1
|
Li L, Li P, Chen A, Li H, Liu Z, Yu L, Hou X. Quantitative proteomic analysis shows involvement of the p38 MAPK pathway in bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 replication. Virol J 2022; 19:116. [PMID: 35831876 PMCID: PMC9281021 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) infection often causes respiratory tissue damage and immunosuppression and further results in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), one of the major diseases in dairy cattle, caused huge economical losses every year. However, the pathogenetic and immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in the process of BPIV3 infection remain unknown. However, the pathogenetic and immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in the process of BPIV3 infection remain unknown. Proteomics is a powerful tool for high-throughput identification of proteins, which has been widely used to understand how viruses interact with host cells. METHODS In the present study, we report a proteomic analysis to investigate the whole cellular protein alterations of MDBK cells infected with BPIV3. To investigate the infection process of BPIV3 and the immune response mechanism of MDBK cells, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation analysis (iTRAQ) and Q-Exactive mass spectrometry-based proteomics were performed. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in the BPIV3 invasion process in MDBK cells were identified, annotated, and quantitated. RESULTS A total of 116 proteins, which included 74 upregulated proteins and 42 downregulated proteins, were identified as DEPs between the BPIV3-infected and the mock-infected groups. These DEPs included corresponding proteins related to inflammatory response, immune response, and lipid metabolism. These results might provide some insights for understanding the pathogenesis of BPIV3. Fluorescent quantitative PCR and western blotting analysis showed results consistent with those of iTRAQ identification. Interestingly, the upregulated protein MKK3 was associated with the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The results of proteomics analysis indicated BPIV3 infection could activate the p38 MAPK pathway to promote virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Li
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.,Daqing Center of Inspection and Testing for Rural Affairs Agricultural Products and Processed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Ao Chen
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Hanbing Li
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Liyun Yu
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Xilin Hou
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Applications of Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) in Protein Analysis for Biomedical Research. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082411. [PMID: 35458608 PMCID: PMC9031286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass Spectrometry (MS) allows the analysis of proteins and peptides through a variety of methods, such as Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) or Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS). These methods allow identification of the mass of a protein or a peptide as intact molecules or the identification of a protein through peptide-mass fingerprinting generated upon enzymatic digestion. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allows the fragmentation of proteins and peptides to determine the amino acid sequence of proteins (top-down and middle-down proteomics) and peptides (bottom-up proteomics). Furthermore, tandem mass spectrometry also allows the identification of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins and peptides. Here, we discuss the application of MS/MS in biomedical research, indicating specific examples for the identification of proteins or peptides and their PTMs as relevant biomarkers for diagnostic and therapy.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye F, Wang Y, He Q, Wang Z, Ma E, Zhu S, Yu H, Yin H, Zhao X, Li D, Xu H, Li H, Zhu Q. Screening of immune biomarkers in different breeds of chickens infected with J subgroup of avian leukemia virus by proteomic. Virulence 2020; 11:1158-1176. [PMID: 32799626 PMCID: PMC7549955 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1809323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leucosis (AL) is a disease characterized by tumors and is caused by the avian leukosis virus (ALV). Because of the high variability of viruses and complex pathogenic mechanisms, screening and breeding J subgroup of ALV (ALV-J) resistant avian breeds is one of the strategies for prevention and treatment of AL, thus screening of significant immune markers is needed to promote the development of disease-resistant breeds. In this study, data-independent acquisition (DIA) technology was used to detect the DEPs of three breeds of chicken according to different comparison to investigate the potential markers. Results showed special DEPs for spleen development of each breed were detected, such as PCNT, DDB2, and ZNF62. These DEPs were involved in intestinal immune network used in production of IgA signaling pathways and related to immune response which can be used as potential markers for spleen development in different breeds. The DEPs such as RAB44 and TPN involved in viral myocarditis, transcriptional misregulation in cancer, and tuberculosis can be used as potential markers of spleen immune response after ALV-J infection in chickens. Pair-wise analysis was performed for the three breeds after the infection of ALV-J. The proteins such as RFX1, TAF10, and VH1 were differently expressed between three breeds. These DEPs involved in antigen processing and expression, acute myelogenous leukemia, and viral carcinogenesis can be used as potential immune markers after ALV-J infection of different genetic backgrounds. The screening of potential markers at protein level provides a strong theoretical research basis for disease resistance breeding in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Qijian He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaoshuo Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Enyue Ma
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiliang Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Heling Yu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Huadong Yin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ye F, Wang Y, He Q, Cui C, Yu H, Lu Y, Zhu S, Xu H, Zhao X, Yin H, Li D, Li H, Zhu Q. Exosomes Transmit Viral Genetic Information and Immune Signals may cause Immunosuppression and Immune Tolerance in ALV-J Infected HD11 cells. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:904-920. [PMID: 32140061 PMCID: PMC7053331 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.35839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is oncogenic retrovirus that not only causes immunosuppression but also enhances the host's susceptibility to secondary infection. Exosomes play vital role in the signal transduction cascades that occur in response to viral infection. We want to explore the function of exosomes in the spread of ALV and the body's subsequent immunological response. RNA-sequencing and the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method were used to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in exosomes secreted by macrophage cells in response to injection with ALV subgroup J (ALV-J). RNA-sequencing identified 513 DEGs in infected cells, with specific differential regulation in mRNA involved in tight junction signaling, TNF signaling, salmonella infection response, and immune response, among other important cellular processes. Differential regulation was observed in 843 lncRNAs, with particular enrichment in those lncRNA targets involved in Rap1 signaling, HTLV-I infection, tight junction signaling, and other signaling pathways. A total of 50 DEPs were identified in the infected cells by iTRAQ. The proteins enriched are involved in immune response, antigen processing, the formation of both MHC protein and myosin complexes, and transport. Combined analysis of the transcriptome and proteome revealed that there were 337 correlations between RNA and protein enrichment, five of which were significant. Pathways that were enriched on both the RNA and protein levels were involved in pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Endocytosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection. These data show that exosomes are transmitters of intercellular signaling in response to viral infection. Exosomes can carry both viral nucleic acids and proteins, making it possible for exosomes to be involved in the viral infection of other cells and the transmission of immune signals between cells. Our sequencing results confirme previous studies on exosomes and further find exosomes may cause immunosuppression and immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Qijian He
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Can Cui
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Heling Yu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxiang Lu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiliang Zhu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Huadong Yin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ye F, He Q, Wang Y, Cui C, Yang F, Luo B, Yin H, Zhao X, Li D, Xu H, Li H, Zhu Q. Data-independent acquisition of the proteomics of spleens from chickens infected by avian leukosis virus. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:332. [PMID: 31475084 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression caused by avian leukemia virus J subgroup (ALV-J) infection includes atrophy or regeneration disorders of the lymphoid organs, decreased immune response, and termination of B lymphocyte maturation process and inhibition of T-lymphocyte development. The regulatory mechanism of the related resistance genes and protein expression is not clear. While searching for a molecular marker for the immune response to ALV-J infection, we detected differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of spleens from chicken infected by ALV-J at 15th day and 30th day by the data-independent acquisition technique. Approximately 220 DEPs from the spleens of chickens infected by ALV-J were detected. To find a relatively stable biomarker molecule, we summarized the DEPs at two timepoints and selected activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 3 (ASCC3), TBC1 domain family member 2 (TBC1D2), MHC class II beta chain 1 (BLB2), ensconsin (MAP7), complement component 1 Q subcomponent B chain (C1QB), and Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) from both comparisons for protein interaction network analysis. ASCC3, BLB2, C1QB, and FSTL1 were potential biomarkers for the complex infection mechanism of ALV-J and the dynamic immune mechanism of the body.
Collapse
|
6
|
ITRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Proteome Profiles of Primary Duck Embryo Fibroblast Cells Infected with Duck Tembusu Virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1582709. [PMID: 30809531 PMCID: PMC6369498 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1582709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) have caused substantial economic losses in the major duck-producing regions of China since 2010. To improve our understanding of the host cellular responses to virus infection and the pathogenesis of DTMUV infection, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with multidimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect the protein changes in duck embryo fibroblast cells (DEFs) infected and mock-infected with DTMUV. In total, 434 cellular proteins were differentially expressed, among which 116, 76, and 339 proteins were differentially expressed in the DTMUV-infected DEFs at 12, 24, and 42 hours postinfection, respectively. The Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the biological processes of the differentially expressed proteins were primarily related to cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, response to stimulus, and cellular organismal processes and that the molecular functions in which the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved were binding and catalytic activity. Some selected proteins that were found to be differentially expressed in DTMUV-infected DEFs were further confirmed by real-time PCR. The results of this study provide valuable insight into DTMUV-host interactions. This could lead to a better understanding of DTMUV infection mechanisms.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dai M, Feng M, Ye Y, Wu X, Liu D, Liao M, Cao W. Exogenous avian leukosis virus-induced activation of the ERK/AP1 pathway is required for virus replication and correlates with virus-induced tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19226. [PMID: 26754177 PMCID: PMC4709637 DOI: 10.1038/srep19226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A proteomics approach was used to reveal the up-regulated proteins involved in the targeted mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway in DF-1 cells after ALV subgroup J (ALV-J) infection. Next, we found that ALV-J CHN06 strain infection of DF-1 cells correlated with extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) activation, which was mainly induced within 15 min, a very early stage of infection, and at a late infection stage, from 108 h to 132 h post-infection. Infection with other ALV subgroup (A/B) strains also triggered ERK/MAPK activation. Moreover, when activating ERK2, ALV subgroups A, B and J simultaneously induced the phosphorylation of c-Jun, an AP1 family member and p38 activation but had no obvious effect on JNK activation at either 15 min or 120 h. Interestingly, only PD98059 inhibited the ALV-induced c-Jun phosphorylation while SP600125 or SB203580 had no influence on c-Jun activation. Furthermore, the viral gp85 and gag proteins were found to contribute to ERK2/AP1 activation. Additionally, the specific ERK inhibitor, PD980509, significantly suppressed ALV replication, as evidenced by extremely low levels of ALV promoter activity and ALV-J protein expression. In vivo analysis of ERK2 activation in tumor cells derived from ALV-J-infected chicken demonstrated a strong correlation between ERK/MAPK activation and virus-associated tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manman Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Feng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaochan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture
- South China Collaborative innovation Center for Prevention and Control of poultry Infectious diseases and Safety of Poultry Products.
| | - Weisheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture
- South China Collaborative innovation Center for Prevention and Control of poultry Infectious diseases and Safety of Poultry Products.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mok L, Wynne JW, Ford K, Shiell B, Bacic A, Michalski WP. Proteomic analysis of Pteropus alecto kidney cells in response to the viral mimic, Poly I:C. Proteome Sci 2015; 13:25. [PMID: 26535029 PMCID: PMC4630911 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-015-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bats are recognised as an important reservoir for a number of highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses. While many of these viruses cause severe and often fatal disease in humans, bats are able to coexist with these viruses without clinical signs of disease. The mechanism conferring this antiviral response is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the differential protein expression of immortalised Pteropus alecto kidney cells (PaKiT03) following transfection with the viral mimic, Poly I:C. Two complementary proteomic approaches, difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) were used to quantify changes in protein expression following Poly I:C stimulation at 4, 8 and 20 hr post treatment (hpt). Results The expression of ISG54 gene, a known responder to virus infection and Poly I:C treatment, was significantly induced in transfected cells compared with mock-transfected cells. Through iTRAQ analysis we show that Poly I:C up-regulates key glycolytic enzymes at 4 hpt within PaKiT03 cells. In contrast, at 20 hpt PaKiT03 cells down-regulated ribosomal subunit proteins. The analysis with DIGE of Poly I:C transfected PaKiT03 cells showed over 215 individual spots differentially regulated, however only 25 spots could be unambiguously identified by LC-MS/MS. Immunoblotting confirmed the up-regulation of Eno1 and Tpi1 in PaKiT03 cells following Poly I:C transfection. A comparison with human cells (HEK293T and HeLa) and one additional bat cell line (PaLuT02), demonstrated that glycolytic pathways are also induced in these cell types, but at different intensities. Conclusion The two techniques, DIGE and iTRAQ identified largely overlapping sets of differentially expressed proteins, however DIGE unambiguously identified significantly less proteins than iTRAQ. Poly I:C induced a rapid metabolic shift towards glycolysis within the PaKiT03 cells at 4 hpt, presumably as a consequence of increased energy requirements. On the other hand ribosomal subunit proteins were seen as down-regulated by iTRAQ, these proteins may be the limiting factors in the translational machinery available for virus replication. This study provides new insight into the antiviral response of bat cells, highlighting the importance of energy metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-015-0081-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mok
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia ; ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia
| | - Kris Ford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Brian Shiell
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ; Bio21 Institute for Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Wojtek P Michalski
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|