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Golomb BA, Han JH. Adverse effect propensity: A new feature of Gulf War illness predicted by environmental exposures. iScience 2023; 26:107363. [PMID: 37554469 PMCID: PMC10405325 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A third of 1990-1 Gulf-deployed personnel developed drug/chemical-induced multisymptom illness, "Gulf War illness" (GWI). Veterans with GWI (VGWI) report increased drug/exposure adverse effects (AEs). Using previously collected data from a case-control study, we evaluated whether the fraction of exposures that engendered AEs ("AE Propensity") is increased in VGWI (it was); whether AE Propensity is related to self-rated "chemical sensitivity" (it did); and whether specific exposures "predicted" AE Propensity (they did). Pesticides and radiation exposure were significant predictors, with copper significantly "protective"-in the total sample (adjusted for GWI-status) and separately in VGWI and controls, on multivariable regression. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress (OS) underlie AEs from many exposures irrespective of nominal specific mechanism. We hypothesize that mitochondrial toxicity and interrelated OS from pesticides and radiation position people on the steep part of the curve of mitochondrial impairment and OS versus symptom/biological disruption, amplifying impact of new exposures. Copper, meanwhile, is involved in critical OS detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A. Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Khazaie S, Jafari M, Golamloo M, Asgari A, Heydari J, Salehi M, Salem F. Cumulative Effects of Paraoxon and Leptin on Oxidative Damages in Rat Tissues: Prophylactic and Therapeutic Roles of N-Acetylcysteine. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:165-178. [PMID: 37072331 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to paraoxon (POX) and leptin (LP) could cause an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in an organism, which can be prevented by introduction of exogenous antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The aim of this study was to evaluate synergic or additive effects of administration of exogenous LP plus POX on the antioxidant status, as well as the prophylactic and therapeutic roles of NAC in various rat tissues. Fifty-four male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups treated with different compounds: Control (no treatment), POX (0.7 mg/kg), NAC (160 mg/kg), LP (1 mg/kg), POX+LP, NAC-POX, POX-NAC, NAC-POX+LP, and POX+LP-NAC. In the last five groups, only the order of administered compounds differed. After 24 h, plasma and tissues were sampled and examined. The results showed that administration of POX plus LP significantly increased biochemical indices in plasma and antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased glutathione content in the liver, erythrocytes, brain, kidney, and heart. In addition, cholinesterase and paraoxonase 1 activities in the POX+LP-treated group were decreased and malondialdehyde level was increased in the liver, erythrocytes, and brain. However, administration of NAC rectified induced changes although not to the same extent. Our study suggests that POX or LP administration engage the oxidative stress system per se; however, their combination did not produce significantly greater effects. Moreover, both prophylactic and therapeutic treatments of rats with NAC supported the antioxidant defense against oxidative damage in tissues, most probably through both its free radical scavenging ability and maintaining intracellular GSH levels. It can therefore be suggested that NAC has particularly protective effects against POX or/and LP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khazaie
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahvash Jafari
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Golamloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Asgari
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Heydari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Salehi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Salem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sokolova MO, Sobolev VE, Goncharov NV. Ultrastructural Changes in the Kidneys and Biochemical Parameters of Blood and Urine in Rats under Acute Intoxication with O,O-Diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) Phosphate. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Organophosphate Nephrotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168855. [PMID: 36012118 PMCID: PMC9407954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are toxic chemicals produced by an esterification process and some other routes. They are the main components of herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides and are also widely used in the production of plastics and solvents. Acute or chronic exposure to OPs can manifest in various levels of toxicity to humans, animals, plants, and insects. OPs containing insecticides were widely used in many countries during the 20th century, and some of them continue to be used today. In particular, 36 OPs have been registered in the USA, and all of them have the potential to cause acute and sub-acute toxicity. Renal damage and impairment of kidney function after exposure to OPs, accompanied by the development of clinical manifestations of poisoning back in the early 1990s of the last century, was considered a rare manifestation of their toxicity. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, nephrotoxicity of OPs as a manifestation of delayed toxicity is the subject of greater attention of researchers. In this article, we present a modern view on the molecular pathophysiological mechanisms of acute nephrotoxicity of organophosphate compounds.
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Chronic Exposure to Organophosphates Pesticides and Risk of Metabolic Disorder in Cohort from Pakistan and Cameroon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052310. [PMID: 33652791 PMCID: PMC7967685 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are major chemicals used in agriculture for eradication of insecticides/pesticides. Unfortunately, the longtime exposure of human beings to OPPs could lead to metabolic disorder such as high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, overweight or dyslipidemia. The aim of this research is to evaluate the possible metabolic dysregulations as a consequence of chronic OPPs exposure to individuals in Cameroon and Pakistan. (2) Methods: Blood samples were collected from 300 participants in each country, into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes. The samples were extracted with solid phase extraction (methanol/water) for analysis of OPPs with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The spectrophotometry and Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) were used to measure the hepatic, renal, pancreatic and cardiovascular functions. The atherogenic index (AI) was also determined in OPPs exposed and nonexposed cohorts. (3) Results: The results showed the presence of malathion, parathion and chlorpyrifos OPPs residues in Cameroonians, and malathion and chlorpyrifos in Pakistani samples, respectively. Elevated Body Mass Index (BMI), insulin, blood glucose, dyslipidemia and hypertension were noted in OPPs chronic exposed groups. In addition, dysregulated liver and kidney function profiles were observed in all participants regardless of gender and age groups. (4) Conclusions: The study concludes that both the study cohorts showed several metabolic dysregulations attributable to chronic exposure to a mixture of OPPs which may provide precursors for establishment of metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases. Further different extended population-based studies are suggested to understand the differential metabolic dysfunctions caused by structurally different OPPs mixtures exposure.
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Nakhaee S, Dastjerdi M, Roumi H, Mehrpour O, Farrokhfall K. N-acetylcysteine dose-dependently improves the analgesic effect of acetaminophen on the rat hot plate test. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:4. [PMID: 33413696 PMCID: PMC7791802 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity is a clinically important problem. Up to now, interventive therapy with n-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been considered as a gold-standard treatment for APAP overdose. However, no study has focused on the efficacy of these drugs' concurrent administration on probable enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of co-administration of NAC and acetaminophen in male rats. The NAC-APAP drug formulation may demonstrate the stranger antinociceptive effect. METHODS Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (12-14 weeks) randomly divided into six equal groups; control, APAP (received 300 mg/kg APAP), NAC (received 600 mg/kg NAC) and APAP+ NAC groups that received simultaneously 300 mg/kg APAP with 200-600 mg/kg NAC (AN200, AN400, AN600). All administrations were done orally for once. The antinociceptive effect was recorded by measurement of latency period on a hot plate in 30, 60, and 90 min after administrations. RESULTS The results showed that NAC's concurrent administration with APAP, dose-dependently increased APAP analgesic effects (p< 0.0001). Moreover, NAC treatment exhibited an antinociceptive effect in 60 and 90 min, per se. The treatments had no adverse effect on liver enzymes and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Co-administration of NAC with APAP can improve the antinociceptive effect of APAP. It is suggested that this compound can enhance analgesic effects of APAP and eventually lead to a reduction in acetaminophen dose. Further studies are needed to evaluate the molecular mechanism of this hyper analgesic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Dastjerdi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hesam Roumi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman, College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Khadijeh Farrokhfall
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Dobrek L, Nalik-Iwaniak K, Fic K, Arent Z. The Effect of Acetylcysteine on Renal Function in Experimental Models of Cyclophosphamide-and Ifosfamide-Induced Cystitis. Curr Urol 2020; 14:150-162. [PMID: 33224008 DOI: 10.1159/000499245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Urotoxicity is a characteristic attribute of cy-clophosphamide and ifosfamide. Acetylcysteine is perceived as a uroprotective and possible nephroprotective compound. The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of acetylcysteine treatment on the morphology of the kidneys and the urinary bladder, and renal function in rats with cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide. Methods Cystitis was induced in rats belonging to groups 2 and 3, as well as 4 and 5, by five administrations of cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg) or ifosfamide (80 mg/kg) respectively. Additionally, groups 3 and 5 received acetylcysteine (200 mg/kg). Group 1 was "sham treated" as a control. Upon conclusion of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and their kidneys and urinary bladders were collected for histopathological analysis. The assessment of renal function was based on classic nitrogen blood parameters (urea, creatinine, and uric acid), as well as proteinuria and cystatin C (CysC) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) urinary concentrations, and their 24-hour elimination with urine. Results Reduction of blood urea nitrogen and uric acid, and urinary pH with a significant increase of CysC and KIM-1 urinary concentrations, and their 24-hour elimination with urine were observed in groups 2 and 4. The acetylcysteine treatment did not cause a significant change of blood parameters, but significantly decreased 24-hour elimination of CysC and KIM-1 with urine, and accounted for alleviation of the histopathological abnormalities of urinary bladders, with no significant effects on the structure of the kidneys. Conclusions Acetylcysteine used in the experimental model of cyclophosphamide- and ifosfamide-induced cystitis had a uroprotective effect and also reduced renal dysfunction, which suggests its potential use as a nephroprotective compound in cyclophosphamide/ifosfamide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Dobrek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Nalik-Iwaniak
- Experimental and Innovative Medicine Centre, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Fic
- Experimental and Innovative Medicine Centre, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Arent
- Experimental and Innovative Medicine Centre, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Mandal M, Jaiswal P, Mishra A. Curcumin loaded nanoparticles reversed monocrotophos induced motor impairment and memory deficit: Role of oxidative stress and intracellular calcium level. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Aboubakr HM, Elzohairy EA, Ali AA, Rashed LA, Elkady NK, Soliman ASA. Therapeutic effects of N-acetylcysteine against malathion-induced hepatotoxicity. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Duryee MJ, Dusad A, Hunter CD, Kharbanda KK, Bruenjes JD, Easterling KC, Siebler JC, Thiele GM, Chakkalakal DA. N-Acetyl Cysteine Treatment Restores Early Phase Fracture Healing in Ethanol-Fed Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1206-1216. [PMID: 29698568 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fracture healing in alcoholics is delayed and often associated with infections resulting in prolonged rehabilitation. It has been reported that binge drinking of alcohol increases oxidative stress and delays fracture healing in rats, which is prevented by treatment with the antioxidant n-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Oxidative stress is a significant factor in pathologies of various organs resulting from chronic alcoholism. Therefore, we hypothesize that treatment with NAC reduces oxidative stress and restores fracture healing in chronic alcoholics. METHODS Rats (10 months old) were pair-fed the Lieber-DeCarli ethanol (EtOH) diet or control diet for 16 weeks. A closed fracture was performed and rats allowed to recover for 72 hours. Rats were divided into 4 groups-control, control + NAC, EtOH, and EtOH + NAC-and injected intraperitoneally with 200 mg/kg of NAC daily for 3 days. Serum and bone fracture callus homogenates were collected and assayed for traditional markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and bone regeneration. RESULTS The oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased in both serum and bone tissue in EtOH-fed animals compared to controls. NAC treatment significantly (p < 0.01) reduced MDA to near normal levels and dramatically increased the index of antioxidant efficacy (catalase/MDA ratio) (p < 0.01). Inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and interleukin-6 were significantly decreased in serum and callus following NAC treatment. NAC treatment reduced EtOH-induced bone resorption as evidenced by significant decreases in C-telopeptide of type-I-collagen levels (p < 0.05) and band-5 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels in the tissue (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress and excessive inflammation are involved in the inhibition of fracture healing by EtOH. In this study, early short-term treatment of EtOH-fed animals with the antioxidant NAC reduced oxidative stress and normalized the innate immune response to fracture in the early phase of fracture healing, thereby restoring the normal onset of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duryee
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System , Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Anand Dusad
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System , Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carlos D Hunter
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System , Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System , Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Joseph D Bruenjes
- Department of Surgery , Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Karen C Easterling
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System , Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Justin C Siebler
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System , Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Surgery , Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery , University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System , Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Dennis A Chakkalakal
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System , Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Surgery , Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery , University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Sobolev VE, Jenkins RO, Goncharov NV. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans in bladder tissue and urine of rats after acute exposure to paraoxon and cyclophosphamide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:339-347. [PMID: 28259532 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the urine of Wistar rats, and on the surface of the epithelium and lamina propria of the bladder, were quantitatively assessed before and after acute intoxication with paraoxon or cyclophosphamide. Paraoxon was administered subcutaneously (s.c.) twice with an interval of 1h to a final dose of 275mg/kg; cyclophosphamide was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a single dose of 100mg/kg or to a final dose of 240mg/kg (three times per 80mg/kg every 12h). GAGs on the surface of the epithelium and lamina propria of the urinary bladder of rats were quantitatively determined by Alcian blue dye staining. GAGs in the urine were determined spectrophotometrically with 1-9-dimethyl methylene blue. By 48-96h after intoxication with either paraoxon or cyclophosphamide, statistically significant increases in the concentration of GAGs were obtained both for the tissues of the bladder and the urine of rats. Cyclophosphamide, in contrast to paraoxon, caused the development of hemorrhagic cystitis in the animals. The synthesis of GAGs is considered to be compensatory response to the toxic xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav E Sobolev
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Richard O Jenkins
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Nikolay V Goncharov
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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