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Hady RE, Fattouh N, Finianos M, Bitar I, Husni R, Khalaf R. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Candida parapsilosis complex isolates from a Lebanese Hospital. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4169036. [PMID: 38903078 PMCID: PMC11188110 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4169036/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida parapsilosis is a major causative agent of candidiasis leading to death in immunocompromised individuals. Azoles are the first line of defense in treatment by inhibiting ERG11, involved in the synthesis of ergosterol, the main sterol fungal sterol. Resistance to azoles is on the increase worldwide including in Lebanon. The purpose of this study is to characterize nine hospital isolates labeled as C. parapsilosis: four resistant and five sensitive to fluconazole. Phenotypic characterization was achieved through a battery of tests that target pathogenicity attributes such as virulence, biofilm formation, stress resistance, and ergosterol content. Genotypic analysis was done through whole genome sequencing to mutations in key virulence and resistance genes. Phylogenetic comparison was performed to determine strain relatedness and clonality. Genomic data and phylogenetic analysis revealed that three of the nine C. parapsilosis isolates were misidentified; two as C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis belonging to the C. parapsilosis complex, while the third was C. albicans. Moreover, several known and novel mutations in key drug resistance and virulence genes were identified such as ERG11, ERG3, ERG6, CDR1, and FAS2. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of relatedness and clonality within our C. parapsilosis isolates. Our results showed that resistant isolates had no increased ergosterol content, no statistically significant difference in virulence, but exhibited an increase in biofilm content compared to the sensitive isolates. In conclusion, our study, the first of its kind in Lebanon, suggests several mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance in C. parapsilosis hospital isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rola Husni
- Lebanese American University School of Medicine
| | - Roy Khalaf
- Lebanese American University - Byblos Campus
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A pH-tuned chitosan-PLGA nanocarrier for fluconazole delivery reduces toxicity and improves efficacy against resistant Candida. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:453-461. [PMID: 36543294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluconazole (FLZ) is a broad-spectrum antifungal used against Candida infections. Candida auris displays resistance to FLZ. Drug nanocarriers composed of natural (chitosan, C) or synthetic polymers (polylactide co-glycolide, PLGA) show improved drug characteristics, efficacy and reduction in toxicity. Here, C-PLGA nanoparticles (110 nm) were synthesized by coacervation method and loaded with FLZ, achieving ~8-wt% drug loading. The nanoformulation displayed pH-tuned slow sustained drug release (83 %) up to 5 d, at pH 4, while 34 % release occurred at pH 7.0. Fluorescent-tagged C-PLGA-NPs were localized on the Candida cell wall/membrane as seen by confocal microscopy. This resulted in ~1.9-fold reduced efflux of R6G dye as compared to bare drug treatment in Candida albicans and resistant C. auris. The nanoformulation showed a significant 16- and 64-fold (p < 0.0001) enhanced antifungal activity (MIC 5 and 2.5 μg/ml) against C. albicans and C. auris, respectively, as compared to FLZ. The nanoformulation showed highly effective antifungal activity in-vivo against C. albicans and C. auris. Moreover, the nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity was negligible. Thus, PLGA NPs-mediated fluconazole delivery can contribute to increased drug efficacy and to reduce the problem of fungal resistance.
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Bac ND, Anh LT, Quang LB, Luc NK, Nga TTT, Nagi M, Yoshitsugu M, Ha HTT, Anh DD, Quyet D, Anh DN. Prevalence of Candida bloodstream isolates from patients in two hospitals in Vietnam. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 11:108-113. [PMID: 31341564 PMCID: PMC6635319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Identification of yeasts provides helpful information for appropriate administration of anti-fungal treatments; however, few reports from the Vietnam have been published. This study has been performed to find the prevalence of Candida blood stream isolates from patients in two hospitals in Vietnam. MATERIALS AND METHODS Candida spp. were isolated from blood cultures in two hospitals, Vietnam between May 2013 and May 2015. Participating hospitals were 103 Military Hospital, Ha Noi city (550 beds) and Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh city (1800 beds). All the bloodstream isolates were identified to species level by the germ tube test and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). In addition, unknown isolates were subjected to PCR sequencing. RESULTS A total of 93 Candida isolates were isolated from blood cultures during the study period. The results of this study showed that C. tropicalis (n = 47, 50.54%) was the most common agent, followed by Candida albicans/dubliniensis (n = 18, 19.35%), C. parapsilosis (n = 16, 17.20%), C. glabrata (n = 6, 6.45%), C. mesorugosa (n = 5, 5.38%) and C. krusei (n = 1, 1.08%), respectively. CONCLUSION The frequency of the non-albicans Candida species in blood is increasing, especially C. tropicalis. Additional investigations should be made to clarify the epidemiological profile of invasive Candida bloodstream in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Duy Bac
- Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Institute for Military Medical Research, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Le Tran Anh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Le Bach Quang
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Khac Luc
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Thanh Nga
- Department of Medical Bacteriology, Choray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Minoru Nagi
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyazaki Yoshitsugu
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hoang Thi Thu Ha
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene Epidemiology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Duc Anh
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene Epidemiology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Do Quyet
- Department of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 103 Military Hospital, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Do Ngoc Anh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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Abstract
Patients with suppressed immunity are at the highest risk for hospital-acquired infections. Among these, invasive candidiasis is the most prevalent systemic fungal nosocomial infection. Over recent decades, the combined prevalence of non-albicans Candida species outranked Candida albicans infections in several geographical regions worldwide, highlighting the need to understand their pathobiology in order to develop effective treatment and to prevent future outbreaks. Candida parapsilosis is the second or third most frequently isolated Candida species from patients. Besides being highly prevalent, its biology differs markedly from that of C. albicans, which may be associated with C. parapsilosis' increased incidence. Differences in virulence, regulatory and antifungal drug resistance mechanisms, and the patient groups at risk indicate that conclusions drawn from C. albicans pathobiology cannot be simply extrapolated to C. parapsilosis Such species-specific characteristics may also influence their recognition and elimination by the host and the efficacy of antifungal drugs. Due to the availability of high-throughput, state-of-the-art experimental tools and molecular genetic methods adapted to C. parapsilosis, genome and transcriptome studies are now available that greatly contribute to our understanding of what makes this species a threat. In this review, we summarize 10 years of findings on C. parapsilosis pathogenesis, including the species' genetic properties, transcriptome studies, host responses, and molecular mechanisms of virulence. Antifungal susceptibility studies and clinician perspectives are discussed. We also present regional incidence reports in order to provide an updated worldwide epidemiology summary.
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Van Dijck P, Sjollema J, Cammue BPA, Lagrou K, Berman J, d’Enfert C, Andes DR, Arendrup MC, Brakhage AA, Calderone R, Cantón E, Coenye T, Cos P, Cowen LE, Edgerton M, Espinel-Ingroff A, Filler SG, Ghannoum M, Gow NA, Haas H, Jabra-Rizk MA, Johnson EM, Lockhart SR, Lopez-Ribot JL, Maertens J, Munro CA, Nett JE, Nobile CJ, Pfaller MA, Ramage G, Sanglard D, Sanguinetti M, Spriet I, Verweij PE, Warris A, Wauters J, Yeaman MR, Zaat SA, Thevissen K. Methodologies for in vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm agents and surface coatings against fungal biofilms. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:300-326. [PMID: 29992128 PMCID: PMC6035839 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.07.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unlike superficial fungal infections of the skin and nails, which are the most common fungal diseases in humans, invasive fungal infections carry high morbidity and mortality, particularly those associated with biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices. Therapeutic management of these complex diseases is often complicated by the rise in resistance to the commonly used antifungal agents. Therefore, the availability of accurate susceptibility testing methods for determining antifungal resistance, as well as discovery of novel antifungal and antibiofilm agents, are key priorities in medical mycology research. To direct advancements in this field, here we present an overview of the methods currently available for determining (i) the susceptibility or resistance of fungal isolates or biofilms to antifungal or antibiofilm compounds and compound combinations; (ii) the in vivo efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm compounds and compound combinations; and (iii) the in vitro and in vivo performance of anti-infective coatings and materials to prevent fungal biofilm-based infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of BioMedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno P. A. Cammue
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | - Judith Berman
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Christophe d’Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - David R. Andes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maiken C. Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Dept. Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Emilia Cantón
- Severe Infection Research Group: Medical Research Institute La Fe (IISLaFe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Switzerland
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY USA
| | | | - Scott G. Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Re-serve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neil A.R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Biocenter - Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Johnson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and Clinical Department of Haematology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carol A. Munro
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jeniel E. Nett
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Clarissa J. Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, USA
| | - Michael A. Pfaller
- Departments of Pathology and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
- JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa, USA
| | - Gordon Ramage
- ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Switzerland
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, IRCCS-Fondazione Policlinico "Agostino Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Isabel Spriet
- Pharmacy Dpt, University Hospitals Leuven and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Dpt. of Pharmaceutical and Pharma-cological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul E. Verweij
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (omit "Nijmegen" in Radboud University Medical Center)
| | - Adilia Warris
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Joost Wauters
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of General Internal Medicine, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael R. Yeaman
- Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Har-bor-UCLA Medical Center, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Sebastian A.J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Am-sterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Salci TP, Negri M, R Abadio AK, Bonfim-Mendonça P, Capoci I, Caparroz-Assef SM, Donatti L, S Felipe MS, Kioshima ES, Svidzinski TIE. A new small-molecule KRE2 inhibitor against invasive Candida parapsilosis infection. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1283-1295. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the antifungal activity of MOL3, a small molecule that was selected by virtual screening, against Candida spp. Materials & methods: The antifungal activity of MOL3 was evaluated using standard strains and clinical isolates. Activity was evaluated in both in vitro tests and animal models. Results: The minimum fungicidal concentration of MOL3 against Candida spp. ranged from 16 to 128 mg/l. MOL3 at the sub-minimum fungicidal concentration inhibited hyphal elongation. The remaining yeast cells presented morphological changes and were metabolically inactive. MOL3 was toxicologically inert both in vitro and in the animal model. MOL3 also reduced experimental systemic infection by C. parapsilosis in mice. Conclusion: The selection of MOL3 by virtual screening was successful, revealing a promising antifungal candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia P Salci
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
- Faculdade Integrado, Department of Pharmacy – Campo Mourão, Av José C de Oliveira, 1325 – Centro, Campo Mourão, PR 87300-020, Brazil
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Karina R Abadio
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Department of Biology, Av dos Ingás, 3001 – Jardim Imperial, Sinop – MT 78555-000, Brazil
| | - P Bonfim-Mendonça
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Isis Capoci
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Silvana M Caparroz-Assef
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Donatti
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Department of Cellular Biology, Rua XV de Novembro, 1299 – Centro, Curitiba – PR 80060-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli S Felipe
- Universidade de Brasília, Department of Cellular Biology, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília – DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Erika S Kioshima
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Terezinha IE Svidzinski
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Medical Mycology, Av Colombo, 5790 – Zona 7, Maringá – PR 87020-900, Brazil
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7
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Gitonga PK, Ndung'u K, Murilla GA, Thande PC, Wamwiri FN, Auma JE, Ngae GN, Kibugu JK, Kurgat R, Thuita JK. Differential virulence and tsetse fly transmissibility of <i>Trypanosoma congolense</i> and <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 84:e1-e10. [PMID: 28697609 PMCID: PMC6238703 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis causes significant economic losses in sub-Saharan African countries because of livestock mortalities and reduced productivity. Trypanosomes, the causative agents, are transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). In the current study, we compared and contrasted the virulence characteristics of five Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei isolates using groups of Swiss white mice (n = 6). We further determined the vectorial capacity of Glossina pallidipes, for each of the trypanosome isolates. Results showed that the overall pre-patent (PP) periods were 8.4 ± 0.9 (range, 4–11) and 4.5 ± 0.2 (range, 4–6) for T. congolense and T. brucei isolates, respectively (p < 0.01). Despite the longer mean PP, T. congolense–infected mice exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) shorter survival time than T. brucei–infected mice, indicating greater virulence. Differences were also noted among the individual isolates with T. congolense KETRI 2909 causing the most acute infection of the entire group with a mean ± standard error survival time of 9 ± 2.1 days. Survival time of infected tsetse flies and the proportion with mature infections at 30 days post-exposure to the infective blood meals varied among isolates, with subacute infection–causing T. congolense EATRO 1829 and chronic infection–causing T. brucei EATRO 2267 isolates showing the highest mature infection rates of 38.5% and 23.1%, respectively. Therefore, our study provides further evidence of occurrence of differences in virulence and transmissibility of eastern African trypanosome strains and has identified two, T. congolense EATRO 1829 and T. brucei EATRO 2267, as suitable for tsetse infectivity and transmissibility experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kariuki Ndung'u
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization - Biotechnology Research Institute (KALROBioRI), Kikuyu.
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8
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Tong Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Liu X, Huang R, Song F, Dai H, Ren B, Sun N, Pei G, Bian J, Jia XM, Huang G, Zhou X, Li S, Zhang B, Fukuda T, Tomoda H, Ōmura S, Cannon RD, Calderone R, Zhang L. Beauvericin counteracted multi-drug resistant Candida albicans by blocking ABC transporters. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2016; 1:158-168. [PMID: 29062940 PMCID: PMC5640798 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance of pathogenic microorganisms is becoming a serious threat, particularly to immunocompromised populations. The high mortality of systematic fungal infections necessitates novel antifungal drugs and therapies. Unfortunately, with traditional drug discovery approaches, only echinocandins was approved by FDA as a new class of antifungals in the past two decades. Drug efflux is one of the major contributors to multi-drug resistance, the modulator of drug efflux pumps is considered as one of the keys to conquer multi-drug resistance. In this study, we combined structure-based virtual screening and whole-cell based mechanism study, identified a natural product, beauvericin (BEA) as a drug efflux pump modulator, which can reverse the multi-drug resistant phenotype of Candida albicans by specifically blocking the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters; meantime, BEA alone has fungicidal activity in vitro by elevating intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It was further demonstrated by histopathological study that BEA synergizes with a sub-therapeutic dose of ketoconazole (KTC) and could cure the murine model of disseminated candidiasis. Toxicity evaluation of BEA, including acute toxicity test, Ames test, and hERG (human ether-à-go-go-related gene) test promised that BEA can be harnessed for treatment of candidiasis, especially the candidiasis caused by ABC overexpressed multi-drug resistant C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Tong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ren Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Fuhang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huanqin Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biao Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuo Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, US
| | - Gang Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiang Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin-Ming Jia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guanghua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Buchang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Takashi Fukuda
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, US
| | - Lixin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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