1
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Erol A. Importance of Efferocytosis in COVID-19 Mortality. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:995-1007. [PMID: 35299855 PMCID: PMC8922362 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s348639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a generally benign coronavirus disease that can spread rapidly, except for those with a group of risk factors. Since the pathogenesis responsible for the severity of the disease has not been clearly revealed, effective treatment alternatives has not been developed. The hallmark of the SARS-CoV-2-infected cells is apoptosis. Apoptotic cells are cleared through a sterile process defined as efferocytosis by professional and nonprofessional phagocytic cells. The disease would be rapidly brought under control in the organism that can achieve effective efferocytosis, which is also a kind of innate immune response. In the risk group, the efferocytic process is defective. With the addition of the apoptotic cell load associated with SARS-COV-2 infection, failure to achieve efferocytosis of dying cells can initiate secondary necrosis, which is a highly destructive process. Uncontrolled inflammation and coagulation abnormalities caused by secondary necrosis reason in various organ failures, lung in particular, which are responsible for the poor prognosis. Following the short and simplified information, this opinion paper aims to present possible treatment options that can control the severity of COVID-19 by detailing the mechanisms that can cause defective efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Erol
- Independent Researcher, Not Affiliated to Any Institution, Silivri-Istanbul, Turkey
- Correspondence: Adnan Erol, Independent Researcher, Not Affiliated to Any Institution, Silivri-Istanbul, Turkey, Email
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2
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Calianese D, Kreiss T, Kasikara C, Davra V, Lahey KC, Gadiyar V, Geng K, Singh S, Honnen W, Jaijyan DK, Reichman C, Siekierka J, Gennaro ML, Kotenko SV, Ucker DS, Brekken RA, Pinter A, Birge RB, Choudhary A. Phosphatidylserine-Targeting Monoclonal Antibodies Exhibit Distinct Biochemical and Cellular Effects on Anti-CD3/CD28-Stimulated T Cell IFN-γ and TNF-α Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:436-448. [PMID: 34215655 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS)-targeting monoclonal Abs (mAbs) that directly target PS and target PS via β2-gp1 (β2GP1) have been in preclinical and clinical development for over 10 y for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Although the intended targets of PS-binding mAbs have traditionally included pathogens as well as stressed tumor cells and its associated vasculature in oncology, the effects of PS-targeting mAbs on activated immune cells, notably T cells, which externalize PS upon Ag stimulation, is not well understood. Using human T cells from healthy donor PBMCs activated with an anti-CD3 + anti-CD28 Ab mixture (anti-CD3/CD28) as a model for TCR-mediated PS externalization and T cell stimulation, we investigated effects of two different PS-targeting mAbs, 11.31 and bavituximab (Bavi), on TCR activation and TCR-mediated cytokine production in an ex vivo paradigm. Although 11.31 and Bavi bind selectivity to anti-CD3/28 activated T cells in a PS-dependent manner, surprisingly, they display distinct functional activities in their effect on IFN-γ and TNF-ɑ production, whereby 11.31, but not Bavi, suppressed cytokine production. This inhibitory effect on anti-CD3/28 activated T cells was observed on both CD4+ and CD8+ cells and independently of monocytes, suggesting the effects of 11.31 were directly mediated by binding to externalized PS on activated T cells. Imaging showed 11.31 and Bavi bind at distinct focal depots on the cell membrane. Collectively, our findings indicate that PS-targeting mAb 11.31 suppresses cytokine production by anti-CD3/28 activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Calianese
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Tamara Kreiss
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Herman and Margaret Sokol Institute for Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ
| | - Canan Kasikara
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Viralkumar Davra
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Kevin C Lahey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Varsha Gadiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Ke Geng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ
| | - William Honnen
- Public Health Research Institute Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Charles Reichman
- Public Health Research Institute Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - John Siekierka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Herman and Margaret Sokol Institute for Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Sergei V Kotenko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - David S Ucker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Dallas, TX; and.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Alok Choudhary
- Public Health Research Institute Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ;
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3
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A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Peptide Blocks Infection of Viruses by Binding to Phosphatidylserine in the Viral Envelope. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091989. [PMID: 32872420 PMCID: PMC7563927 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing threat of viral infections and the emergence of antiviral drug resistance warrants a ceaseless search for new antiviral compounds. Broadly-inhibiting compounds that act on elements shared by many viruses are promising antiviral candidates. Here, we identify a peptide derived from the cowpox virus protein CPXV012 as a broad-spectrum antiviral peptide. We found that CPXV012 peptide hampers infection by a multitude of clinically and economically important enveloped viruses, including poxviruses, herpes simplex virus-1, hepatitis B virus, HIV-1, and Rift Valley fever virus. Infections with non-enveloped viruses such as Coxsackie B3 virus and adenovirus are not affected. The results furthermore suggest that viral particles are neutralized by direct interactions with CPXV012 peptide and that this cationic peptide may specifically bind to and disrupt membranes composed of the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylserine, an important component of many viral membranes. The combined results strongly suggest that CPXV012 peptide inhibits virus infections by direct interactions with phosphatidylserine in the viral envelope. These results reiterate the potential of cationic peptides as broadly-acting virus inhibitors.
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4
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Naeini MB, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Sahebkar A. The role of phosphatidylserine recognition receptors in multiple biological functions. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:23. [PMID: 32226456 PMCID: PMC7098104 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells are rapidly engulfed and degraded by phagocytes through efferocytosis. Efferocytosis is a highly regulated process. It is triggered upon the activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis, which in turn promotes the expression of "eat me" signals on the surface of dying cells and the release of soluble "find me" signals for the recruitment of phagocytes. To date, many "eat me" signals have been recognized, including phosphatidylserine (PS), intercellular adhesion molecule-3, carbohydrates (e.g., amino sugars, mannose) and calreticulin. Among them, PS is the most studied one. PS recognition receptors are different functionally active receptors expressed by phagocytes. Various PS recognition receptors with different structure, cell type expression, and ability to bind to PS have been recognized. Although PS recognition receptors do not fall into a single classification or family of proteins due to their structural differences, they all share the common ability to activate downstream signaling pathways leading to the production of anti-inflammatory mediators. In this review, available evidence regarding molecular mechanisms underlying PS recognition receptor-regulated clearance of apoptotic cells is discussed. In addition, some efferocytosis-independent biological functions of PS recognition receptors are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Bemani Naeini
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Plasma lipidome reveals critical illness and recovery from human Ebola virus disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3919-3928. [PMID: 30808769 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815356116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) often leads to severe and fatal outcomes in humans with early supportive care increasing the chances of survival. Profiling the human plasma lipidome provides insight into critical illness as well as diseased states, as lipids have essential roles as membrane structural components, signaling molecules, and energy sources. Here we show that the plasma lipidomes of EVD survivors and fatalities from Sierra Leone, infected during the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak, were profoundly altered. Focusing on how lipids are associated in human plasma, while factoring in the state of critical illness, we found that lipidome changes were related to EVD outcome and could identify states of disease and recovery. Specific changes in the lipidome suggested contributions from extracellular vesicles, viremia, liver dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy, and general critical illness, and we identified possible targets for therapies enhancing EVD survival.
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6
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Fernández-Oliva A, Ortega-González P, Risco C. Targeting host lipid flows: Exploring new antiviral and antibiotic strategies. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e12996. [PMID: 30585688 PMCID: PMC7162424 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria and viruses pose serious challenges for humans because they evolve continuously. Despite ongoing efforts, antiviral drugs to treat many of the most troubling viruses have not been approved yet. The recent launch of new antimicrobials is generating hope as more and more pathogens around the world become resistant to available drugs. But extra effort is still needed. One of the current strategies for antiviral and antibiotic drug development is the search for host cellular pathways used by many different pathogens. For example, many viruses and bacteria alter lipid synthesis and transport to build their own organelles inside infected cells. The characterization of these interactions will be fundamental to identify new targets for antiviral and antibiotic drug development. This review discusses how viruses and bacteria subvert cell machineries for lipid synthesis and transport and summarises the most promising compounds that interfere with these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina Risco
- Cell Structure Lab, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Rivera-Correa J, Rodriguez A. Divergent Roles of Antiself Antibodies during Infection. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:515-522. [PMID: 29724608 PMCID: PMC6386177 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antiself antibodies are most commonly associated with autoimmune disorders, but a large body of evidence indicates that they are also present in numerous infectious diseases. These autoimmune antibodies appear transiently during infection with a number of viruses, bacteria, and parasites and in some cases have been associated with the development of autoimmune disorders that develop after infection has been cleared. Traditionally these infection-associated autoantibodies are considered an erroneous byproduct of a legitimate immune response, but their possible role in the clearance of microbes and infected cells or inhibition of host-cell invasion suggests that they may be present because of their beneficial protective role against various infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rivera-Correa
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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8
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Carravilla P, Nieva JL. HIV antivirals: targeting the functional organization of the lipid envelope. Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Most of the surface of the lipid bilayer covering the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particle is directly accessible from the aqueous medium. Its peculiar chemical composition and physical properties appear to be critical for infection and, therefore, may comprise a target for selective antiviral activity. The HIV-1 membrane is enriched in raft-type lipids and also displays aminophospholipids on its external leaflet. We contend here that a great deal of membrane-active compounds described to block HIV-1 infection can do so by following a common mechanism of action: alteration of the lateral heterogeneity that supports the functional organization of the lipid envelope. The confirmation of this hypothesis could lay new foundations for the rational development of compounds with anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Carravilla
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) & Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José L Nieva
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) & Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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9
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Belzile O, Huang X, Gong J, Carlson J, Schroit AJ, Brekken RA, Freimark BD. Antibody targeting of phosphatidylserine for the detection and immunotherapy of cancer. Immunotargets Ther 2018; 7:1-14. [PMID: 29417044 PMCID: PMC5788995 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s134834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a negatively charged phospholipid in all eukaryotic cells that is actively sequestered to the inner leaflet of the cell membrane. Exposure of PS on apoptotic cells is a normal physiological process that triggers their rapid removal by phagocytic engulfment under noninflammatory conditions via receptors primarily expressed on immune cells. PS is aberrantly exposed in the tumor microenvironment and contributes to the overall immunosuppressive signals that antagonize the development of local and systemic antitumor immune responses. PS-mediated immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment is further exacerbated by chemotherapy and radiation treatments that result in increased levels of PS on dying cells and necrotic tissue. Antibodies targeting PS localize to tumors and block PS-mediated immunosuppression. Targeting exposed PS in the tumor microenvironment may be a novel approach to enhance immune responses to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Belzile
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xianming Huang
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Jay Carlson
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
| | - Alan J Schroit
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bruce D Freimark
- Department of Preclinical Research.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tustin, CA, USA
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10
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Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) results from an exacerbated immunological response that is highlighted by a burst in the production of inflammatory mediators known as a "cytokine storm." Previous reports have suggested that nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes may play a central role in this phenomenon. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1 (Tim-1) has recently been shown to interact with virion-associated phosphatidylserine to promote infection. Here, we demonstrate the central role of Tim-1 in EBOV pathogenesis, as Tim-1-/- mice exhibited increased survival rates and reduced disease severity; surprisingly, only a limited decrease in viremia was detected. Tim-1-/- mice exhibited a modified inflammatory response as evidenced by changes in serum cytokines and activation of T helper subsets. A series of in vitro assays based on the Tim-1 expression profile on T cells demonstrated that despite the apparent absence of detectable viral replication in T lymphocytes, EBOV directly binds to isolated T lymphocytes in a phosphatidylserine-Tim-1-dependent manner. Exposure to EBOV resulted in the rapid development of a CD4Hi CD3Low population, non-antigen-specific activation, and cytokine production. Transcriptome and Western blot analysis of EBOV-stimulated CD4+ T cells confirmed the induction of the Tim-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, comparative analysis of transcriptome data and cytokine/chemokine analysis of supernatants highlight the similarities associated with EBOV-stimulated T cells and the onset of a cytokine storm. Flow cytometry revealed virtually exclusive binding and activation of central memory CD4+ T cells. These findings provide evidence for the role of Tim-1 in the induction of a cytokine storm phenomenon and the pathogenesis of EVD.IMPORTANCE Ebola virus infection is characterized by a massive release of inflammatory mediators, which has come to be known as a cytokine storm. The severity of the cytokine storm is consistently linked with fatal disease outcome. Previous findings have demonstrated that specific T-cell subsets are key contributors to the onset of a cytokine storm. In this study, we investigated the role of Tim-1, a T-cell-receptor-independent trigger of T-cell activation. We first demonstrated that Tim-1-knockout (KO) mice survive lethal Ebola virus challenge. We then used a series of in vitro assays to demonstrate that Ebola virus directly binds primary T cells in a Tim-1-phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. We noted that binding induces a cytokine storm-like phenomenon and that blocking Tim-1-phosphatidylserine interactions reduces viral binding, T-cell activation, and cytokine production. These findings highlight a previously unknown role of Tim-1 in the development of a cytokine storm and "immune paralysis."
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11
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Younan P, Iampietro M, Nishida A, Ramanathan P, Santos RI, Dutta M, Lubaki NM, Koup RA, Katze MG, Bukreyev A. Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm. mBio 2017. [PMID: 28951472 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00845-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) results from an exacerbated immunological response that is highlighted by a burst in the production of inflammatory mediators known as a "cytokine storm." Previous reports have suggested that nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes may play a central role in this phenomenon. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1 (Tim-1) has recently been shown to interact with virion-associated phosphatidylserine to promote infection. Here, we demonstrate the central role of Tim-1 in EBOV pathogenesis, as Tim-1-/- mice exhibited increased survival rates and reduced disease severity; surprisingly, only a limited decrease in viremia was detected. Tim-1-/- mice exhibited a modified inflammatory response as evidenced by changes in serum cytokines and activation of T helper subsets. A series of in vitro assays based on the Tim-1 expression profile on T cells demonstrated that despite the apparent absence of detectable viral replication in T lymphocytes, EBOV directly binds to isolated T lymphocytes in a phosphatidylserine-Tim-1-dependent manner. Exposure to EBOV resulted in the rapid development of a CD4Hi CD3Low population, non-antigen-specific activation, and cytokine production. Transcriptome and Western blot analysis of EBOV-stimulated CD4+ T cells confirmed the induction of the Tim-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, comparative analysis of transcriptome data and cytokine/chemokine analysis of supernatants highlight the similarities associated with EBOV-stimulated T cells and the onset of a cytokine storm. Flow cytometry revealed virtually exclusive binding and activation of central memory CD4+ T cells. These findings provide evidence for the role of Tim-1 in the induction of a cytokine storm phenomenon and the pathogenesis of EVD.IMPORTANCE Ebola virus infection is characterized by a massive release of inflammatory mediators, which has come to be known as a cytokine storm. The severity of the cytokine storm is consistently linked with fatal disease outcome. Previous findings have demonstrated that specific T-cell subsets are key contributors to the onset of a cytokine storm. In this study, we investigated the role of Tim-1, a T-cell-receptor-independent trigger of T-cell activation. We first demonstrated that Tim-1-knockout (KO) mice survive lethal Ebola virus challenge. We then used a series of in vitro assays to demonstrate that Ebola virus directly binds primary T cells in a Tim-1-phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. We noted that binding induces a cytokine storm-like phenomenon and that blocking Tim-1-phosphatidylserine interactions reduces viral binding, T-cell activation, and cytokine production. These findings highlight a previously unknown role of Tim-1 in the development of a cytokine storm and "immune paralysis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Younan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Nishida
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Palaniappan Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rodrigo I Santos
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mukta Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ndongala Michel Lubaki
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael G Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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12
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Altan-Bonnet N. Lipid Tales of Viral Replication and Transmission. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:201-213. [PMID: 27838086 PMCID: PMC5318230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses are the largest group of RNA viruses on Earth and cellular membranes are critical for all aspects of their life cycle, from entry and replication to exit. In particular, membranes serve as platforms for replication and as carriers to transmit these viruses to other cells, the latter either as an envelope surrounding a single virus or as the vesicle containing a population of viruses. Notably, many animal and human viruses appear to induce and exploit phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate/cholesterol-enriched membranes for replication, whereas many plant and insect-vectored animal viruses utilize phosphatidylethanolamine/cholesterol-enriched membranes for the same purpose; and phosphatidylserine-enriched membrane carriers are widely used by both single and populations of viruses for transmission. Here I discuss the implications for viral pathogenesis and therapeutic development of this remarkable convergence on specific membrane lipid blueprints for replication and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Connor J, Kobinger G, Olinger G. Therapeutics Against Filovirus Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 411:263-290. [PMID: 28653190 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapies for filovirus infections are urgently needed. The paradoxical issue facing therapies is the need for rigorous safety and efficacy testing, adhering to the principle tenant of medicine to do no harm, while responding to the extreme for a treatment option during an outbreak. Supportive care remains a primary goal for infected patients. Years of research into filoviruses has provided possible medical interventions ranging from direct antivirals, host-factor supportive approaches, and passive immunity. As more basic research is directed toward understanding these pathogens and their impact on the host, effective approaches to treat patients during infection will be identified. The ability to manage outbreaks with medical interventions beyond supportive care will require clinical trial design that will balance the benefits of the patient and scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Connor
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-709, Ville de Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Gene Olinger
- Department of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albaney Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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14
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Birge RB, Boeltz S, Kumar S, Carlson J, Wanderley J, Calianese D, Barcinski M, Brekken RA, Huang X, Hutchins JT, Freimark B, Empig C, Mercer J, Schroit AJ, Schett G, Herrmann M. Phosphatidylserine is a global immunosuppressive signal in efferocytosis, infectious disease, and cancer. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:962-78. [PMID: 26915293 PMCID: PMC4987730 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved and tightly regulated cell death modality. It serves important roles in physiology by sculpting complex tissues during embryogenesis and by removing effete cells that have reached advanced age or whose genomes have been irreparably damaged. Apoptosis culminates in the rapid and decisive removal of cell corpses by efferocytosis, a term used to distinguish the engulfment of apoptotic cells from other phagocytic processes. Over the past decades, the molecular and cell biological events associated with efferocytosis have been rigorously studied, and many eat-me signals and receptors have been identified. The externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) is arguably the most emblematic eat-me signal that is in turn bound by a large number of serum proteins and opsonins that facilitate efferocytosis. Under physiological conditions, externalized PS functions as a dominant and evolutionarily conserved immunosuppressive signal that promotes tolerance and prevents local and systemic immune activation. Pathologically, the innate immunosuppressive effect of externalized PS has been hijacked by numerous viruses, microorganisms, and parasites to facilitate infection, and in many cases, establish infection latency. PS is also profoundly dysregulated in the tumor microenvironment and antagonizes the development of tumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the biology of PS with respect to its role as a global immunosuppressive signal and how PS is exploited to drive diverse pathological processes such as infection and cancer. Finally, we outline the rationale that agents targeting PS could have significant value in cancer and infectious disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - S Boeltz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - J Carlson
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - J Wanderley
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D Calianese
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Center, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - M Barcinski
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - X Huang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - J T Hutchins
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - B Freimark
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - C Empig
- Peregrine Pharmaceuticals, 14282 Franklin Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA
| | - J Mercer
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - A J Schroit
- Simmons Cancer Center and the Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - G Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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