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Meng Q, Zhang J, Li X, Li Y, Shen X, Li Z, Xu M, Yao C, Chu P, Cui YJ, Guo DA. ASAP-MS combined with mass spectrum similarity and binary code for rapid and intelligent authentication of 78 edible flowers. Food Chem 2024; 436:137776. [PMID: 37862980 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report to use Atmospheric Pressure Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) for rapid and intelligent authentication of 78 edible flowers. Mass spectra of 451 batches were collected, with each run for 1-2 min. Experimental raw data was automatically extracted and aligned to create a MS database, based on which flowers were identified by MS similarity scores and rankings. To avoid background interference, top 25 ions of each flower were screened and gathered into an m/z pool containing 292 ions (+) and 399 ions (-). Binary sequence IDs were then generated by automatically assigning "1″ for presence and "0″ for absence, resulting in 78 binary codes. Binary code similarity with 78 IDs was used for authentication. Above two approaches were automatically performed by MATLAB, and compared to k-nearest neighbor model, and samples were all successfully identified (100 %). The proposed method provides a high-throughput authentication approach for large-scale food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Meng
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road #501, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cailun Road 1200, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road #501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road #501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road #501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuanjing Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road #501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziqing Li
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road #501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Meng Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road #501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changliang Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road #501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pengfei Chu
- Waters Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ya-Jun Cui
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cailun Road 1200, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road #501, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cailun Road 1200, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Bhooma V, Vassou SL, Kaliappan I, Parani M. Identification of adulteration in the market samples of saffron using morphology, HPLC, HPTLC, and DNA barcoding methods. Genome 2024; 67:43-52. [PMID: 37922517 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2022-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Saffron, the stigma of Crocus sativus L., is the most expensive spice used for culinary, medicinal, dye, and cosmetics purposes. It is highly adulterated because of its limited production and high commercial value. In this study, 104 saffron market samples collected from 16 countries were tested using morphology, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcoding. Overall, 45 samples (43%) were adulterated. DNA barcoding identified the highest number of adulterated saffron (44 samples), followed by HPTLC (39 samples), HPLC (38 samples), and morphology (32 samples). Only DNA barcoding identified the adulterated samples containing saffron and other plants' parts as bulking agents. In addition, DNA barcoding identified 20 adulterant plant species, which will help develop quality control methods and market surveillance. Some of the adulterant plants are unsafe for human consumption. The HPLC method helped identify the saffron samples adulterated with synthetic safranal. HPLC and HPTLC methods will help identify the samples adulterated with other parts of the saffron plant (auto-adulteration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadharajan Bhooma
- Center for DNA Barcoding, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, , SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Sophie Lorraine Vassou
- Center for DNA Barcoding, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, , SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Ilango Kaliappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Madasamy Parani
- Center for DNA Barcoding, Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, , SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, TN, India
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Eghbali S, Farhadi F, Askari VR. An overview of analytical methods employed for quality assessment of Crocus sativus (saffron). Food Chem X 2023; 20:100992. [PMID: 38144850 PMCID: PMC10740065 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews qualitative and quantitative analytical methodologies used for the appraisal of saffron quality, as the most expensive spice. Due to the chemical diversity of biologically active compounds of the Crocus genus, analytical methods with different features are required for their complete analysis. However, screening of the main components, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, appears to be sufficient for quality control, a more precise examination needs evaluation of minor compounds, including anthocyanins and fatty acids. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), are elementary and applicable methods in quality control analysis, whereas HPLC provides metabolite fingerprint and monitoring multi-compound instances at preparative and analytical levels. Combination approaches like metabolomics using different methods could classify saffron types, identify its adulterations, contaminants and provide a comprehensive metabolite map for quality control of selected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Eghbali
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Faegheh Farhadi
- Herbal and Traditional Medicine Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Velázquez R, Rodríguez A, Hernández A, Casquete R, Benito MJ, Martín A. Spice and Herb Frauds: Types, Incidence, and Detection: The State of the Art. Foods 2023; 12:3373. [PMID: 37761082 PMCID: PMC10528162 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a necessity to protect the quality and authenticity of herbs and spices because of the increase in the fraud and adulteration incidence during the last 30 years. There are several aspects that make herbs and spices quite vulnerable to fraud and adulteration, including their positive and desirable sensorial and health-related properties, the form in which they are sold, which is mostly powdered, and their economic relevance around the world, even in developing countries. For these reasons, sensitive, rapid, and reliable techniques are needed to verify the authenticity of these agri-food products and implement effective adulteration prevention measures. This review highlights why spices and herbs are highly valued ingredients, their economic importance, and the official quality schemes to protect their quality and authenticity. In addition to this, the type of frauds that can take place with spices and herbs have been disclosed, and the fraud incidence and an overview of scientific articles related to fraud and adulteration based on the Rapid Alert System Feed and Food (RASFF) and the Web of Science databases, respectively, during the last 30 years, is carried out here. Next, the methods used to detect adulterants in spices and herbs are reviewed, with DNA-based techniques and mainly spectroscopy and image analysis methods being the most recommended. Finally, the available adulteration prevention measurements for spices and herbs are presented, and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Velázquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería, Medio Agronómico y Forestal, Investigación Aplicada en Hortofruticultura y Jardinería, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alejandro Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Rocío Casquete
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María J. Benito
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Investigación s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (A.H.); (R.C.); (M.J.B.); (A.M.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
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Chen S, Yin X, Han J, Sun W, Yao H, Song J, Li X. DNA barcoding in herbal medicine: Retrospective and prospective. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:431-441. [PMID: 37305789 PMCID: PMC10257146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA barcoding has been widely used for herb identification in recent decades, enabling safety and innovation in the field of herbal medicine. In this article, we summarize recent progress in DNA barcoding for herbal medicine to provide ideas for the further development and application of this technology. Most importantly, the standard DNA barcode has been extended in two ways. First, while conventional DNA barcodes have been widely promoted for their versatility in the identification of fresh or well-preserved samples, super-barcodes based on plastid genomes have rapidly developed and have shown advantages in species identification at low taxonomic levels. Second, mini-barcodes are attractive because they perform better in cases of degraded DNA from herbal materials. In addition, some molecular techniques, such as high-throughput sequencing and isothermal amplification, are combined with DNA barcodes for species identification, which has expanded the applications of herb identification based on DNA barcoding and brought about the post-DNA-barcoding era. Furthermore, standard and high-species coverage DNA barcode reference libraries have been constructed to provide reference sequences for species identification, which increases the accuracy and credibility of species discrimination based on DNA barcodes. In summary, DNA barcoding should play a key role in the quality control of traditional herbal medicine and in the international herb trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Chen
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xianmei Yin
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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Zhao P, Zhou Y, Ni Y, Lu Y, Huang S, Yang J, Tang W. Testing Together Behaviors in Secondary Distribution of HIV/Syphilis Self-testing Program Among Men Who have Sex with Men in China. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:1430-1440. [PMID: 36239880 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
HIV self-testing (HIVST) is recommended as a promising way to increase HIV testing uptake among MSM. MSM sometimes used HIVST kits together with their sexual partners or friends. However, limited data was reported on MSM's testing together behaviors with sexual partners and non-sexual contacts. Data were collected among MSM in China from June 2018 to June 2019. Eligible participants (referred to as "index participants") finished a baseline survey and applied for HIVST kits. They were encouraged to distribute the kits to other people (referred to as "alters"). Index participants finished a 3-month follow-up survey on the distribution and usage of the kits. Alters finished an online survey on the usage of HIVST kits after they returned the photographed testing results. Results were reported based on index participants and alters, respectively. Based on follow-up data, 138 index participants successfully motivated others for HIVST, most of them (77.5%) tested together with at least one alter. Around half of alters (52.3%) reported testing together with index participants. Index participants distributed more HIVST kits to friends than sexual partners. MSM who had ever tested for HIV were more likely to test together. Our study demonstrated that the testing together behaviors during HIVST distribution among sexual partners and social network contacts were common. The social network-based approach is essential in promoting testing together and HIV status disclosure among MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhao
- Jane Addams of College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of AIDS Prevention and Control, Zhuhai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuxin Ni
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Project-China, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Project-China, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Shanzi Huang
- Department of AIDS Prevention and Control, Zhuhai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China
| | - Junjun Yang
- Wuxi Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Weiming Tang
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Project-China, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
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Mahima K, Sunil Kumar KN, Rakhesh KV, Rajeswaran PS, Sharma A, Sathishkumar R. Advancements and future prospective of DNA barcodes in the herbal drug industry. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:947512. [PMID: 36339543 PMCID: PMC9635000 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.947512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: The past couple of decades have witnessed the global resurgence of medicinal plants in the field of herbal-based health care. Increased consumption of medicinal plants and their derivative products is the major cause of the adulteration issues in herbal industries. As a result, the quality of herbal products is affected by spurious and unauthorized raw materials. Recent development in molecular plant identification using DNA barcodes has become a robust methodology to identify and authenticate the adulterants in herbal samples. Hence, rapid and accurate identification of medicinal plants is the key to success for the herbal industry. Aim of the study: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of DNA barcoding and advanced technologies that have emerged over the past 10 years related to medicinal plant identification and authentication and the future prospects of this technology. Materials and methods: Information on DNA barcodes was compiled from scientific databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, SciFinder and PubMed). Additional information was obtained from books, Ph.D. thesis and MSc. Dissertations. Results: Working out an appropriate DNA barcode for plants is challenging; the single locus-based DNA barcodes (rbcL, ITS, ITS2, matK, rpoB, rpoC, trnH-psbA) to multi-locus DNA barcodes have become the successful species-level identification among herbal plants. Additionally, multi-loci have become efficient in the authentication of herbal products. Emerging advances in DNA barcoding and related technologies such as next-generation sequencing, high-resolution melting curve analysis, meta barcodes and mini barcodes have paved the way for successful herbal plant/samples identification. Conclusion: DNA barcoding needs to be employed together with other techniques to check and rationally and effectively quality control the herbal drugs. It is suggested that DNA barcoding techniques combined with metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics could authenticate the herbal products. The invention of simple, cost-effective and improved DNA barcoding techniques to identify herbal drugs and their associated products of medicinal value in a fool-proof manner will be the future thrust of Pharmacopoeial monograph development for herbal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Mahima
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centre of Bioengineering, Santiago de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Khan SU, Khan MU, Kalsoom F, Khan MI, Gao S, Unar A, Zubair M, Bilal M. Mechanisms of gene regulation by histone degradation in adaptation of yeast: an overview of recent advances. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:287. [PMID: 35482104 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Histones are important component of eukaryotic cells chromatin and consist of arginine and lysine residues. Histones play an important role in the protection of DNA. Their contents significantly affect high-level chromatin structure formation, gene expression, DNA replication, and other important life activities. Protein degradation is an important regulatory mechanism of histone content. Recent studies have revealed that modification of amino acid sequence is directly related to histone breakdown. In addition, histone degradation is closely related to covalent modifications, such as ubiquitination and acetylation, which are considered to be driving factors in gene regulation. Gene regulation is an important mechanism in adaptation to the environment and survival of species. With the introduction of highly efficient technology, various mutations in histones have been identified in yeast. In the field of epigenetics and the transmission of chromatin states, two widely used model organisms are the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Higher eukaryotes can use their silent loci to maintain their epigenetic states and providing the base to investigate mechanisms underlying development. Therfore, both species have contributed a plethora of information on these mechanisms in both yeast and higher eukaryotes. This study focuses on the role of histone modifications in controlling telomeric silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and centromeric silencing in S. pombe as examples of genetic loci that demonstrate epigenetic inheritance. In view of recent advances, this review focuses on the post-translational modification of histone amino acid residues and reviews the relationship between histone degradation and amino acid residue modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Fadia Kalsoom
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, District headquarters hospital, Jhang, 35200, Punjab Province, Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
| | - Shuang Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahsanullah Unar
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, People's Republic of China.
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Muyumba N, Mutombo S, Sheridan H, Nachtergael A, Duez P. Quality control of herbal drugs and preparations: The methods of analysis, their relevance and applications. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Lievens A, Paracchini V, Pietretti D, Garlant L, Maquet A, Ulberth F. DNA Accounting: Tallying Genomes to Detect Adulterated Saffron. Foods 2021; 10:2670. [PMID: 34828951 PMCID: PMC8624925 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The EU General Food Law not only aims at ensuring food safety but also to 'prevent fraudulent or deceptive practices; the adulteration of food; and any other practices which may mislead the consumer'. Especially the partial or complete, deliberate, and intentional substitution of valuable ingredients (e.g., Saffron) for less valuable ones is of concern. Due to the variety of products on the market an approach to detect food adulteration that works well for one species may not be easily applicable to another. Here we present a broadly applicable approach for the detection of substitution of biological materials based on digital PCR. By simultaneously measuring and forecasting the number of genome copies in a sample, fraud is detectable as a discrepancy between these two values. Apart from the choice of target gene, the procedure is identical across all species. It is scalable, rapid, and has a high dynamic range. We provide proof of concept by presenting the analysis of 141 samples of Saffron (Crocus sativus) from across the European market by DNA accounting and the verification of these results by NGS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoon Lievens
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; (D.P.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (F.U.)
| | | | - Danilo Pietretti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; (D.P.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (F.U.)
| | - Linda Garlant
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; (D.P.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (F.U.)
| | - Alain Maquet
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; (D.P.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (F.U.)
| | - Franz Ulberth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, B-2440 Geel, Belgium; (D.P.); (L.G.); (A.M.); (F.U.)
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12
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Bosmali I, Lagiotis G, Stavridou E, Haider N, Osathanunkul M, Pasentsis K, Madesis P. Novel authentication approach for coffee beans and the brewed beverage using a nuclear-based species-specific marker coupled with high resolution melting analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Bhooma V, Nagasathiya K, Vairamani M, Parani M. Identification of synthetic dyes magenta III (new fuchsin) and rhodamine B as common adulterants in commercial saffron. Food Chem 2020; 309:125793. [PMID: 31699557 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Saffron is a highly adulterated spice due to its limited production and high costs. Non-saffron plant material is coloured with synthetic dyes to produce counterfeit saffron. Continuous monitoring of the synthetic dyes used in counterfeit saffron is essential because some dyes are not safe for human consumption. In the present study, 104 commercial saffron samples from 16 countries were screened, and 20 samples were found to contain dyes. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis showed adulteration with magenta- and pink- coloured dyes (18 and 2 samples, respectively), which did not correspond to any of the dyes reported earlier. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the magenta-coloured dye as magenta III or new fuchsin and the pink-coloured dye as rhodamine B. Magenta III is regarded as possibly carcinogenic, and rhodamine B was reported to cause local sarcomas. Both of these synthetic dyes are reported as adulterants in saffron for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadharajan Bhooma
- Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
| | - Krishnan Nagasathiya
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
| | - Mariappanadar Vairamani
- School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
| | - Madasamy Parani
- Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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14
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Molecular authentication of Anthemis deserti Boiss. (Asteraceae) based on ITS2 region of nrDNA gene sequence. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:155-159. [PMID: 30622420 PMCID: PMC6319191 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The dried plant material of medicinally important Anthemis deserti Boiss. (family: Asteraceae) especially when it remains in the powdered form often look similar to Anthemis melampodina Del.; and therefore, difficult to distinguish, finally lead to chances of adulteration. The adulteration in medicinal plants effects on the efficacy of the drugs. The molecular authentication of herbal plant materials such as based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) is considered as more reliable method compared to other the biochemical or histological methods. The present study aims to molecular authentication ofA. deserti based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS2 gene sequence of nrDNA region. The ITS2 region of nrDNA of A. deserti were sequenced, and the molecular phylogenetic analyses were performed together with the GenBank sequences. The Maximum Parsimony tree revealed the close relationships of A. deserti with A. melampodina; however, the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood tree clearly revealed that A. deserti is distinct from A. melampodina, which is also supported by the differences in nucleotides at five diffident positions (i.e. 22, 28, 87, 175 and 198) in the DNA sequence alignment.
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15
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Galvin-King P, Haughey SA, Elliott CT. Herb and spice fraud; the drivers, challenges and detection. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Mishra P, Shukla AK, Sundaresan V. Candidate DNA Barcode Tags Combined With High Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM) Curve Analysis for Authentication of Senna alexandrina Mill. With Validation in Crude Drugs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:283. [PMID: 29593755 PMCID: PMC5859231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Senna alexandrina (Fabaceae) is a globally recognized medicinal plant for its laxative properties as well as the only source of sennosides, and is highly exported bulk herb from India. Its major procurement is exclusively from limited cultivation, which leads to risks of deliberate or unintended adulteration. The market raw materials are in powdered or finished product form, which lead to difficulties in authentication. Here, DNA barcode tags based on chloroplast genes (rbcL and matK) and intergenic spacers (psbA-trnH and ITS) were developed for S. alexandrina along with the allied species. The ability and performance of the ITS1 region to discriminate among the Senna species resulted in the present proposal of the ITS1 tags as successful barcode. Further, these tags were coupled with high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis in a real-time PCR genotyping method to derive Bar-HRM (Barcoding-HRM) assays. Suitable HRM primer sets were designed through SNP detection and mutation scanning in genomic signatures of Senna species. The melting profiles of S. alexandrina and S. italica subsp. micrantha were almost identical and the remaining five species were clearly separated so that they can be differentiated by HRM method. The sensitivity of the method was utilized to authenticate market samples [Herbal Sample Assays (HSAs)]. HSA01 (S. alexandrina crude drug sample from Bangalore) and HSA06 (S. alexandrina crude drug sample from Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India) were found to be highly contaminated with S. italica subsp. micrantha. Species admixture samples mixed in varying percentage was identified sensitively with detection of contamination as low as 1%. The melting profiles of PCR amplicons are clearly distinct, which enables the authentic differentiation of species by the HRM method. This study reveals that DNA barcoding coupled with HRM is an efficient molecular tool to authenticate Senna herbal products in the market for quality control in the drug supply chain. CIMAP Communication Number: CIMAP/PUB/2017/31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mishra
- Plant Biology and Systematics, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Ashutosh K. Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Velusamy Sundaresan
- Plant Biology and Systematics, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Velusamy Sundaresan, ;
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17
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Bosmali I, Ordoudi S, Tsimidou M, Madesis P. Greek PDO saffron authentication studies using species specific molecular markers. Food Res Int 2017; 100:899-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Arenas M, Pereira F, Oliveira M, Pinto N, Lopes AM, Gomes V, Carracedo A, Amorim A. Forensic genetics and genomics: Much more than just a human affair. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006960. [PMID: 28934201 PMCID: PMC5608170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While traditional forensic genetics has been oriented towards using human DNA in criminal investigation and civil court cases, it currently presents a much wider application range, including not only legal situations sensu stricto but also and, increasingly often, to preemptively avoid judicial processes. Despite some difficulties, current forensic genetics is progressively incorporating the analysis of nonhuman genetic material to a greater extent. The analysis of this material-including other animal species, plants, or microorganisms-is now broadly used, providing ancillary evidence in criminalistics in cases such as animal attacks, trafficking of species, bioterrorism and biocrimes, and identification of fraudulent food composition, among many others. Here, we explore how nonhuman forensic genetics is being revolutionized by the increasing variety of genetic markers, the establishment of faster, less error-burdened and cheaper sequencing technologies, and the emergence and improvement of models, methods, and bioinformatics facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Arenas
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nadia Pinto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Mathematics of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M. Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Veronica Gomes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Institute of Forensic Sciences Luis Concheiro, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Genomics Medicine Group, CIBERER, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Amorim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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19
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Chen R, Wang J, Yuan Y, Deng Y, Lai X, Du F, Dong J, Huang X, Cui X, Tang Z. Weigh Biomaterials by Quantifying Species-specific DNA with Real-time PCR. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4774. [PMID: 28684790 PMCID: PMC5500521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
What's on the label is not what's in the bottle, from food products to herbal medicinal products (HMPs), economically-motivated biomaterials adulteration is a long-term problem affecting the food and drug industry. Accurate identification of the biomaterial ingredients in processed commodities is highly desirable. In this field, DNA-based techniques have proved to be powerful tools to overcome qualitative challenges. However, is it possible to quantify the weight of biological materials with PCR? Therefore, a basic scientific question needs to be answered: what's the relationship between DNA content and the mass of biological materials? Is DNA content directly proportional to the mass of biological materials as most of the researchers previously thought? In this study, we firstly found that there exists a linear relation between DNA contents and the weight of biomaterials indeed when the analytical practices are fully controlled. In this case, the mass of targeted biomaterials in the highly processed commercial products can also be calculated by quantifying the species-specific DNA through classic real-time PCR with a good reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- Ethnomedicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yun Deng
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China
| | - Xianrong Lai
- Ethnomedicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, P. R. China
| | - Feng Du
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Juan Dong
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xin Cui
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Tang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
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20
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Hou F, Cao J, Wang X, Wang S, Peng C, Guo J. Specific authentication of Hippocampus based on SNP markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Nescatelli R, Carradori S, Marini F, Caponigro V, Bucci R, De Monte C, Mollica A, Mannina L, Ceruso M, Supuran CT, Secci D. Geographical characterization by MAE-HPLC and NIR methodologies and carbonic anhydrase inhibition of Saffron components. Food Chem 2017; 221:855-863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Assessing saffron (Crocus sativus L.) adulteration with plant-derived adulterants by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. Talanta 2016; 162:558-566. [PMID: 27837871 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Saffron, the dried red stigmas of the plant Crocus sativus L., is well-known as one of the most important and expensive spices worldwide. It is thus highly susceptible to fraudulent practices that employ, among others, plant-derived adulterants. This study presents an application of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and chemometric techniques for evaluating adulteration of saffron with six characteristic adulterants of plant origin, i.e. C. sativus stamens, calendula, safflower, turmeric, buddleja, and gardenia. The proposed method involved a three-step process for the detection of adulteration as well as for the identification and quantification of adulterants. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to perform authentication of saffron based on mid-infrared fingerprints (4000-600cm-1), resulting in 99% correct classification of pure saffron and saffron adulterated at 5-20% (w/w) levels. Adulterant identification in positive samples was performed with high sensitivity and specificity by a six-class PLS-DA model, with spectroscopic data from the region 2000-600cm-1. Subsequently, partial least squares (PLS) regression models were built for the quantification of each adulterant. By using synergy interval PLS (siPLS) for variable selection, models with improved performance were developed, with detection limits ranging from 1.0% to 3.1% (w/w). The results obtained illustrate that this strategy based on DRIFTS has the potential to complement existing methodologies for the rapid and cost-effective assessment of typical saffron frauds.
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23
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Villa C, Costa J, Meira L, Oliveira MBP, Mafra I. Exploiting DNA mini-barcodes as molecular markers to authenticate saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Rapid authentication of the precious herb saffron by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based on internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25370. [PMID: 27146605 PMCID: PMC4857077 DOI: 10.1038/srep25370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron is one of the most expensive species of Chinese herbs and has been subjected to various types of adulteration because of its high price and limited production. The present study introduces a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for the differentiation of saffron from its adulterants. This novel technique is sensitive, efficient and simple. Six specific LAMP primers were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) nuclear ribosomal DNA of Crocus sativus. All LAMP amplifications were performed successfully, and visual detection occurred within 60 min at isothermal conditions of 65 °C. The results indicated that the LAMP primers are accurate and highly specific for the discrimination of saffron from its adulterants. In particular, 10 fg of genomic DNA was determined to be the limit for template accuracy of LAMP in saffron. Thus, the proposed novel, simple, and sensitive LAMP assay is well suited for immediate on-site discrimination of herbal materials. Based on the study, a practical standard operating procedure (SOP) for utilizing the LAMP protocol for herbal authentication is provided.
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25
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Soffritti G, Busconi M, Sánchez RA, Thiercelin JM, Polissiou M, Roldán M, Fernández JA. Genetic and Epigenetic Approaches for the Possible Detection of Adulteration and Auto-Adulteration in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Spice. Molecules 2016; 21:343. [PMID: 26978342 PMCID: PMC6273936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is very expensive and, because of this, often subject to adulteration. Modern genetic fingerprinting techniques are an alternative low cost technology to the existing chemical techniques, which are used to control the purity of food products. Buddleja officinalis Maxim, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Curcuma longa L., Carthamus tinctorius L. and Calendula officinalis L. are among the most frequently-used adulterants in saffron spice. Three commercial kits were compared concerning the ability to recover PCR-grade DNA from saffron, truly adulterated samples and possible adulterants, with a clear difference among them, mainly with the processed samples. Only one of the three kits was able to obtain amplifiable DNA from almost all of the samples, with the exception of extracts. On the recovered DNA, new markers were developed based on the sequence of the plastid genes matK and rbcL. These primers, mainly those developed on matK, were able to recognize saffron and the adulterant species and also in mixtures with very low percentages of adulterant. Finally, considering that the addition of different parts of saffron flowers is one of the most widespread adulterations, by analyzing the DNA of the different parts of the flower (styles, stamens and tepals) at the genetic and epigenetic level, we succeeded in finding differences between the three tissues that can be further evaluated for a possible detection of the kind of fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Soffritti
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, Piacenza 29122, Italy.
| | - Matteo Busconi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, Piacenza 29122, Italy.
- BioDNA, Centro di Ricerca sulla biodiversità e sul DNA antico, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy.
| | - Rosa Ana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDR-Biotecnología, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain.
| | - Jean-Marie Thiercelin
- Tradimpex Jm Thiercelin sas, Parc de l'Ecopôle 3 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Combs La Ville 77380, France.
| | - Moschos Polissiou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens 11855, Greece.
| | - Marta Roldán
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDR-Biotecnología, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Fernández
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, IDR-Biotecnología, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain.
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26
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Panchangam SS, Vahedi M, Megha MJ, Kumar A, Raithatha K, Suravajhala P, Reddy P. Saffron'omics': The challenges of integrating omic technologies. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2016; 6:604-620. [PMID: 28078242 PMCID: PMC5206920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Saffron is one of the highly exotic spices known for traditional values and antiquity. It is used for home décor besides serving as a colorant flavor and is widely known for medicinal value. Over the last few years, saffron has garnered a lot of interest due to its anti-cancer, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Integration of systems biology approaches with wide applications of saffron remains a growing challenge as new techniques and methods advance. Keeping in view of the dearth of a review summarizing the omics and systems biology of saffron, we bring an outline on advancements in integrating omic technologies, the medicinal plant has seen in recent times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Vahedi
- Bioclues.org, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500072, Telangana, India,Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 4111, Iran
| | | | - Anuj Kumar
- Bioclues.org, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500072, Telangana, India,Advanced Center for Computational & Applied Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Kaamini Raithatha
- Bioclues.org, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500072, Telangana, India,Department of Applied Mathematics, the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda 390002, Gujarat
| | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Bioclues.org, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500072, Telangana, India,Corresponding Author: Tel: +914023060823, Fax: +914023060811,
| | - Pratap Reddy
- Bioclues.org, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500072, Telangana, India
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27
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Mishra P, Kumar A, Nagireddy A, Mani DN, Shukla AK, Tiwari R, Sundaresan V. DNA barcoding: an efficient tool to overcome authentication challenges in the herbal market. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:8-21. [PMID: 26079154 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The past couple of decades have witnessed global resurgence of herbal-based health care. As a result, the trade of raw drugs has surged globally. Accurate and fast scientific identification of the plant(s) is the key to success for the herbal drug industry. The conventional approach is to engage an expert taxonomist, who uses a mix of traditional and modern techniques for precise plant identification. However, for bulk identification at industrial scale, the process is protracted and time-consuming. DNA barcoding, on the other hand, offers an alternative and feasible taxonomic tool box for rapid and robust species identification. For the success of DNA barcode, the barcode loci must have sufficient information to differentiate unambiguously between closely related plant species and discover new cryptic species. For herbal plant identification, matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA, ITS, trnL-F, 5S-rRNA and 18S-rRNA have been used as successful DNA barcodes. Emerging advances in DNA barcoding coupled with next-generation sequencing and high-resolution melting curve analysis have paved the way for successful species-level resolution recovered from finished herbal products. Further, development of multilocus strategy and its application has provided new vistas to the DNA barcode-based plant identification for herbal drug industry. For successful and acceptable identification of herbal ingredients and a holistic quality control of the drug, DNA barcoding needs to work harmoniously with other components of the systems biology approach. We suggest that for effectively resolving authentication challenges associated with the herbal market, DNA barcoding must be used in conjunction with metabolomics along with need-based transcriptomics and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mishra
- Department of Biology & Systematics, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biology & Systematics, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshitha Nagireddy
- Department of Biology & Systematics, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Daya N Mani
- Herbal Medicinal Products Department, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh K Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Tiwari
- Publication Division, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Velusamy Sundaresan
- Department of Biology & Systematics, CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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28
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Ganie SH, Upadhyay P, Das S, Prasad Sharma M. Authentication of medicinal plants by DNA markers. PLANT GENE 2015; 4:83-99. [PMID: 32289060 PMCID: PMC7103949 DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used worldwide for centuries to maintain health and to treat diseases, more so chronic diseases. However, adulteration and use of spurious materials as substitutes have become a major concern for users and industry for reasons of safety and efficacy. Therefore, authentication of medicinal plants is of utmost importance. Morphological, anatomical, chemical and DNA markers solve the problem by differentiating the genuine material from the adulterants, substitutes and spurious drugs. DNA markers use nucleotide sequences to identify species; it takes preference over the other two markers being not age dependent, tissue specific and having a higher discriminating power. Therefore, characterization of plants with such markers is an ideal approach for identification of medicinal plant species and populations/varieties of the same species. Availability of certified taxonomic specimens in herbaria is certainly required for unambiguous confirmation through final visual comparison and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priti Upadhyay
- Dept. of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sandip Das
- Dept. of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Schmiderer C, Lukas B, Ruzicka J, Novak J. DNA-based identification of Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae). APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2015; 3:apps.1500069. [PMID: 26649268 PMCID: PMC4651632 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY For the economically important species Calendula officinalis, a fast identification assay based on high-resolution melting curve analysis was designed. This assay was developed to distinguish C. officinalis from other species of the genus and other Asteraceae genera, and to detect C. officinalis as an adulterant of saffron samples. METHODS AND RESULTS For this study, five markers (ITS, rbcL, 5' trnK-matK, psbA-trnH, trnL-trnF) of 10 Calendula species were sequenced and analyzed for species-specific mutations. With the application of two developed primer pairs located in the trnK 5' intron and trnL-trnF, C. officinalis could be distinguished from other species of the genus and all outgroup samples tested. Adulterations of Calendula DNA in saffron could be detected down to 0.01%. CONCLUSIONS With the developed assay, C. officinalis can be reliably identified and admixtures of this species as adulterant of saffron can be revealed at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schmiderer
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Lukas
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joana Ruzicka
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Novak
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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The relevance of pharmacognosy in pharmacological research on herbal medicinal products. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:344-62. [PMID: 26169932 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As all medicines, herbal medicinal products are expected to be safe, effective, and of appropriate quality. However, regulations on herbal medicinal products vary from country to country, and herbal preparations do occur not only in the form of medicinal products but also as less strictly regulated product groups like dietary supplements. Therefore, it is not always easy for the consumers to discriminate high-quality products from low-quality products. On the other hand, herbal medicines have many special features that distinguish them from conventional medicinal products. Plants are complex multicomponent mixtures; in addition, their phytochemical composition is not constant because of inherent variability and a plethora of external influences. Therefore, the production process of an herbal medicinal product needs to be strictly monitored. First of all, the starting materials need to be correctly authenticated and free of adulterants and contaminants. During plant growth, many factors like harvest season and time, developmental stage, temperature, and humidity have a strong impact on plant metabolite production. Also, postharvest processing steps like drying and storage can significantly alter the phytochemical composition of herbal material. As the production of many phytopharmaceuticals includes an extraction step, the extraction solvent and conditions need to be optimized in order to enrich the bioactive constituents in the extract. The quality of finished preparations needs to be determined either on the basis of marker constituents or on the basis of analytical fingerprints. Thus, all production stages should be accompanied by appropriate quality assessment measures. Depending on the particular task, different methods need to be applied, ranging from macroscopic, microscopic, and DNA-based authentication methods to spectroscopic methods like vibrational spectroscopy and chromatographic and hyphenated methods like HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS. Also, when performing pharmacological and toxicological studies, many features inherent in herbal medicinal products need to be considered in order to guarantee valid results: concerning in vitro studies, difficulties are often related to lacking knowledge of ADME characteristics of the bioactive constituents, nuisance compounds producing false positive and false negative results, and solubility problems. In in vivo animal studies, the route of administration is a very important issue. Clinical trials on herbal medicinal products in humans very often suffer from a poor reporting quality. This often hampers or precludes the pooling of clinical data for systematic reviews. In order to overcome this problem, appropriate documentation standards for clinical trials on herbal medicinal products have been defined in an extension of the CONSORT checklist. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Huang WJ, Li FF, Liu YJ, Long CL. Identification of Crocus sativus and its Adulterants from Chinese Markets by using DNA Barcoding Technique. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 13:36-42. [PMID: 28959279 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a common but very expensive herbal medicine. As an important traditional medicine, it has an outstanding effect in treating irregular and painful menstruation. Recently, the over-demand tendency of saffron results in an unusual phenomenon in the medicinal markets. Adulterants and saffron-like substitutes are intentionally mixed into medicinal markets and pharmacies or online stores, affecting drug safety and food quality. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to identify saffron from its adulterants via DNA barcoding. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples (13 saffron + 4 others containing Carthamus tinctorius or Chrysanthemum x morifolium) obtained from 12 different provinces of China. Through DNA barcoding, samples were compared using three candidate markers, trnH-psbA, rbcL-a and ITS2. RESULTS trnH-psbA and rbcL-a were capable of distinguishing different accessions. ITS2 could identify samples even at intra-specific level. According to these three barcodes, four samples were identified saffron-like substitutes. CONCLUSIONS The adulterant rate in Chinese markets reaches as high as 33.33% that may cause health risks and further may reduce saffron efficacy once is being used as herbal remedy. In order to make a distinction between C. sativus with other genera as adulterants, DNA barcoding is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Juan Huang
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Fei-Fei Li
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yu-Jing Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Chun-Lin Long
- Department of Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China.,Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
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