Influence of Moxifloxacin on Hepatic Redox Status and Plasma Biomarkers of Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Rat

Effect of Dexketoprofen on the Disposition Kinetics of Moxifloxacin in Plasma and Lung in Male and Female Rats

BACKGROUND

The simultaneous use of NSAIDs and antibiotics is recommended for bacterial diseases in human and veterinary medicine. Moxifloxacin (MFX) and dexketoprofen (DEX) can be used simultaneously in bacterial infections. However, there are no studies on how the simultaneous use of DEX affects the pharmacokinetics of MFX in rats.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of DEX on plasma and lung pharmacokinetics of MFX in male and female rats.

METHODS

A total of 132 rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: MFX (n=66, 33 males/33 females) and MFX+DEX (n=66, 33 females/33 males). MFX at a dose of 20 mg/kg and DEX at a dose of 25 mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally. Plasma and lung concentrations of MFX were determined using the highperformance liquid chromatography-UV and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by noncompartmental analysis.

RESULTS

Simultaneous administration of DEX increased the plasma and lung area under the curve from 0 to 8 h (AUC0-8) and peak concentration (Cmax) of MFX in rats, while it significantly decreased the total body clearance (CL/F). When female and male rats were compared, significant differences were detected in AUC0-8, Cmax, CL/F and volume of distribution. The AUC0-8lung/AUC0-8plasma ratios of MFX were calculated as 1.68 and 1.65 in female rats and 5.15 and 4.90 in male rats after single and combined use, respectively.

CONCLUSION

MFX was highly transferred to the lung tissue and this passage was remarkably higher in male rats. However, DEX administration increased the plasma concentration of MFX in both male and female rats but did not change its passage to the lung. However, there is a need for a more detailed investigation of the difference in the pharmacokinetics of MFX in male and female rats.

Protective effects of royal jelly and Echinacea against moxifloxacin-induced renal and hepatic injury in rats

Antibiotic use, especially fluoroquinolones, has been linked to extensive renal and hepatic injury thus inflicts a considerable health problem. Fifty rats were allocated into five groups (n = 10). Group 1 represented the normal-control group. Group 2 received moxifloxacin only (MOX; 8 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for seven days and represented the MOX-control group. Groups 3, 4, and 5 received MOX for seven days accompanied by royal jelly (RJ; 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.), Echinacea (ECH; 40 mg/kg/day, p.o.), and a combination of both at the aforementioned doses respectively for 30 days. All groups were investigated for renal and hepatic function tests. Renal tissue content of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) along with renal and hepatic tissue contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed for all groups. Histopathological examination was performed followed by immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 in renal and hepatic tissues. MOX administration resulted in significant renal and hepatic damage. RJ and ECH significantly improved the serum parameters of renal and hepatic functions along with increasing GSH and decreasing MDA in renal and hepatic tissues. Renal contents of KIM-1 were also reduced. Moreover, RJ, ECH, and their combination amended MOX-induced histopathological changes and significantly reduced caspase-3 immunohistochemical staining in both renal and hepatic tissues. The current study is the first to elucidate the effect of RJ, ECH, and their combination against MOX-induced renal and hepatic injury in rats. The study suggests that these protective effects are mainly via the reduction of oxidative stress induced by MOX administration.

Serum Metabolic Characterization of Vitamin E Deficiency in Holstein Cows during the Transition Period Based on Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, is a necessary and complex micronutrient for cows. During the transition period, vitamin E deficiency (VED) is among the highest prevalent micronutrient deficits in dairy cows. It may eventually result in oxidative stress and immunological malfunction, and it increases the risk of peripartum disorders. At present, detailed data on blood metabolites in VED cows are limited. Consequently, the purpose of this research was to examine the alterations in the serum metabolic profile of VED cows throughout the early postpartum period. Using comprehensive 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), the alterations in serum metabolic activities of VED cows were analyzed. In total, 28 multiparous Holstein cows were assigned according to serum α-tocopherol (α-Toc) concentrations into normal (α-Toc ≥ 4 μg/mL, n = 14) and VED (α-Toc < 3 μg/mL, n = 14) groups at 21 days postpartum, and their blood samples were collected for biochemical and 1H NMR analyses. A t-test on independent samples as well as multivariate statistics were used to assess the findings. In comparison with normal cows, VED cows showed significantly worse body condition scores, milk yield, and dry matter intake (p < 0.05). Significantly higher levels of serum non-esterified fatty acids, aspartate aminotransferase, low-density lipoprotein, and malonaldehyde were found in VED-affected cows, as well as lesser concentrations of serum albumin, high-density lipoprotein, and total antioxidant capacity in comparison with normal cows (p < 0.01), while other vitamins and minerals concentrations showed no distinction between the groups (p > 0.05). Furthermore, 24 upregulated serum metabolites were identified under VED conditions. The metabolomics pathway analysis of these metabolites demonstrated that a global metabolic response to VED in cows was represented by changes in 11 metabolic pathways, comprising energy, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism. From these results, we conclude that VED cows were more likely to experience a negative energy balance characterized by alterations of common systemic metabolic processes and develop oxidative stress, inflammation, and ultimately liver injury. This study provides the first evidence of metabolic changes in cows with VED.

Andrographolide-treated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived conditioned medium protects cardiomyocytes from injury by metabolic remodeling

BACKGROUND

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation therapy providing a great hope for the recovery of myocardial ischemic hypoxic injury. However, the microenvironment after myocardial injury is not conducive to the survival of BMSCs, which limits the therapeutic application of BMSCs. Our previous study has confirmed that the survival of BMSCs cells in the glucose and serum deprivation under hypoxia (GSDH) is increased after Andrographolide (AG) pretreatment, but whether this treatment could improve the effect of BMSCs in repairing of myocardial injury has not been verified.

METHODS AND RESULT

We first treated H9C2 with GSDH to simulate the microenvironment of myocardial injury in vitro, then we pretreated rat primary BMSCs with AG, and collected conditioned medium derived from BMSCs (BMSCs-CM) and conditioned medium derived from AG-pretreated BMSCs (AG-BMSCs-CM) after GSDH treatment. And they were used to treat H9C2 cells under GSDH to further detect oxidative stress and metabolic changes. The results showed that AG-BMSCs-CM could be more advantageous for cardiomyocyte injury repair than BMSCs-CM, as indicated by the decrease of apoptosis rate and oxidative stress. The changes of mitochondria and lipid droplets results suggested that AG-BMSCs-CM can regulate metabolic remodeling of H9C2 cells to repair cell injury, and that AMPK was activated during this process.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates, for the first time, the protective effect of AG-BMSCs-CM on GSDH-induced myocardial cell injury, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for clinical application.

Investigation of the effects of three different generations of fluoroquinolone derivatives on antioxidant and immunotoxic enzyme levels in different rat tissues

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are synthetic and broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs derived from nalidixic acid. FQs are used against SARS-CoV-2 in our country, and for the treatment of some urinary tract diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory tract diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, and dermatological diseases. The present study investigated the effect of 1-,7-,14-day treatments of three different FQ derivatives; ciprofloxacin (CIP) 80 mg/kg/day, levofloxacin (LVX) 40 mg/kg/day, and moxifloxacin (MXF) 40 mg/kg/day, on biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, and immunotoxicity. 72 Wistar albino male rats were distributed to four groups including 18 rats in each group and were sacrificed on three different time points. The 14-day treatment of MXF significantly reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Furthermore, 14-day treatment of LVX increased liver [GSH, MPO, ADA, superoxide dismutase (SOD)], and GSH (erythrocyte) levels; whereas it significantly reduced the levels of AST, TG (triglycerides) and associated parameters levels in all the tissues (MDA), erythrocytes, and liver (MPO, CAT, SOD, GPx). After 14-day treatment of CIP; the erythrocyte levels of GSH, MPO, GPx, and CAT significantly decreased; whereas the levels of glucose, creatinine, MPO (liver), and GST (kidney and erythrocyte) significantly increased. It has been concluded that FQ derivatives used in this experiment did not display any correlation in terms of the efficacies in the different time points and tissues. Thus, it is recommended to use such FQ derivatives considering the duration of use and target tissue.

Alhagi maurorum aqueous extract protects against norfloxacin-induced hepato-nephrotoxicity in rats

Objectives

While the protective effects of Alhagi maurorum have been shown against various ailments, its role against norfloxacin-induced adverse effects has not been studied. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of A. maurorum aqueous extract against norfloxacin-induced side effects in rats.

Methods

Twenty-four male albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups, which received normal saline, norfloxacin (50 mg/kg b.wt orally once a day), A. maurorum aqueous extract (300 mg/kg b.wt orally once a day), and norfloxacin with A. maurorum aqueous extract by the same previous mentioned dosages. Blood samples were collected for hematological examination to evaluate liver and kidney function tests. Hepatic and renal tissue samples were obtained to assess antioxidant activity and histopathological examination.

Results

A. maurorum aqueous extract significantly ameliorated norfloxacin-induced elevation in tissue malondialdehyde, and reduction in tissue antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities as well as reduced glutathione concentration. Concurrent administration of A. maurorum aqueous extract with norfloxacin significantly reduced serum alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferases, urea, creatinine, and uric acid and increased RBCs count, Hb concentration, PCV, leucocyte, and monocyte counts compared with the norfloxacin-treated group. Co-administration of A. maurorum aqueous extract with norfloxacin prevented the degenerative changes induced by norfloxacin alone in liver and kidney tissues. The phytochemical profile of the extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, and flavonoids.

Conclusion

These findings indicated that A. maurorum possesses potent antioxidant activities and could be used to attenuate norfloxacin-induced side effects.