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Heidari P, Haj-Mirzaian A, Prabhu S, Ataeinia B, Esfahani SA, Mahmood U. Granzyme B PET Imaging for Assessment of Disease Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:1137-1143. [PMID: 38754959 PMCID: PMC11218731 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.267344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing a noninvasive imaging method to detect immune system activation with a high temporal resolution is key to improving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management. In this study, granzyme B (GZMB), typically released from cytotoxic T and natural killer cells, was targeted using PET with 68Ga-NOTA-GZP (where GZP is β-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ile-Glu-Phe-Asp-CHO) to detect early intestinal inflammation in murine models of colitis. Methods: Bioinformatic analysis was used to assess the potential of GZMB as a biomarker for detecting IBD and predicting response to treatment. Human active and quiescent Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis tissues were stained for GZMB. We used IL-10-/- mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) as an IBD model, wild-type C57BL/6J mice as a control, and anti-tumor necrosis factor as therapy. We used a murine GZMB-binding peptide conjugated to a NOTA chelator (NOTA-GZP) labeled with 68Ga as the PET tracer. PET imaging was conducted at 1, 3, and 4 wk after colitis induction to evaluate temporal changes. Results: Bioinformatic analysis showed that GZMB gene expression is significantly upregulated in human ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease compared with the noninflamed bowel by 2.98-fold and 1.92-fold, respectively; its expression is lower by 2.16-fold in treatment responders than in nonresponders. Immunofluorescence staining of human tissues demonstrated a significantly higher GZMB in patients with active than with quiescent IBD (P = 0.032).68Ga-NOTA-GZP PET imaging showed significantly increased bowel uptake in IL-10-/- mice with DSS-induced colitis compared with vehicle-treated IL-10-/- mice (SUVmean, 0.75 vs. 0.24; P < 0.001) and both vehicle- and DSS-treated wild-type mice (SUVmean, 0.26 and 0.37; P < 0.001). In the IL-10-/- DSS-induced colitis model, the bowel PET probe uptake decreased in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (SUVmean, 0.32; P < 0.001). There was a 4-fold increase in colonic uptake of 68Ga-NOTA-GZP in the colitis model compared with the control 1 wk after colitis induction. The uptake gradually decreased to approximately 2-fold by 4 wk after IBD induction; however, the inflamed bowel uptake remained significantly higher than control at all time points (week 4 SUVmean, 0.23 vs. 0.08; P = 0.001). Conclusion: GZMB is a promising biomarker to detect active IBD and predict response to treatment. This study provides compelling evidence to translate GZMB PET for imaging IBD activity in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Heidari
- Center for Precision Imaging and Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Center for Precision Imaging and Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suma Prabhu
- Center for Precision Imaging and Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Center for Precision Imaging and Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shadi A Esfahani
- Center for Precision Imaging and Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Center for Precision Imaging and Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Martin S, Wendlinger L, Litvinenko A, Faizova R, Schottelius M. Validation of a size exclusion method for concomitant purification and formulation of peptide radiopharmaceuticals. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:23. [PMID: 38512591 PMCID: PMC10957824 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both in clinical routine and in preclinical research, the established standard procedure for the final purification of radiometal-labeled peptide radiopharmaceuticals is cartridge-based reversed-phase (RP) solid phase extraction (SPE). It allows the rapid and quantitative separation of the radiolabeled peptide from hydrophilic impurities and easy integration into automated synthesis procedures. However, product elution from RP cartridges necessitates the use of organic solvents and product recovery is sometimes limited. Thus, an alternative purification method based on commercially available size exclusion cartridges was investigated. RESULTS Since most peptide radiopharmaceuticals have a molecular weight > 1 kDa, Sephadex G10 cartridges with a molecular size cut-off of 700 Da were used for the final purification of a broad palette of 68Ga-, 64Cu- and 99mTc-labeled experimental peptide radiotracers as well as the clinically relevant ligand PSMA-617. Results (radiochemical purity (RCP, determined by ITLC), recovery from the solid support) were compared to the respective standard RP-SPE method. Generally, retention of unreacted 68Ga, 64Cu and 99mTc salts on the G10 cartridges was quantitative up to the specified elution volume (1.2 mL) for 68Ga and 99mTc and 99.6% for 64Cu. Even at increased elution volumes of 1.5-2 mL, RCPs of the eluted 68Ga- and 99mTc -radiopeptides were > 99%. For all peptides with a molecular weight ≥ 2 kDa, product recovery from the G10 cartridges was consistently > 85% upon respective adjustment of the elution volume. Product recovery was lowest for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 (67%, 1.2 mL to 84%, 2 mL). The pH of the final product solution was found to be volume-dependent (1.2 mL: pH 6.3; 1.5 mL: pH 5.9; 2 mL: pH 5.5). Notably, the G10 cartridges were reused up to 20 times without compromising performance, and implementation of the method in an automated radiosynthesis procedure was successful. CONCLUSIONS Overall, size exclusion purification yielded all peptide radiopharmaceuticals in excellent radiochemical purities (> 99%) in saline within 10-12 min. Although product recovery is marginally inferior to classical SPE purifications, this method has the advantage of completely avoiding organic solvents and representing a cost-effective, easy-to-implement purification approach for automated radiotracer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Martin
- Translational Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Rue du Bugnon 25A, Agora, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
- AGORA, Pôle de recherche sur le cancer, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
- SCCL Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Lennard Wendlinger
- Translational Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Rue du Bugnon 25A, Agora, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
- AGORA, Pôle de recherche sur le cancer, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
- SCCL Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Litvinenko
- Translational Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Rue du Bugnon 25A, Agora, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
- AGORA, Pôle de recherche sur le cancer, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
- SCCL Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Radmila Faizova
- Translational Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Rue du Bugnon 25A, Agora, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland
- AGORA, Pôle de recherche sur le cancer, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
- SCCL Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Translational Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Rue du Bugnon 25A, Agora, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland.
- AGORA, Pôle de recherche sur le cancer, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland.
- SCCL Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland.
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Kleynhans J, Sathekge MM, Ebenhan T. Preclinical Research Highlighting Contemporary Targeting Mechanisms of Radiolabelled Compounds for PET Based Infection Imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:630-643. [PMID: 37012169 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
It is important to constantly monitor developments in the preclinical imaging arena of infection. Firstly, novel radiopharmaceuticals with the correct characteristics must be identified to funnel into the clinic. Secondly, it must be evaluated if enough innovative research is being done and adequate resources are geared towards the development of radiopharmaceuticals that could feed into the Nuclear Medicine Clinic in the near future. It is proposed that the ideal infection imaging agent will involve PET combined with CT but more ideally MRI. The radiopharmaceuticals currently presented in preclinical literature have a wide selection of vectors and targets. Ionic formulations of PET-radionuclides such 64CuCl2 and 68GaCl2 are evaluated for bacterial infection imaging. Many small molecule based radiopharmaceuticals are being investigated with the most prominent targets being cell wall synthesis, maltodextrin transport (such as [18F]F-maltotriose), siderophores (bacterial and fungal infections), the folate synthesis pathway (such as [18F]F-PABA) and protein synthesis (radiolabelled puromycin). Mycobacterial specific antibiotics, antifungals and antiviral agents are also under investigation as infection imaging agents. Peptide based radiopharmaceuticals are developed for bacterial, fungal and viral infections. The radiopharmaceutical development could even react quickly enough on a pandemic to develop a SARS-CoV-2 imaging agent in a timely fashion ([64Cu]Cu-NOTA-EK1). New immuno-PET agents for the imaging of viruses have recently been published, specifically for HIV persistence but also for SARS-CoV2. A very promising antifungal immuno-PET agent (hJ5F) is also considered. Future technologies could include the application of aptamers and bacteriophages and even going as far as the design of theranostic infection. Another possibility would be the application of nanobodies for immuno-PET applications. Standardization and optimization of the preclinical evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals could enhance clinical translation and reduce time spent in pursuing less than optimal candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janke Kleynhans
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological sciences, Radiopharmaceutical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mike Machaba Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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de Aguiar Ferreira C, Heidari P, Ataeinia B, Sinevici N, Granito A, Kumar HM, Wehrenberg-Klee E, Mahmood U. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Mediated Cancer Theranostics with Radiolabeled Anti-Granzyme B Peptide. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1460. [PMID: 35890355 PMCID: PMC9325142 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized cancer management, patient response can be heterogeneous, and the development of ICI resistance is increasingly reported. Novel treatment strategies are necessary not only to expand the use of ICI to previously unresponsive tumor types but also to overcome resistance. Targeted radionuclide therapy may synergize well with ICIs since it can promote a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment. We investigated the use of a granzyme B targeted peptide (GZP) as a cancer theranostic agent, radiolabeled with 68Ga (68Ga-GZP) as a PET imaging agent and radiolabeled with 90Y (90Y-GZP) as a targeted radionuclide therapy agent for combinational therapy with ICI in murine models of colon cancer. Our results demonstrate that GZP increasingly accumulates in tumor tissue after ICI and that the combination of ICI with 90Y-GZP promotes a dose-dependent response, achieving curative response in some settings and increased overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Umar Mahmood
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (C.d.A.F.); (P.H.); (B.A.); (N.S.); (A.G.); (H.M.K.); (E.W.-K.)
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Woong Yoo S, Young Kwon S, Kang SR, Min JJ. Molecular imaging approaches to facilitate bacteria-mediated cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114366. [PMID: 35654213 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy is a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer that has unique properties, including broad tumor-targeting ability, various administration routes, the flexibility of delivery, and facilitating the host's immune responses. The molecular imaging of bacteria-mediated cancer therapy allows the therapeutically injected bacteria to be visualized and confirms the accurate delivery of the therapeutic bacteria to the target lesion. Several hurdles make bacteria-specific imaging challenging, including the need to discriminate therapeutic bacterial infection from inflammation or other pathologic lesions. To realize the full potential of bacteria-specific imaging, it is necessary to develop bacteria-specific targets that can be associated with an imaging assay. This review describes the current status of bacterial imaging techniques together with the advantages and disadvantages of several imaging modalities. Also, we describe potential targets for bacterial-specific imaging and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Woong Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Seong Young Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Sae-Ryung Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea.
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Crișan G, Moldovean-Cioroianu NS, Timaru DG, Andrieș G, Căinap C, Chiș V. Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5023. [PMID: 35563414 PMCID: PMC9103893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical composition, and/or chemical absorption. Depending on the targeted processes within the living organism, different tracers are used for various medical conditions, such as cancer, particular brain pathologies, cardiac events, and bone lesions, where the most commonly used tracers are radiolabeled with 18F (e.g., [18F]-FDG and NA [18F]). Oxygen-15 isotope is mostly involved in blood flow measurements, whereas a wide array of 11C-based compounds have also been developed for neuronal disorders according to the affected neuroreceptors, prostate cancer, and lung carcinomas. In contrast, the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes and can be used to diagnose strokes, seizures, bone illnesses, and infections by gauging the blood flow and radio distribution within tissues and organs. The radioisotopes typically used in SPECT imaging are iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and indium-111. This systematic review article aims to clarify and disseminate the available scientific literature focused on PET/SPECT radiotracers and to provide an overview of the conducted research within the past decade, with an additional focus on the novel radiopharmaceuticals developed for medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Crișan
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | | | - Diana-Gabriela Timaru
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
| | - Gabriel Andrieș
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Călin Căinap
- The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”, Republicii 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vasile Chiș
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Signore A, Conserva M, Varani M, Galli F, Lauri C, Velikyan I, Roivainen A. PET imaging of bacteria. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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More S, Marakalala MJ, Sathekge M. Tuberculosis: Role of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging With Potential Impact of Neutrophil-Specific Tracers. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:758636. [PMID: 34957144 PMCID: PMC8703031 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.758636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With Tuberculosis (TB) affecting millions of people worldwide, novel imaging modalities and tools, particularly nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, have grown with greater interest to assess the biology of the tuberculous granuloma and evolution thereof. Much early work has been performed at the pre-clinical level using gamma single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) agents exploiting certain characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). Both antituberculous SPECT and positron emission tomography (PET) agents have been utilised to characterise MTb. Other PET tracers have been utilised to help to characterise the biology of MTb (including Gallium-68-labelled radiopharmaceuticals). Of all the tracers, 2-[18F]FDG has been studied extensively over the last two decades in many aspects of the treatment paradigm of TB: at diagnosis, staging, response assessment, restaging, and in potentially predicting the outcome of patients with latent TB infection. Its lower specificity in being able to distinguish different inflammatory cell types in the granuloma has garnered interest in reviewing more specific agents that can portend prognostic implications in the management of MTb. With the neutrophil being a cell type that portends this poorer prognosis, imaging this cell type may be able to answer more accurately questions relating to the tuberculous granuloma transmissivity and may help in characterising patients who may be at risk of developing active TB. The formyl peptide receptor 1(FPR1) expressed by neutrophils is a key marker in this process and is a potential target to characterise these areas. The pre-clinical work regarding the role of radiolabelled N-cinnamoyl –F-(D) L – F – (D) –L F (cFLFLF) (which is an antagonist for FPR1) using Technetium 99m-labelled conjugates and more recently radiolabelled with Gallium-68 and Copper 64 is discussed. It is the hope that further work with this tracer may accelerate its potential to be utilised in responding to many of the current diagnostic dilemmas and challenges in TB management, thereby making the tracer a translatable option in routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart More
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Stuart More
| | - Mohlopheni J. Marakalala
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
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Ferreira CA, Heidari P, Ataeinia B, Sinevici N, Sise ME, Colvin RB, Wehrenberg-Klee E, Mahmood U. Non-invasive Detection of Immunotherapy-Induced Adverse Events. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5353-5364. [PMID: 34253581 PMCID: PMC8752648 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer immunotherapy has markedly improved the prognosis of patients with a broad variety of malignancies. However, benefits are weighed against unique toxicities, with immune-related adverse events (irAE) that are frequent and potentially life-threatening. The diagnosis and management of these events are challenging due to heterogeneity of timing onset, multiplicity of affected organs, and lack of non-invasive monitoring techniques. We demonstrate the use of a granzyme B-targeted PET imaging agent (GZP) for irAE identification in a murine model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated a model of immunotherapy-induced adverse events in Foxp3-DTR-GFP mice bearing MC38 tumors. GZP PET imaging was performed to evaluate organs non-invasively. We validated imaging with ex vivo analysis, correlating the establishment of these events with the presence of immune infiltrates and granzyme B upregulation in tissue. To demonstrate the clinical relevance of our findings, the presence of granzyme B was identified through immunofluorescence staining in tissue samples of patients with confirmed checkpoint inhibitor-associated adverse events. RESULTS GZP PET imaging revealed differential uptake in organs affected by irAEs, such as colon, spleen, and kidney, which significantly diminished after administration of the immunosuppressor dexamethasone. The presence of granzyme B and immune infiltrates were confirmed histologically and correlated with significantly higher uptake in PET imaging. The presence of granzyme B was also confirmed in samples from patients that presented with clinical irAEs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an interconnection between the establishment of irAEs and granzyme B presence and, for the first time, the visualization of those events through PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicoleta Sinevici
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan E. Sise
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert B. Colvin
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Umar Mahmood
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Ordoñez AA, Jain SK. Imaging of Bacterial Infections. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Locke LW, Shankaran K, Gong L, Stoodley P, Vozar SL, Cole SL, Tweedle MF, Wozniak DJ. Evaluation of Peptide-Based Probes toward In Vivo Diagnostic Imaging of Bacterial Biofilm-Associated Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2086-2098. [PMID: 32603591 PMCID: PMC7429274 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The clinical management of bacterial biofilm infections represents an enormous challenge in today's healthcare setting. The NIH estimates that 65% of bacterial infections are biofilm-related, and therapeutic outcomes are positively correlated with early intervention. Currently, there is no reliable imaging technique to detect biofilm infections in vivo, and current clinical protocols for accurate and direct biofilm identification are nonexistent. In orthopedic implant-associated biofilm infections, for example, current detection methods are based on nonspecific X-ray or radiolabeled white blood cell imaging, coupled with peri-prosthetic tissue or fluid samples taken invasively, and must be cultured. This approach is time-consuming and often fails to detect biofilm bacteria due to sampling errors and a lack of sensitivity. The ability to quantify bacterial biofilms by real-time noninvasive imaging is an urgent unmet clinical need that would revolutionize the management and treatment of these devastating types of infections. In the present study, we assembled a collection of fluorescently labeled peptide candidates to specifically explore their biofilm targeting properties. We evaluated these fluorescently labeled peptides using various in vitro assays for their ability to specifically and nondestructively target biofilms produced by model bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The lead candidate that emerged, 4Iphf-HN17, demonstrated rapid biofilm labeling kinetics, a lack of bactericidal activity, and biofilm targeting specificity in human cell infection models. In vivo fluorescently labeled 4Iphf-HN17 showed enhanced accumulation in biofilm-infected wounds, thus warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon W. Locke
- Dept. of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University
| | - Kothandaraman Shankaran
- Dept. of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Eng, The Ohio State University
| | - Li Gong
- Dept. of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Eng, The Ohio State University
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Dept. of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University
| | | | - Sara L. Cole
- Campus Microscopy and Imaging Facility, The Ohio State University
| | - Michael F. Tweedle
- Dept. of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Eng, The Ohio State University
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Dept. of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University,Dept. of Microbiology, The Ohio State University
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12
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Molecular Imaging of Inflammation and Infection. Clin Nucl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Northrup JD, Mach RH, Sellmyer MA. Radiochemical Approaches to Imaging Bacterial Infections: Intracellular versus Extracellular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5808. [PMID: 31752318 PMCID: PMC6888724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin began the age of antibiotics, which was a turning point in human healthcare. However, to this day, microbial infections are still a concern throughout the world, and the rise of multidrug-resistant organisms is an increasing challenge. To combat this threat, diagnostic imaging tools could be used to verify the causative organism and curb inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Nuclear imaging offers the sensitivity needed to detect small numbers of bacteria in situ. Among nuclear imaging tools, radiolabeled antibiotics traditionally have lacked the sensitivity or specificity necessary to diagnose bacterial infections accurately. One reason for the lack of success is that the antibiotics were often chelated to a radiometal. This was done without addressing the ramifications of how the radiolabeling would impact probe entry to the bacterial cell, or the mechanism of binding to an intracellular target. In this review, we approach bacterial infection imaging through the lens of bacterial specific molecular targets, their intracellular or extracellular location, and discuss radiochemistry strategies to guide future probe development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Northrup
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.D.N.); (R.H.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.D.N.); (R.H.M.)
| | - Mark A. Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.D.N.); (R.H.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Comparison of DOTA and NODAGA as chelates for 68Ga-labelled CDP1 as novel infection PET imaging agents. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Despite significant advances in the understanding of microorganisms and an increased availability of antimicrobial therapy, infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis can be challenging and imaging studies often are used for confirmation and localization. For nearly 50 years, molecular imaging agents have played an important role in the diagnosis of infection. Gallium-67 citrate was perhaps the first molecular imaging agent used for diagnosing and localizing infection. Poor imaging characteristics, along with a lack of specificity, and the long (usually 48-72 hours) interval between administration and imaging motivated investigators to search for alternatives. Currently the role of 67Ga is limited to differentiating acute tubular necrosis from interstitial nephritis and as an alternative to 18F-FDG for indications, such as sarcoid, spondylodiscitis, and fever of unknown origin, when the latter is not available. The development, in the mid-1970s, of techniques for radiolabeling leukocytes that subsequently migrate to foci of infection was a significant advance and labeled leukocyte imaging still has a preeminent role in molecular imaging of infection. There are significant disadvantages to in-vitro labeled leukocyte imaging. Efforts devoted to developing in-vivo leukocyte labeling methods, however, met with only limited success. Over the past 20 years 18F-FDG has established itself as the molecular imaging agent of choice for fever of unknown origin, vasculitis, sarcoid, and spondylodiscitis. As useful as these agents are, their uptake is based on the host response to infection, not infection itself. Previous attempts at developing infection specific agents, including radiolabeled antibiotics, antibiotics, and vitamins like biotin were limited by poor results and/or limited availability and so investigators continue to focus on developing infection specific molecular imaging agents. Initial results with radiolabeled nucleoside analogs, sugars, and amino acids, and a renewed interest in radiolabeled antibiotics for both diagnosis and monitoring treatment are exciting and hold great promise for the future.
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16
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Mandiwana V, Kalombo L, Lemmer Y, Labuschagne P, Semete-Makokotlela B, Sathekge M, Ebenhan T, Zeevaart JR. Preclinical assessment of 68 Ga-PSMA-617 entrapped in a microemulsion delivery system for applications in prostate cancer PET/CT imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:332-345. [PMID: 31054157 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It has in recent years been reported that microemulsion (ME) delivery systems provide an opportunity to improve the efficacy of a therapeutic agent whilst minimising side effects and also offer the advantage of favourable treatment regimens. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting agents PSMA-11 and PSMA-617, which accumulate in prostate tumours, allow for [68 Ga]Ga3+ -radiolabelling and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET) imaging of PSMA expression in vivo. We herein report the formulation of [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 into a ME ≤40 nm including its evaluation for improved cellular toxicity and in vivo biodistribution. The [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-617-ME was tested in vitro for its cytotoxicity to HEK293 and PC3 cells. [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-617-ME was administered intravenously in BALB/c mice followed by microPET/computed tomography (CT) imaging and ex vivo biodistribution determination. [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-617-ME indicated negligible cellular toxicity at different concentrations. A statistically higher tolerance towards the [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-617-ME occurred at 0.125 mg/mL by HEK293 cells compared with PC3 cells. The biodistribution in wild-type BALB/C mice showed the highest amounts of radioactivity (%ID/g) presented in the kidneys (31%) followed by the small intestine (10%) and stomach (9%); the lowest uptake was seen in the brain (0.5%). The incorporation of [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 into ME was successfully demonstrated and resulted in a stable nontoxic formulation as evaluated by in vitro and in vivo means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vusani Mandiwana
- Centre for Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.,DST/NWU, Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lonji Kalombo
- Centre for Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Centre for Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Philip Labuschagne
- Centre for Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Mike Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Preclinical Imaging Facility, NuMeRI, Pelindaba, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Pretoria, South Africa.,DST/NWU, Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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17
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18
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PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Specific Bacteria Imaging: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020197. [PMID: 30736324 PMCID: PMC6406348 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacterial infections are still one of the main factors associated with mortality worldwide. Many radiopharmaceuticals were developed for bacterial imaging, both with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) isotopes. This review focuses on PET radiopharmaceuticals, performing a systematic literature review of published studies between 2005 and 2018. Methods: A systematic review of published studies between 2005 and 2018 was performed. A team of reviewers independently screened for eligible studies. Because of differences between studies, we pooled the data where possible, otherwise, we described separately. Quality of evidence was assessed by Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) approach. Results: Eligible papers included 35 published studies. Because of the heterogeneity of animal models and bacterial strains, we classified studies in relation to the type of bacterium: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, Gram-positive and negative, others. Conclusions: Results highlighted the availability of many promising PET radiopharmaceuticals for bacterial imaging, despite some bias related to animal selection and index test, but few have been translated to human subjects. Results showed a lack of standardized infection models and experimental settings.
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19
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Ordonez AA, Jain SK. Pathogen-Specific Bacterial Imaging in Nuclear Medicine. Semin Nucl Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.11.003
expr 890398765 + 809902709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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20
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Abstract
When serious infections are suspected, patients are often treated empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics while awaiting results that provide information on the bacterial class and species causing the infection, as well as drug susceptibilities. For deep-seated infections, these traditional diagnostic techniques often rely on tissue biopsies to obtain clinical samples which can be expensive, dangerous, and has the potential of sampling bias. Moreover, these procedures and results can take several days and may not always provide reliable information. This combination of time and effort required for proper antibiotic selection has become a barrier leading to indiscriminate broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Exposure to nosocomial infections and indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics are responsible for promoting bacterial drug-resistance leading to substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in hospitalized and immunosuppressed patients. Therefore, early diagnosis of infection and targeted antibiotic treatments are urgently needed to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by bacterial infections worldwide. Reliable pathogen-specific bacterial imaging techniques have the potential to provide early diagnosis and guide antibiotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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21
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Prospective of 68Ga Radionuclide Contribution to the Development of Imaging Agents for Infection and Inflammation. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018. [PMID: 29531507 PMCID: PMC5817300 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9713691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, the utilization of 68Ga for the development of imaging agents has increased considerably with the leading position in the oncology. The imaging of infection and inflammation is lagging despite strong unmet medical needs. This review presents the potential routes for the development of 68Ga-based agents for the imaging and quantification of infection and inflammation in various diseases and connection of the diagnosis to the treatment for the individualized patient management.
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22
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Ebenhan T, Sathekge MM, Lengana T, Koole M, Gheysens O, Govender T, Zeevaart JR. 68Ga-NOTA-Functionalized Ubiquicidin: Cytotoxicity, Biodistribution, Radiation Dosimetry, and First-in-Human PET/CT Imaging of Infections. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:334-339. [PMID: 29051342 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.200048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquicidin is an antimicrobial peptide with great potential for nuclear imaging of infectious diseases, as its cationic-rich fragment TGRAKRRMQYNRR (UBI) has been functionalized with NOTA to allow complexation to 68Ga (68Ga-NOTA-UBI). We herein assess the cytotoxicity and radiation dosimetry for 68Ga-NOTA-UBI and a first-in-human evaluation to diagnose infectious processes. Methods: Cytotoxicity was evaluated in green monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells and MT-4 leukocytes. Tracer susceptibility was studied in vitro using different bacterial and fungal strains. PET/CT-based biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and radiation dosimetry were performed on nonhuman primates. Two healthy volunteers and 3 patients with suspected infection underwent 68Ga-NOTA-UBI PET/CT imaging. Results: Negligible cytotoxicity was determined for NOTA-UBI. 68Ga-NOTA-UBI showed moderate blood clearance (29-min half-life) and predominant renal clearance in nonhuman primates. Human radiation dose estimates indicated the bladder wall as the dose-critical tissue (185 μSv/MBq), followed by the kidneys (23 μSv/MBq). The total absorbed body dose was low (<7 μSv/MBq); the effective dose was estimated at 17 μSv/MBq. 68Ga-NOTA-UBI could diagnose bone- and soft-tissue infection in 3 of 3 patients. Conclusion:68Ga-NOTA-UBI is considered a nontoxic, safe-to-administer radiopharmaceutical unlikely to cause adverse effects in humans. The favorable tracer biodistribution and the first-in-human results will make 68Ga-NOTA-UBI PET/CT an encouraging future diagnostic technique with auxiliary clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ebenhan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mike M Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thabo Lengana
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; and
| | - Jan R Zeevaart
- Department of Science and Technology, Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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23
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Preclinical Assessment of a 68Ga-DOTA-Functionalized Depsipeptide as a Radiodiagnostic Infection Imaging Agent. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091403. [PMID: 28837117 PMCID: PMC6151697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study assessed a radiolabeled depsipeptide conjugate (68Ga-DOTA-TBIA101) for its potential as an imaging agent targeting infection or infection-associated inflammation. 68Ga-labeled DOTA-TBIA101 imaging was performed in (NZR1) healthy rabbits; (NZR2) rabbits bearing muscular sterile inflammation and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infection; and (NZR3) rabbits infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) combined with a subcutaneous scruff infection of SA in the same animal. All animals were imaged using a PET/CT scanner at 5 and 60 min post injection. Images showed elevated accumulation of 68Ga-DOTA-TBIA101 in the sterile muscular inflammation site (T/NT ratio = 2.6 ± 0.37 (5 min) and 2.8 ± 2.3 (60 min)) and muscles infected with MTB (T/NT ratio = 2.6 ± 0.35 (5 min) and 2.8 ± 0.16 (60 min)). The findings suggest that 68Ga-DOTA-TBIA101-PET/CT may detect MTB-associated inflammation, although more foundational studies need to be performed to rationalize the diagnostic value of this technique.
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24
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Pietikäinen A, Siitonen R, Liljenbäck H, Eskola O, Söderström M, Roivainen A, Hytönen J. In vivo imaging of Lyme arthritis in mice by [ 18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Scand J Rheumatol 2017. [PMID: 28649922 DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2017.1287306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi spirochaetes, which are able to disseminate from the tick-bite site to distant organs. Mouse models are widely used to study LB and especially Lyme arthritis (LA), but only a few whole-animal in vivo imaging studies on the pathogenesis of B. burgdorferi infection in mice have been published so far. The existing imaging techniques have their drawbacks and, therefore, novel tools to complement the array of available LB imaging methodologies are needed. METHOD The applicability of positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging was evaluated as a method to monitor LB and especially LA in the C3H/HeN mouse model infected with wild-type B. burgdorferi N40 bacteria. The imaging results were compared with the traditional LA analysis methods, such as tibiotarsal joint swelling and histopathological assessment of joint inflammation. RESULTS PET/CT imaging provided high-resolution images with quantitative information on the spatial and temporal distribution of the [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) tracer in B. burgdorferi-infected mice. The [18F]FDG accumulated in the affected joints and activated lymph nodes of infected mice, while the tracer signal could not be visualized in these organs in uninfected control animals. Importantly, in vivo PET/CT imaging data were in agreement with the histopathological scoring of inflammation of mouse joints. CONCLUSION PET/CT imaging with [18F]FDG is a reliable method to longitudinally monitor the development and progression of B. burgdorferi infection-induced inflammation in vivo in mouse joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pietikäinen
- a Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,b Turku Doctoral Programme for Molecular Medicine , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - R Siitonen
- c Turku PET Centre , Turku University Hospital and University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - H Liljenbäck
- c Turku PET Centre , Turku University Hospital and University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,d Turku Center for Disease Modeling , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - O Eskola
- c Turku PET Centre , Turku University Hospital and University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - M Söderström
- e Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine , Turku University Hospital and University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - A Roivainen
- c Turku PET Centre , Turku University Hospital and University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,d Turku Center for Disease Modeling , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - J Hytönen
- a Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Turku , Turku , Finland.,f Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology , Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
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25
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Dutta J, Baijnath S, Somboro AM, Nagiah S, Albericio F, de la Torre BG, Marjanovic-Painter B, Zeevaart JR, Sathekge M, Kruger HG, Chuturgoon A, Naicker T, Ebenhan T, Govender T. Synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and 68 Ga-radiolabeling of CDP1 toward PET/CT imaging of bacterial infection. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:572-579. [PMID: 28328161 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a major concern in the human health sector due to poor diagnosis and development of multidrug-resistant strains. PET/CT provides a means for the non-invasive detection and localization of the infectious foci; however, the radiotracers available are either cumbersome to prepare or their exact contribution toward the imaging is not yet established. Human antimicrobial peptides are of interest for development as PET radiotracers as they are an integral component of the immune system, non-immunogenic toward the recipient, and show selectivity toward pathogens such as bacteria. Herein we report on the potential of LL37, a human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, as a radiotracer for bacterial imaging. Bifunctional chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid was utilized to functionalize the antimicrobial peptide, which in turn was capable of chelating gallium. The synthesized nat Ga-CDP1 showed bacterial selectivity and low affinity toward hepatic cells, which are favorable characteristics for further preclinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotibon Dutta
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Biljana Marjanovic-Painter
- The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), Radiochemistry, Pelindaba, Brits, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology, Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), Radiochemistry, Pelindaba, Brits, South Africa.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mike Sathekge
- University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences and School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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26
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van Oosten M, Hahn M, Crane LMA, Pleijhuis RG, Francis KP, van Dijl JM, van Dam GM. Targeted imaging of bacterial infections: advances, hurdles and hopes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:892-916. [PMID: 26109599 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections represent an increasing problem in modern health care, in particular due to ageing populations and accumulating bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Diagnosis is rarely straightforward and consequently treatment is often delayed or indefinite. Therefore, novel tools that can be clinically implemented are urgently needed to accurately and swiftly diagnose infections. Especially, the direct imaging of infections is an attractive option. The challenge of specifically imaging bacterial infections in vivo can be met by targeting bacteria with an imaging agent. Here we review the current status of targeted imaging of bacterial infections, and we discuss advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. Indeed, significant progress has been made in this field and the clinical implementation of targeted imaging of bacterial infections seems highly feasible. This was recently highlighted by the use of so-called smart activatable probes and a fluorescently labelled derivative of the antibiotic vancomycin. A major challenge remains the selection of the best imaging probes, and we therefore present a set of target selection criteria for clinical implementation of targeted bacterial imaging. Altogether, we conclude that the spectrum of potential applications for targeted bacterial imaging is enormous, ranging from fundamental research on infectious diseases to diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen van Oosten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Hahn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lucia M A Crane
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rick G Pleijhuis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gooitzen M van Dam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
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