overview of MNPs, both in research or clinical stages, from diverse organisms that were reported as being active or potentially active in cancer treatment in the past seventeen years (from January 2000 until April 2017) and describes their putative mechanisms of action. The structural diversity of MNPs is also highlighted and compared with the small-molecule anticancer drugs in clinical use. In addition, this review examines the use of virtual screening for MNP-based drug discovery and reveals that classical approaches for the selection of drug candidates based on ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) filtering may miss potential anticancer lead compounds. Finally, we introduce a novel and publically accessible chemical library of MNPs for virtual screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ruiz-Torres
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Jose Antonio Encinar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - María Herranz-López
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Almudena Pérez-Sánchez
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Vicente Galiano
- Physics and Computer Architecture Department, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Enrique Barrajón-Catalán
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
| | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Avda. Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain.
- CIBER, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III., Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain (CB12/03/30038).
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15
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Carreno G, Gonzalez-Meljem JM, Haston S, Martinez-Barbera JP. Stem cells and their role in pituitary tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:27-34. [PMID: 27720895 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of adult pituitary stem cells (PSCs) has been described in murine systems by comprehensive cellular profiling and genetic lineage tracing experiments. PSCs are thought to maintain multipotent capacity throughout life and give rise to all hormone-producing cell lineages, playing a role in pituitary gland homeostasis. Additionally, PSCs have been proposed to play a role in pituitary tumorigenesis, in both adenomas and adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. In this manuscript, we discuss the different approaches used to demonstrate the presence of PSCs in the murine adult pituitary, from marker analyses to genetic tracing. In addition, we review the published literature suggesting the existence of tumor stem cells in mouse and human pituitary tumors. Finally, we discuss the potential role of PSCs in pituitary tumorigenesis in the context of current models of carcinogenesis and present evidence showing that in contrast to pituitary adenoma, which follows a classical cancer stem cell paradigm, a novel mechanism has been revealed for paracrine, non-cell autonomous tumor initiation in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, a benign but clinically aggressive pediatric tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Carreno
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Mario Gonzalez-Meljem
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Program, Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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16
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Würth R, Barbieri F, Pattarozzi A, Gaudenzi G, Gatto F, Fiaschi P, Ravetti JL, Zona G, Daga A, Persani L, Ferone D, Vitale G, Florio T. Phenotypical and Pharmacological Characterization of Stem-Like Cells in Human Pituitary Adenomas. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4879-4895. [PMID: 27514754 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence and functional role of tumor stem cells in benign tumors, and in human pituitary adenomas in particular, is a debated issue that still lacks a definitive formal demonstration. Fifty-six surgical specimens of human pituitary adenomas were processed to establish tumor stem-like cultures by selection and expansion in stem cell-permissive medium or isolating CD133-expressing cells. Phenotypic and functional characterization of these cells was performed (1) ex vivo, by immunohistochemistry analysis on paraffin-embedded tissues; (2) in vitro, attesting marker expression, proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation, and drug sensitivity; and (3) in vivo, using a zebrafish model. Within pituitary adenomas, we identified rare cell populations expressing stem cell markers but not pituitary hormones; we isolated and expanded in vitro these cells, obtaining fibroblast-free, stem-like cultures from 38 pituitary adenoma samples. These cells grow as spheroids, express stem cell markers (Oct4, Sox2, CD133, and nestin), show sustained in vitro proliferation as compared to primary cultures of differentiated pituitary adenoma cells, and are able to differentiate in hormone-expressing pituitary cells. Besides, pituisphere cells, apparently not tumorigenic in mice, engrafted in zebrafish embryos, inducing pro-angiogenic and invasive responses. Finally, pituitary adenoma stem-like cells express regulatory pituitary receptors (D2R, SSTR2, and SSTR5), whose activation by a dopamine/somatostatin chimeric agonist exerts antiproliferative effects. In conclusion, we provide evidence that human pituitary adenomas contain a subpopulation fulfilling biological and phenotypical signatures of tumor stem cells that may represent novel therapeutic targets for therapy-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Würth
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pattarozzi
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Germano Gaudenzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Gatto
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pietro Fiaschi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Gianluigi Zona
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Daga
- Laboratory of Gene Transfer, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Ferone
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
- Endocrine and Metabolic Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.
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