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Malallah OS, Coleman L, Nasereddin SM, Lockhat M, Chen T, Jones SA. Systematic review and QSPR analysis of chemical penetration through the nail to inform onychomycosis candidate selection. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103844. [PMID: 38000719 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Recalcitrant nail plate infections can be life-long problems because localizing antifungal agents into infected tissues is problematic. In this systematic review, guided by the SPIDER method, we extracted chemical nail permeation data for 38 compounds from 16 articles, and analyzed the data using quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs). Our analysis demonstrated that low-molecular weight was essential for effective nail penetration, with <120 g/mol being preferred. Interestingly, chemical polarity had little effect on nail penetration; therefore, small polar molecules, which effectively penetrate the nail, but not the skin, should be set as the most desirable target chemical property in new post-screen onychomycosis candidate selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah S Malallah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Lucy Coleman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sara M Nasereddin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; College of Pharmacy, Amman Arab University, Mubis, Amman 11953, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Lockhat
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Stuart A Jones
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College, SE1 9NH, UK.
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2
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Kondoros BA, Kókai D, Burián K, Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Csóka I, Ambrus R. Ternary cyclodextrin systems of terbinafine hydrochloride inclusion complexes: Solventless preparation, solid-state, and in vitro characterization. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21416. [PMID: 38027871 PMCID: PMC10663756 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CD) are used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the water solubility and bioavailability of drugs. Preparing ternary systems by applying a third component can enhance these beneficial effects. The complexation methods of these ternary systems are the same as those of two-component complexes. These methods are solvent (co-evaporation, co-precipitation, etc.) or solventless "green" techniques (co-grinding, microwave irradiation, etc.). Using solvent-free methods is considered to be an economically and environmentally desirable technology. This study aimed to prepare ternary systems by the co-grinding method and evaluate the effect of a third component by comparing it to products obtained by solvent methods, binary systems, and marketed products. For that, we used terbinafine hydrochloride as a model drug, sulfobutyl-ether-beta-cyclodextrin as a complexation agent and 5 or 15 w/w% of polyvinylpyrrolidone K-90 (PVP) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as auxiliary components. Physicochemical evaluation (X-Ray Diffractometry, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermogravimetry) showed that new solid phases were formed, while Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed to study morphological aspects of the products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic measurements suggested different intermolecular interactions depending on the type of polymer. In vitro dissolution studies showed beneficial effects of CD and further improvement with the applied polymers. Products showed less cell toxicity with one exception. Both polymers enhanced the physicochemical and in vitro properties, suggesting a greater bioavailability of the model drug. However, the percentage of polymers applied did not appear to be an influencing factor for these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Attila Kondoros
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Kókai
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burián
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Wu S, Guo W, Li B, Zhou H, Meng H, Sun J, Li R, Guo D, Zhang X, Li R, Qu W. Progress of polymer-based strategies in fungal disease management: Designed for different roles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1142029. [PMID: 37033476 PMCID: PMC10073610 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1142029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases have posed a great challenge to global health, but have fewer solutions compared to bacterial and viral infections. Development and application of new treatment modalities for fungi are limited by their inherent essential properties as eukaryotes. The microorganism identification and drug sensitivity analyze are limited by their proliferation rates. Moreover, there are currently no vaccines for prevention. Polymer science and related interdisciplinary technologies have revolutionized the field of fungal disease management. To date, numerous advanced polymer-based systems have been developed for management of fungal diseases, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. In this review, we provide an overview of current needs and advances in polymer-based strategies against fungal diseases. We high light various treatment modalities. Delivery systems of antifungal drugs, systems based on polymers' innate antifungal activities, and photodynamic therapies each follow their own mechanisms and unique design clues. We also discuss various prevention strategies including immunization and antifungal medical devices, and further describe point-of-care testing platforms as futuristic diagnostic and monitoring tools. The broad application of polymer-based strategies for both public and personal health management is prospected and integrated systems have become a promising direction. However, there is a gap between experimental studies and clinical translation. In future, well-designed in vivo trials should be conducted to reveal the underlying mechanisms and explore the efficacy as well as biosafety of polymer-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenlai Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huidong Zhou
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongqi Meng
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junyi Sun
- Changchun American International School, Changchun, China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Orthpoeadic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Orhtopeadics, Changchun, China
| | - Deming Guo
- Orthpoeadic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Orhtopeadics, Changchun, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
| | - Wenrui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
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4
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Agrawal V, Patel R, Patel M. Design, characterization, and evaluation of efinaconazole loaded poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanocapsules for targeted treatment of onychomycosis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Khan N, Ahmed S, Sheraz MA, Anwar Z, Ahmad I. Pharmaceutical based cosmetic serums. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2023; 48:167-210. [PMID: 37061274 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The growth and demand for cosmeceuticals (cosmetic products that have medicinal or drug-like benefits) have been enhanced for the last few decades. Lately, the newly invented dosage form, i.e., the pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serum has been developed and widely employed in various non-invasive cosmetic procedures. Many pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums contain natural active components that claim to have a medical or drug-like effect on the skin, hair, and nails, including anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, anti-acne, hydrating, moisturizing, repairing, brightening and lightening skin, anti-hair fall, anti-fungal, and nail growth effect, etc. In comparison with other pharmaceutical-related cosmetic products (creams, gels, foams, and lotions, etc.), pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums produce more rapid and incredible effects on the skin. This chapter provides detailed knowledge about the different marketed pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums and their several types such as facial serums, hair serums, nail serums, under the eye serum, lip serum, hand, and foot serum, respectively. Moreover, some valuable procedures have also been discussed which provide prolong effects with desired results in the minimum duration of time after the few sessions of the serum treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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6
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Krawczyk-Santos AP, Marreto RN, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Taveira SF. Poly(pseudo)rotaxanes formed by mixed micelles and α-cyclodextrin enhance terbinafine nail permeation to deeper layers. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100118. [PMID: 35602759 PMCID: PMC9117884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to develop water-based formulations for onychomycosis topical treatment using micelles of small pegylated surfactants associated with α-cyclodextrin (αCD) to deliver terbinafine to the nail. Kolliphor® RH40 (RH40) and Gelucire® 48/16 (GEL) single and mixed micelles (RH40:GEL 1:1) were prepared. αCD was added to the surfactants dispersions to form poly(pseudo)rotaxanes (PPR). Formulations were characterized in terms of drug solubilization (3 to 34-fold increase), particle size (9–11 nm) and Z-potential (+0.3 − +1.96 mV), blood compatibility (non-hemolytic), rheological behavior (solid-like viscoelastic properties after 5–10% αCD addition), drug release and interaction with the nail plate. GEL micelles and surfactant-10% αCD PPRs notably hydrated the nail plate. The high viscosity of PPR led to a slower drug release, except for RH40:GEL +10% αCD that surprisingly released terbinafine faster. The RH40:GEL +10% αCD formulation delivered twice more amount of terbinafine to deeper regions of nail plate compared to other formulations. The results evidenced the potential of PPR formed by small pegylated surfactants as a water-based formulation for nail drug delivery. RH40, GEL and their mixed micelles increased 3-fold and 34-fold TB solubility in water and citrate buffer, respectively. Addition of αCD (5–10%) led to PPR formation and viscoelastic supramolecular gels without decrease in TB solubilization. PPR formulations with 10% αCD enhanced nail plate hydration, increasing its porosity. Compared to mixed micelles, PRP showed slower release rate but promoted TB accumulation in deeper regions of hooves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paula Krawczyk-Santos
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, 74, 605-170 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Neves Marreto
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, 74, 605-170 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+DFarma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+DFarma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Stephânia Fleury Taveira
- Laboratory of Nanosystems and Drug Delivery Devices (NanoSYS), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 240, Setor Leste Universitário, 74, 605-170 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Corresponding authors.
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7
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Liu N, Chen HP, Yang ZM, Xia MY, Wang D, Zang LH, Liu DC. Enhancement of Dissolving Capacity and Reducing Gastric Mucosa Irritation by Complex Formation of Resibufogenin with β-Cyclodextrin or 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103213. [PMID: 35630687 PMCID: PMC9146005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resibufogenin (RBG) is a natural medicinal ingredient with promising cardiac protection and antitumor activity. However, poor solubility and severe gastric mucosa irritation restrict its application in the pharmaceutical field. In this study, the inclusion complex of RBG with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was prepared using the co-evaporation method, and the molar ratio of RBG to CD was determined to be approximately 1:2 by continuous variation plot for both CDs. The formation of inclusion complexes between RBG and each CD (RBG/β-CD and RBG/HP-β-CD) was evaluated by phase solubility study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thin-layer chromatography. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed drug amorphization and encapsulation in the molecular cage for both CDs. Moreover, the inclusion complexes’ morphologies were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The dissolution rate of the inclusion complexes was markedly improved compared to that of RBG, and the complexes retained their antitumor activity, as shown in the in vitro cytotoxicity assay on a human lung adenocarcinoma cancer (A549) cell line. Moreover, less gastric mucosal irritation was observed for the inclusion complex. Thus, the inclusion complex should be considered a promising strategy for the delivery of poorly water-soluble anticancer agents, such as RBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Graduate School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (N.L.); (H.-P.C.); (D.W.)
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huan-Ping Chen
- Graduate School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (N.L.); (H.-P.C.); (D.W.)
| | - Zi-Meng Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Ming-Yu Xia
- Graduate School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (M.-Y.X.); (L.-H.Z.)
| | - Dong Wang
- Graduate School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (N.L.); (H.-P.C.); (D.W.)
| | - Ling-He Zang
- Graduate School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (M.-Y.X.); (L.-H.Z.)
| | - Dong-Chun Liu
- Graduate School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (N.L.); (H.-P.C.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Fuhr R, Cook D, Ridden J, Nield K, Leigh E, Cook J, Davies‐Strickleton H, Dobmeyer J. Results from Phase 1/2 trial of BB2603, a terbinafine‐based topical nano‐formulation, in onychomycosis and tinea pedis. Mycoses 2022; 65:661-669. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Cook
- Blueberry Therapeutics Limited Macclesfield SK10 4TG UK
| | - John Ridden
- Blueberry Therapeutics Limited Macclesfield SK10 4TG UK
| | - Kerry Nield
- Blueberry Therapeutics Limited Macclesfield SK10 4TG UK
| | - Emma Leigh
- Blueberry Therapeutics Limited Macclesfield SK10 4TG UK
| | - Julie Cook
- Blueberry Therapeutics Limited Macclesfield SK10 4TG UK
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9
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Kondoros BA, Jójárt-Laczkovich O, Berkesi O, Szabó-Révész P, Csóka I, Ambrus R, Aigner Z. Development of Solvent-Free Co-Ground Method to Produce Terbinafine Hydrochloride Cyclodextrin Binary Systems; Structural and In Vitro Characterizations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040744. [PMID: 35456578 PMCID: PMC9025016 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular complexation with cyclodextrins (CDs) has long been a known process for modifying the physicochemical properties of problematic active pharmaceutical ingredients with poor water solubility. In current times, the focus has been on the solvent-free co-grinding process, which is an industrially feasible process qualifying as a green technology. In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride (TER), a low solubility antifungal drug was used as a model drug. This study aimed to prepare co-ground products and follow through the preparation process of the co-grinding method in the case of TER and two amorphous CD derivatives: (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD); heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB). For this evaluation, the following analytical tools and methods were used: phase solubility studies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), hot-stage X-ray powder diffractometry (HOT-XRPD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, in vitro characterization (dissolution and diffusion studies) was performed in two kinds of dissolution medium without enzymes. In the XRPD and SEM studies, it was found that the co-grinding of the components resulted in amorphous products. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies confirmed the formation of an inclusion complex through the unsaturated aliphatic chain of TER and CDs. In vitro characterization suggested better dissolution properties for both CDs and decreased diffusion at higher pH levels in the case of HPBCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Attila Kondoros
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.A.K.); (O.J.-L.); (P.S.-R.); (I.C.); (Z.A.)
| | - Orsolya Jójárt-Laczkovich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.A.K.); (O.J.-L.); (P.S.-R.); (I.C.); (Z.A.)
| | - Ottó Berkesi
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Piroska Szabó-Révész
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.A.K.); (O.J.-L.); (P.S.-R.); (I.C.); (Z.A.)
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.A.K.); (O.J.-L.); (P.S.-R.); (I.C.); (Z.A.)
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.A.K.); (O.J.-L.); (P.S.-R.); (I.C.); (Z.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-575
| | - Zoltán Aigner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (B.A.K.); (O.J.-L.); (P.S.-R.); (I.C.); (Z.A.)
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A Clinical Study for the Treatment of Onychomycosis Patients Using a Novel ROS Producing Onychomycosis Treatment When Compared Against 5% Amorolfine Topical Lacquer to Reduce the Visible Size of Infected Toenails. J Mycol Med 2022; 32:101256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Desai D, Shende P. Monodispersed cyclodextrin-based nanocomplex of neuropeptide Y for targeting MCF-7 cells using a central composite design. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Effect of Penetration Enhancers on Toenail Delivery of Efinaconazole from Hydroalcoholic Preparations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061650. [PMID: 33809569 PMCID: PMC8000921 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of permeation enhancers in topical preparations has been recognized as a simple and valuable approach to improve the penetration of antifungal agents into toenails. In this study, to improve the toenail delivery of efinaconazole (EFN), a triazole derivative for onychomycosis treatment, topical solutions containing different penetration enhancers were designed, and the permeation profiles were evaluated using bovine hoof models. In an in vitro permeation study in a Franz diffusion cell, hydroalcoholic solutions (HSs) containing lipophilic enhancers, particularly prepared with propylene glycol dicaprylocaprate (Labrafac PG), had 41% higher penetration than the HS base. Moreover, the combination of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin with Labrafac PG further facilitated the penetration of EFN across the hoof membrane. In addition, this novel topical solution prepared with both lipophilic and hydrophilic enhancers was physicochemically stable, with no drug degradation under ambient conditions (25 °C, for 10 months). Therefore, this HS system can be a promising tool for enhancing the toenail permeability and therapeutic efficacy of EFN.
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13
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Transungual Delivery, Anti-Inflammatory Activity, and In Vivo Assessment of a Cyclodextrin Polypseudorotaxanes Nail Lacquer. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080730. [PMID: 32759698 PMCID: PMC7465521 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cyclodextrin polypseudorotaxanes nail lacquer (Regenail®) containing biotin, methyl sulphonyl methane (MSM), and dimethylsilanediol salicylate was developed and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The product was developed to improve nail status and diminish signs of pathological nail alterations. A reference product (Betalfatrus®) was used for comparative purposes. An in vitro permeation experiment in hooves showed high MSM and biotin absorption. The content of sulfur and silicon in hooves was also found to be higher compared with the reference product. MSM was tested in human keratinocytes, exhibiting a good cytotoxicity profile and anti-inflammatory activity by the reduction in IL-8 and TNF-α under LPS stimuli. A clinical study was performed to check product safety and efficacy against nail brittleness and alterations such as Beau's lines and onychorrhexis. A reduction in both alterations and in surface roughness without alteration of nail structure was observed, with a good level of patient acceptance and satisfaction.
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14
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Aggarwal R, Targhotra M, Kumar B, Sahoo PK, Chauhan MK. Treatment and management strategies of onychomycosis. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:100949. [PMID: 32234349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Onychomycosis is one of the most prevalent and severe nail fungal infections, which is affecting a wide population across the globe. It leads to variations like nail thickening, disintegration and hardening. Oral and topical drug delivery systems are the most desirable in treating onychomycosis, but the efficacy of the results is low, resulting in a relapse rate of 25-30%. Due to systemic toxicity and various other disadvantages associated with oral therapy like gastrointestinal, hepatotoxicity, topical therapy is commonly used. Topical therapy improves patient compliance and reduces the cost of treatment. However, due to poor penetration of topical therapy across the nail plate, research is focused on different chemical, mechanical and physical methods to improve drug delivery. Penetration enhancers like Thioglycolic acid, Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), carbocysteine, N-acetylcysteine etc. have shown results enhancing the drug penetration across the nail plate. Results with physical techniques such as iontophoresis, laser and Photodynamic therapy are quite promising, but the long-term suitability of these devices is in need to be determined. In this article, a brief analysis of the treatment procedures, factors affecting drug permeation across nail plate, chemical, mechanical and physical devices used to increase the drug delivery through nails for the onychomycosis management has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Mehrauli - Badarpur Rd, Sector 3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India.
| | - M Targhotra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Mehrauli - Badarpur Rd, Sector 3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - B Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Mehrauli - Badarpur Rd, Sector 3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - P K Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Mehrauli - Badarpur Rd, Sector 3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - M K Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Mehrauli - Badarpur Rd, Sector 3, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
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15
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Davies-Strickleton H, Cook J, Hannam S, Bennett R, Gibbs A, Edwards D, Ridden C, Ridden J, Cook D. Assessment of the nail penetration of antifungal agents, with different physico-chemical properties. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229414. [PMID: 32107486 PMCID: PMC7046211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis, or fungal nail infection, is a common fungal infection largely caused by dermatophyte fungi, such as Trichophyton rubrum or Trichophyton mentagrophytes, which affects a significant number of people. Treatment is either through oral antifungal medicines, which are efficacious but have significant safety concerns, or with topical antifungal treatments that require long treatment regimens and have only limited efficacy. Thus, an efficacious topical therapy remains an unmet medical need. Among the barriers to topical delivery through the nail are the physico-chemical properties of the antifungal drugs. Here, we explore the ability of a range of antifungal compounds with different hydrophilicities to penetrate the nail. Human nail discs were clamped within static diffusion (Franz) cells and dosed with equimolar concentrations of antifungal drugs. Using LC-MS/MS we quantified the amount of drug that passed through the nail disc and that which remained associated with the nail. Our data identified increased drug flux through the nail for the more hydrophilic compounds (caffeine as a hydrophilic control and fluconazole, with LogP -0.07 and 0.5, respectively), while less hydrophilic efinaconazole, amorolfine and terbinafine (LogP 2.7, 5.6 and 5.9 respectively) had much lower flux through the nail. On the other hand, hydrophilicity alone did not account for the amount of drug associated with/bound to the nail itself. While there are other factors that are likely to combine to dictate nail penetration, this work supports earlier studies that implicate compound hydrophilicity as a critical factor for nail penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Cook
- Blueberry Therapeutics Limited, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Hannam
- Alderley Analytical Limited, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys Bennett
- Alderley Analytical Limited, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Gibbs
- Alderley Analytical Limited, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - David Edwards
- Blueberry Therapeutics Limited, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Ridden
- Blueberry Therapeutics Limited, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - John Ridden
- Blueberry Therapeutics Limited, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - David Cook
- Blueberry Therapeutics Limited, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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16
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Venuti V, Crupi V, Fazio B, Majolino D, Acri G, Testagrossa B, Stancanelli R, De Gaetano F, Gagliardi A, Paolino D, Floresta G, Pistarà V, Rescifina A, Ventura CA. Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Idebenone/Hydroxypropyl- β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex †. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100531. [PMID: 31557949 PMCID: PMC6843366 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Idebenone (IDE) is an antioxidant drug active at the level of the central nervous system (CNS), whose poor water solubility limits its clinical application. An IDE/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (IDE/HP-β-CD) inclusion complex was investigated by combining experimental methods and theoretical approaches. Furthermore, biological in vitro/ex vivo assays were performed. Phase solubility studies showed an AL type diagram, suggesting the presence of a 1:1 complex with high solubility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed us to detect the morphological changes upon complexation. The intermolecular interactions stabilizing the inclusion complex were experimentally characterized by exploring the complementarity of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance geometry (FTIR-ATR) with mid-infrared light, Fourier-transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. From the temperature evolution of the O–H stretching band of the complex, the average enthalpy ΔHHB of the hydrogen bond scheme upon inclusion was obtained. Two-dimensional (2D) rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY) analysis and computational studies involving molecular modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation demonstrated the inclusion of the quinone ring of IDE inside the CD ring. In vitro/ex vivo studies evidenced that complexation produces a protective effect of IDE against the H2O2-induced damage on human glioblastoma astrocytoma (U373) cells and increases IDE permeation through the excised bovine nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Venuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Crupi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontrés, 31-98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Barbara Fazio
- CNR-IPCF Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 37-98158 Faro Superiore, Messina, Italy.
| | - Domenico Majolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Acri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche, e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, Università degli Studi di Messina, c/o A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino" Via Consolare Valeria, 1-98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Barbara Testagrossa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche, e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, Università degli Studi di Messina, c/o A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino" Via Consolare Valeria, 1-98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Stancanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontrés, 31-98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Federica De Gaetano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontrés, 31-98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Agnese Gagliardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Viale S. Venuta-88100 Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Campus Universitario "S. Venuta", Viale S. Venuta-88100 Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Floresta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6-95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Venerando Pistarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6-95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6-95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Cinzia A Ventura
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontrés, 31-98166 Messina, Italy.
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17
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Terbinafine hydrochloride nail lacquer for the management of onychomycosis: formulation, characterization and in vitro evaluation. Ther Deliv 2019; 9:99-119. [PMID: 29325509 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present investigation's intention was to develop an optimized nail lacquer (NL) for the management of onychomycosis. MATERIALS & METHODS The NL was optimized statistically adopting 32 full factorial design having different polymer ratios and solvent ratios. The formulations were assessed for drug permeation drying time and peak adhesive strength of the film. Characterization was done using techniques including attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The formulation that had 1:1 polymer ratio and 80:20 solvent ratio was chosen as the optimized formulation. In vitro permeation studies showed better penetration (∼3.25-fold) as well as retention (∼11-fold) of the optimized NL formulation in the animal hoof as compared with the commercial formulation. The findings of in vitro and ex vivo studies elucidated the potential of the optimized formulation. [Formula: see text].
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18
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Jacob S, Nair AB. Cyclodextrin complexes: Perspective from drug delivery and formulation. Drug Dev Res 2018; 79:201-217. [PMID: 30188584 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been widely investigated as a unique pharmaceutical excipient for past few decades and is still explored for new applications. They are highly versatile oligosaccharides which possess multifunctional characteristics, and are mainly used to improve the physicochemical stability, solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability of drugs. Stability constant, factors affecting complexation, techniques to enhance complexation efficiency, the preparation methods for molecular inclusion complexes and release of guest molecules are discussed in brief. In addition, different CD derivatives and their pharmacokinetics are elaborated. Further, the significance of CD complex in aqueous solubility, dissolution and bioavailability, stability, and taste masking is explained. The recent advancement of CDs in developing various drug delivery systems is enlightened. Indeed, the potential of CDs by means of inclusion complex formation have widen the applicability of these materials in various drug delivery systems including ocular, osmotic, mucoadhesive, transdermal, nasal, and targeted delivery systems. Feasibility studies have been performed on the benefit of these cyclic oligomers as nanocarriers, a strategy that can modify the drugs with improved physicochemical properties. Studies also demonstrated the feasibility of CDs to self-assemble in the form of stable nanoaggregates, which may extend the scope of CDs in drug delivery to the continually expanding list of new drug entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Sithole MN, Choonara YE, du Toit LC, Kumar P, Marimuthu T, Kondiah PPD, Pillay V. Development of a Novel Polymeric Nanocomposite Complex for Drugs with Low Bioavailability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:303-314. [PMID: 28717975 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Semi-synthetic biopolymer complex (SSBC) nanoparticles were investigated as a potential oral drug delivery system to enhance the bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble model drug acyclovir (ACV). The SSBCs were prepared from cross-linking of hydroxyl groups on hyaluronic acid (HA) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) resulting in ether linkages. Thereafter, conjugation of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) onto HA-PAA was accomplished using a 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-promoted coupling reaction. Nanoparticle powders were prepared by spray drying of drug-loaded SSBC emulsions in a laboratory nano spray dryer. The prepared SSBC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The average particle size was found to be 257.92 nm. An entrapment efficiency of 85% was achieved as ACV has enhanced affinity for the hydrophobic inner core of the complex. It was shown that SSBC improved the solubility of ACV by 30% and the ex vivo permeation by 10% compared to the conventional ACV formulation, consequentially enhancing its bioavailability. Overall, this study resulted in the successful preparation of a hybrid chemically conjugated SSBC which has great potential for enhanced oral absorption of ACV with possible tuneable ACV permeability and solubility, producing an "intelligent" nanoenabled drug delivery system.
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20
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Poojary S. Topical antifungals: A review and their role in current management of dermatophytoses. CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/cdr.cdr_34_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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21
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Imperiale JC, Sosnik AD. Cyclodextrin complexes for treatment improvement in infectious diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 10:1621-41. [PMID: 26008196 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a heterogeneous group of maladies that represent a serious burden to healthcare systems worldwide. Most of the available antimicrobial drugs display poor biopharmaceutical properties that compromise their effectiveness. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides of glucopyranose formed by a variable number of repeating units that combine a hydrophilic surface with a hydrophobic cavity. The production of drug/CD complexes has become one of the most extensively investigated technology approaches to improve the stability, solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of drugs. The present work overviews the applications of CDs for the formulation of anti-infective agents along with the most relevant administration routes. Finally, an update on the complexes with CDs available on the market to treat infectious diseases is presented.
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22
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Akhtar N, Sharma H, Pathak K. Onychomycosis: Potential of Nail Lacquers in Transungual Delivery of Antifungals. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:1387936. [PMID: 27123362 PMCID: PMC4829734 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1387936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Onychomycosis constitutes the most common fungal infection of the nail (skin beneath the nail bed) that affects the finger as well as toe nails. It is an infection that is initiated by yeasts, dermatophytes, and nondermatophyte molds. Nail lacquers are topical solutions intended only for use on fingernails as well as toenails and have been found to be useful in the treatment of onychomycosis. Thus, in the present review an attempt has been made to focus on the treatment aspects of onychomycosis and the ungual delivery of antifungals via nail lacquer. Several patents issued on nail lacquer till date have also been discussed. Penetration efficiency was assessed by several researchers across the human nail plate to investigate the potentiality of nail lacquer based formulations. Various clinical trials have also been conducted in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nail lacquers in delivering antifungal agents. Thus, it can be concluded that nail lacquer based preparations are efficacious and stable formulations. These possess tremendous potential for clinical topical application to the nail bed in the treatment of onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, P.O. Chhatikara, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India
| | - Hemlata Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, P.O. Chhatikara, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy College Saifai, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh 206130, India
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Vieira ACC, Ferreira Fontes DA, Chaves LL, Alves LDS, de Freitas Neto JL, de La Roca Soares MF, Soares-Sobrinho JL, Rolim LA, Rolim-Neto PJ. Multicomponent systems with cyclodextrins and hydrophilic polymers for the delivery of Efavirenz. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 130:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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