1
|
DeVos J, McCarthy K, Sewe V, Akinyi G, Junghae M, Opollo V, Nouhin J, Shafer R, Zeh C, Ramos A, Alexander H, Chang J. A Partially Multiplexed HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) Assay for Monitoring HIVDR Mutations of the Protease, Reverse-Transcriptase (PRRT), and Integrase (INT). Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0177621. [PMID: 35510849 PMCID: PMC9241735 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01776-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As dolutegravir (DTG)-containing HIV regimens are scaled up globally, monitoring for HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) will become increasingly important. We designed a partially multiplexed HIVDR assay using Sanger sequencing technology to monitor HIVDR mutations in the protease, reverse-transcriptase (PRRT), and integrase (INT). A total of 213 clinical and analytical plasma and dried blood spot (DBS) samples were used in the evaluation. The assay detected a wide range of known HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) of group M from 139 samples. INT accuracy showed that the average nucleotide (nt) sequence concordance was 99.8% for 75 plasma samples and 99.5% for 11 DBS samples compared with the reference sequences. The PRRT accuracy also demonstrated the average nucleotide sequence concordance was 99.5% for 57 plasma samples and 99.2% for 33 DBS samples. The major PRRT and INT DR mutations of all samples tested were concordant with those of the reference sequences using the Stanford HIV database (db). Amplification sensitivity of samples with viral load (VL) >5000 copies/mL showed plasma exceeded 95% of positivity, and DBS exceeded 90% for PRRT and INT. Samples with VL (1000 to 5000 copies/mL) showed plasma exceeded 90%, and DBS reached 88% positivity for PRRT and INT. Assay precision and reproducibility showed >99% nucleotide sequence concordance in each set of replicates for PRRT and INT. In conclusion, this HIVDR assay met WHO HIVDR assay performance criteria for surveillance, worked for plasma and DBS, used minimal sample volume, was sensitive, and was a potentially cost-effective tool to monitor HIVDR mutations in PRRT and INT. IMPORTANCE This HIVDR genotyping assay works for both plasma and DBS samples, requires low sample input, and is sensitive. This assay has the potential to be a user-friendly and cost-effective HIVDR assay because of its partially multiplexed design. Application of this genotyping assay will help HIVDR monitoring in HIV high-burdened countries using a DGT-based HIV drug regimen recommended by the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and the WHO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua DeVos
- International Laboratory Branch, Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Victor Sewe
- HIV Research Laboratory, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Grace Akinyi
- HIV Research Laboratory, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Valarie Opollo
- HIV Research Laboratory, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Clement Zeh
- International Laboratory Branch, Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Artur Ramos
- International Laboratory Branch, Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heather Alexander
- International Laboratory Branch, Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joy Chang
- International Laboratory Branch, Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ji H, Sandstrom P. Overview of the Analytes Applied in Genotypic HIV Drug Resistance Testing. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070739. [PMID: 35889985 PMCID: PMC9321895 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The close monitoring of HIV drug resistance using genotypic HIV drug resistance testing (HIVDRT) has become essential for effective HIV/AIDS management at both individual and population levels. Over the years, a broad spectrum of analytes or specimens have been applied or attempted in HIVDRT; however, the suitability and performance of these analytes in HIVDRT and the clinical relevance of the results from them may vary significantly. This article provides a focused overview of the performance, strengths, and weaknesses of various analytes while used in HIVDRT, which may inform the optimal analytes selection in different application contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hezhao Ji
- National Microbiology Laboratory at JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada;
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-789-6521
| | - Paul Sandstrom
- National Microbiology Laboratory at JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada;
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Omooja J, Bbosa N, Lule DB, Nannyonjo M, Lunkuse S, Nassolo F, Nabirye SE, Suubi HN, Kaleebu P, Ssemwanga D. HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping success rates and correlates of Dried-blood spots and plasma specimen genotyping failure in a resource-limited setting. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:474. [PMID: 35581555 PMCID: PMC9112432 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping is critical to the monitoring of antiretroviral treatment. Data on HIV-1 genotyping success rates of different laboratory specimen types from multiple sources is still scarce. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we determined the laboratory genotyping success rates (GSR) and assessed the correlates of genotyping failure of 6837 unpaired dried blood spot (DBS) and plasma specimens. Specimens from multiple studies in a resource-constrained setting were analysed in our laboratory between 2016 and 2019. RESULTS We noted an overall GSR of 65.7% and specific overall GSR for DBS and plasma of 49.8% and 85.9% respectively. The correlates of genotyping failure were viral load (VL) < 10,000 copies/mL (aOR 0.3 95% CI: 0.24-0.38; p < 0.0001), lack of viral load testing prior to genotyping (OR 0.85 95% CI: 0.77-0.94; p = 0.002), use of DBS specimens (aOR 0.10 95% CI: 0.08-0.14; p < 0.0001) and specimens from routine clinical diagnosis (aOR 1.4 95% CI: 1.10-1.75; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS We report rapidly decreasing HIV-1 genotyping success rates between 2016 and 2019 with increased use of DBS specimens for genotyping and note decreasing median viral loads over the years. We recommend improvement in DBS handling, pre-genotyping viral load testing to screen samples to enhance genotyping success and the development of more sensitive assays with well-designed primers to genotype specimens with low or undetectable viral load, especially in this era where virological suppression rates are rising due to increased antiretroviral therapy roll-out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Omooja
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Nicholas Bbosa
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Dan Bugembe Lule
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Maria Nannyonjo
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sandra Lunkuse
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Faridah Nassolo
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stella Esther Nabirye
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Hamidah Namagembe Suubi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Deogratius Ssemwanga
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fong Y, Markby J, Andreotti M, Beck I, Bourlet T, Brambilla D, Frenkel L, Lira R, Nelson JAE, Pollakis G, Reigadas S, Richman D, Sawadogo S, Waters L, Yang C, Zeh C, Doherty M, Vojnov L. Diagnostic Accuracy of Dried Plasma Spot Specimens for HIV-1 Viral Load Testing: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:261-273. [PMID: 34732684 PMCID: PMC8826610 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried plasma spot specimens may be a viable alternative to traditional liquid plasma in field settings, but the diagnostic accuracy is not well understood. METHODS Standard databases (PubMed and Medline), conferences, and gray literature were searched until January 2019. The quality of evidence was evaluated using the Standards for Reporting Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 criteria. We used univariate and bivariate random effects models to determine misclassification, sensitivity, and specificity across multiple thresholds, overall and for each viral load technology, and to account for between-study variation. RESULTS We identified 23 studies for inclusion in the systematic review that compared the diagnostic accuracy of dried plasma spots with that of plasma. Primary data from 16 of the 23 studies were shared and included in the meta-analysis, representing 18 countries, totaling 1847 paired dried plasma spot:plasma data points. The mean bias of dried plasma spot specimens compared with that of plasma was 0.28 log10 copies/mL, whereas the difference in median viral load was 2.25 log10 copies/mL. More dried plasma spot values were undetectable compared with plasma values (43.6% vs. 29.8%). Analyzing all technologies together, the sensitivity and specificity of dried plasma spot specimens were >92% across all treatment failure thresholds compared and total misclassification <5.4% across all treatment failure thresholds compared. Some technologies had lower sensitivity or specificity; however, the results were typically consistent across treatment failure thresholds. DISCUSSION Overall, dried plasma spot specimens performed relatively well compared with plasma with sensitivity and specificity values greater than 90% and misclassification rates less than 10% across all treatment failure thresholds reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Fong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Mauro Andreotti
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Ingrid Beck
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Lisa Frenkel
- Departments of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rosalia Lira
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatria, CMN Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julie A. E. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Human Retrovirology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Reigadas
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Bordeaux 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Souleymane Sawadogo
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Laura Waters
- St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chunfu Yang
- International Laboratory Branch, Division of Global HIV/AIDS and TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Clement Zeh
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; and
| | - Meg Doherty
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lara Vojnov
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eshetu A, Hauser A, Schmidt D, Bartmeyer B, Bremer V, Obermeier M, Ehret R, Volkwein A, Bock CT, Bannert N. Comparison of two immunoassays for concurrent detection of HCV antigen and antibodies among HIV/HCV co-infected patients in dried serum/plasma spots. J Virol Methods 2020; 279:113839. [PMID: 32087189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen/antibody (Ag/Ab) assays offer the benefit of reducing the window period compared to assays that detect only HCV-Ab. In this study the performance of the Murex Ag/Ab (Murex, Abbott) and Monolisa Ag/Ab Ultra (Monolisa, Bio-Rad) ELISAs was compared for the use of filter dried serum/plasma spots (DS/PS) with a focus on the sensitivity and the percentage of correct positive test results. Correct positive ELISA results were assumed for samples that subsequently tested positive for HCV RNA by RT-qPCR, or RNA negative samples that tested positive in a Western blot (confirmed ELISA results). Sensitivity was evaluated from DS/PS eluates using HCV seroconversion panels [plasma samples of subtypes-(St) 1a, 2b)] and longitudinal HCV antibody positive serum panels (St 1b, 2b, 3a, and 4d). The proportion of correct positive test results was evaluated using 1102 newly diagnosed HIV positive clinical dried serum spots (DSS) eluates for screening of potential HCV co-infection. For the plasma HCV seroconversion samples, which were used as a reference for DSS eluates, the Murex became reactive earlier for antigen positive bleeds. However, for the HCV antibody positive eluates and dilutions thereof, the Monolisa demonstrated a superior sensitivity. Of the clinical DSS 22.8 % (28/123) of samples reactive in the Murex were negative in a subsequent RT-qPCR and Western blot, while only 1.9 % (2/105) of the samples reactive in the Monolisa were negative in these confirmatory assays. Our results indicate that the Monolisa provides fewer false positive results for HCV detection in DSS, whereas for undiluted plasma or serum samples, the Murex can serve as an additional diagnostic tool to narrow the window period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amare Eshetu
- Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hauser
- Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Division of HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Bartmeyer
- Division of HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viviane Bremer
- Division of HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Robert Ehret
- Medizinisches Infektiologiezentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Claus-Thomas Bock
- Division for Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Division of HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Establishment of an anti-hepatitis C virus IgG avidity test for dried serum/plasma spots. J Immunol Methods 2020; 479:112744. [PMID: 31958450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring recency of infection helps to identify current transmission in vulnerable populations for effective disease control. We have established an in-house avidity based hepatitis C virus (HCV) recency assay based on the Monolisa Anti-HCV PLUS Version 3 ELISA kit for use of dried serum/plasma spots (DS/PS) in order to distinguish recent and long-term infections. A first panel of DS/PS (n = 218; genotype 1 n = 170 and non-genotype 1 n = 48) consisting of primary and at least one follow up sample was used to analyze the temporal changes of the Avidity Index (AI) over time. Sub-panels of longitudinal DS/PS (n = 66) and acute cases (<26 weeks; n = 34) were taken to calculate the Mean Duration of Recent Infection (MDRI) and the False Long-term Rate (FLTR), respectively. A second panel of DS/PS >104 weeks (n = 132) and a third panel of DS/PS prepared from resolved infections (≥180 days since last positive; n = 32) were used to calculate the False Recent Rate (FRR). For all genotypes, the optimal AI cut-off was determined to be 40% resulting in an MDRI of 364 days (95% CI: 223-485). FLTR was 5.9% (95% CI: 0.7-19.7), 8.3% (95% CI: 1-27), and 0% (-) and FRR was 13.6% (95% CI: 8.3-20.7), 11.7% (95% CI: 6.6-19), and 30.6% (95% CI: 9.1-61.4) for all genotypes, genotype 1, and non-genotype 1 infections, respectively. For resolved infections, the FRR was 53.1% (95% CI: 35.8-70.4). Thus, this assay performs particularly well for genotype 1 reaching a high rate of correct discriminations between infections acquired less than a year before diagnosis and those acquired earlier by applying an AI cut-off of 40%. Due to a rapid decline in avidity post resolution of an HCV infection this assay is not recommended to be used in HCV RNA negative patients.
Collapse
|
7
|
Prevalence and Correlates of Pre-Treatment HIV Drug Resistance among HIV-Infected Children in Ethiopia. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090877. [PMID: 31546824 PMCID: PMC6784098 DOI: 10.3390/v11090877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care in resource-limited settings remains a major challenge to achieving global HIV treatment and virologic suppression targets, in part because the administration of combination antiretroviral therapies (cART) is inherently complex in this population and because viral load and drug resistance genotyping are not routinely available in these settings. Children may also be at elevated risk of transmission of drug-resistant HIV as a result of suboptimal antiretroviral administration for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. We investigated the prevalence and the correlates of pretreatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) among HIV-infected, cART-naive children in Ethiopia. We observed an overall PDR rate of 14%, where all cases featured resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): ~9% of participants harbored resistance solely to NNRTIs while ~5% harbored resistance to both NNRTIs and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). No resistance to protease inhibitors was observed. No sociodemographic or clinical parameters were significantly associated with PDR, though limited statistical power is noted. The relatively high (14%) rate of NNRTI resistance in cART-naive children supports the use of non-NNRTI-based regimens in first-line pediatric treatment in Ethiopia and underscores the urgent need for access to additional antiretroviral classes in resource-limited settings.
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh D, Dhummakupt A, Siems L, Persaud D. Alternative Sample Types for HIV-1 Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Testing. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S834-S837. [PMID: 29029130 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance is critical for assessing ART effectiveness and treatment outcomes for HIV-1-infected individuals, including children, worldwide. Traditionally, testing for HIV-1 drug resistance has primarily been performed on plasma samples, and with commercially available, clinically validated assays that are costly and difficult to access. While plasma is the preferred sample for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping, plasma analysis requires sophisticated laboratory equipment, personnel, space, and stringent storage conditions for maintenance of sample integrity and transport. With the limitations in feasibility and affordability of providing these ideal conditions for plasma genotyping in resource-constrained settings, the field has gained substantial experience with the dried blood spot (DBS) technique as an alternative. Moreover, DBS analysis can be used to comprehensively monitor the spread of the epidemic with applications to more-sensitive and quantitative technologies to assess HIV-1 globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Adit Dhummakupt
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Lilly Siems
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Deborah Persaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tavakoli A, Karbalaie Niya MH, Keshavarz M, Ghaffari H, Asoodeh A, Monavari SH, Keyvani H. Current diagnostic methods for HIV. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-9999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Tavakoli
- Department of Virology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hadi Ghaffari
- Department of Virology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Amir Asoodeh
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Khorasan, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Hamidreza Monavari
- Department of Virology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases Research Center, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tavakoli A, Karbalaie Niya MH, Keshavarz M, Ghaffari H, Asoodeh A, Monavari SH, Keyvani H. Current diagnostic methods for HIV. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Detection of HIV infection is essential for diagnosis and monitoring of the infection. There are different types of diagnostic tools available that are based on detection of HIV-specific antibodies, viral antigen or nucleic acid. Sensitivities and specificities of assays utilized for HIV detection have improved. Newer HIV testing technologies such as third-generation enzyme immunoassay which detect HIV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies, fourth-generation enzyme immunoassay which detect both anti-HIV antibodies and HIV p24 antigen and nucleic acid based tests for HIV RNA have significantly decreased the window period. This review provides an overview of current technologies for the detection and monitoring of HIV infection and recent advances in the field of HIV diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Tavakoli
- Department of Virology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hadi Ghaffari
- Department of Virology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Amir Asoodeh
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Khorasan, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Hamidreza Monavari
- Department of Virology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases Research Center, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|