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He P, Wang H, Cheng S, Hu F, Zhang L, Chen W, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Gu Y, Li Z, Jin Y, Liu X, Jia Y. Geniposide ameliorates atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage polarization via perivascular adipocyte-derived CXCL14. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116532. [PMID: 37149071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for treatment of various diseases, including atherosclerosis by clearing heat and detoxication. Geniposide is considered as the effective compounds responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis against atherosclerosis. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of geniposide on atherosclerosis burden and plaque macrophage polarization, with focus on its potential impact on CXCL14 expression by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). MATERIALS AND METHODS ApoE-/- mice fed a western diet (WD) were used to model atherosclerosis. In vitro cultures of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages were used for molecular assays. RESULTS The results revealed that geniposide treatment reduced atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice, and this effect was correlated with increased M2 and decreased M1 polarization of plaque macrophages. Of note, geniposide increased the expression of CXCL14 in PVAT, and both the anti-atherosclerotic effect of geniposide, as well as its regulatory influence on macrophage polarization, were abrogated upon in vivo CXCL14 knockdown. In line with these findings, exposure to conditioned medium from geniposide-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes (or to recombinant CXCL14 protein) enhanced M2 polarization in interleukin-4 (IL-4) treated RAW264.7 macrophages, and this effect was negated after CXCL14 silencing in 3T3-L1 cells. CONCLUSION In summary, our findings suggest that geniposide protects ApoE-/- mice against WD-induced atherosclerosis by inducing M2 polarization of plaque macrophages via enhanced expression of CXCL14 in PVAT. These data provide novel insights into PVAT paracrine function in atherosclerosis and reaffirm geniposide as a therapeutic drug candidate for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peikun He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Saibo Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weicong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuling Xu
- College of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuyan Gu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yao Jin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Pingshan General Hospital (Shenzhen Pingshan District Medical Healthcare Group), Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yuhua Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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2
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Poznyak AV, Sukhorukov VN, Surkova R, Orekhov NA, Orekhov AN. Glycation of LDL: AGEs, impact on lipoprotein function, and involvement in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1094188. [PMID: 36760567 PMCID: PMC9904536 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1094188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease, and there are many factors that influence its development and the course of the disease. A deep understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying atherogenesis is needed to develop optimal therapeutic strategies and treatments. In this review, we have focused on low density lipoproteins. According to multiple studies, their atherogenic properties are associated with multiple modifications of lipid particles. One of these modifications is Glycation. We considered aspects related to the formation of modified particles, as well as the influence of modification on their functioning. We paid special attention to atherogenicity and the role of glycated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Anastasia V. Poznyak,
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Raisa Surkova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay A. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Moscow, Russia,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Proatherogenic Sialidases and Desialylated Lipoproteins: 35 Years of Research and Current State from Bench to Bedside. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060600. [PMID: 34070542 PMCID: PMC8228531 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the main achievements in basic and clinical research of atherosclerosis. Focusing on desialylation as the first and the most important reaction of proatherogenic pathological cascade, we speak of how desialylation increases the atherogenic properties of low density lipoproteins and decreases the anti-atherogenic properties of high density lipoproteins. The separate sections of this paper are devoted to immunogenicity of lipoproteins, the enzymes contributing to their desialylation and animal models of atherosclerosis. In addition, we evaluate the available experimental and diagnostic protocols that can be used to develop new therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis.
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4
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Zheng S, Huang H, Li Y, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Liang J, Zhang S, Liu M, Fang Z. Yin-xing-tong-mai decoction attenuates atherosclerosis via activating PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1/ABCG1 pathway. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105639. [PMID: 33932607 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is now the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Formation of macrophage-derived foam cells is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, which is regulated by cholesterol uptake, intracellular metabolism, and efflux. PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1/ABCG1 pathway plays an important part in regulating cholesterol efflux and this pathway could be a promising target for treating atherosclerosis. However, due to undesirable systemic effects, PPARγ agonist therapy for atherosclerosis remains challenging. Many traditional Chinese medicine has been well accepted and applied in atherosclerosis treatment. Yin-xing-tong-mai decoction (YXTMD) has been applied for treating atherosclerosis for decades. However, the mechanism remains to be explored. Here, we showed that YXTMD effectively attenuated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. YXTMD increased cholesterol efflux of foam cell by upregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in vivo and in vitro. Through bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation, we found that PPARγ was an important downstream effector of YXTMD in macrophages. Reduction of PPARγ significantly decreased LXRα, ABCA1, and ABCG1 expression in macrophages, with reduced cholesterol efflux. In conclusion, these findings confirmed that YXTMD attenuated atherosclerosis by activating the PPARγ-LXRα- ABCA1/ABCG1 pathway to enhance cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zheng
- Institute of Hypertension, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Institute of Hypertension, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhuo Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yawei Zheng
- Institute of Hypertension, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junya Liang
- Institute of Hypertension, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Institute of Hypertension, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Hypertension, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhuyuan Fang
- Institute of Hypertension, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Kirichenko TV, Sukhorukov VN, Markin AM, Nikiforov NG, Liu PY, Sobenin IA, Tarasov VV, Orekhov AN, Aliev G. Medicinal Plants as a Potential and Successful Treatment Option in the Context of Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:403. [PMID: 32322201 PMCID: PMC7156611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic multifactorial disease characterized by mainly changes of blood lipids profile and inflammation in vessel wall. The cardiovascular disease based on atherosclerosis is currently the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. Therefore, timely prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis are able to reduce the risk of the development of its clinical manifestations. Anti-atherosclerotic activity of medicinal plants mainly appears in their multiple effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, hypotensive, lipid-lowering, anti-thrombotic. Moreover, most of medicinal plants are characterized by their pleiotropic anti-atherosclerotic action. In addition, the medicinal plants-derived pharmacological substances and/or compounds are characterized by relative safety and fewer side effects that allows considering them as one of potential anti-atherosclerotic effective agents. The direct anti-atherosclerotic effect of some medicinal plants was confirmed in clinical trials of carotid Intima-media thickness (IMT) progression during long-term medication with medicinal plants. This review attempted to determine the current status of the databases PubMed and Scopus (until November, 2019) to investigate the medicinal plants possessing anti-atherosclerotic activity in experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Kirichenko
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Markin
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Tarasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Sobenin IA, Myasoedova VA, Iltchuk MI, Zhang DW, Orekhov AN. Therapeutic effects of garlic in cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 17:721-728. [PMID: 31703752 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a widely known medicinal plant, potential of which remains to be fully evaluated. Its wide-range beneficial effects appear to be relevant for treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis and related diseases. It is generally believed that garlic-based preparations are able to improve lipid profile in humans, inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, suppress low density lipoprotein oxidation, modulate blood pressure, suppress platelet aggregation, lower plasma fibrinogen level and increase fibrinolytic activity, thus providing clinically relevant cardioprotective and anti-atherosclerotic effects. It is important to assess the level of evidence available for different protective effects of garlic and to understand the underlying mechanisms. This information will allow adequate integration of garlic-based preparations to clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of anti-atherosclerotic effects of garlic preparations, focusing on antihyperlipidemic, hypotensive, anti-platelet and direct anti-atherosclerotic activities of the medicinal plant. We also provide an overview of available meta-analyses and a number of clinical trials that assess the beneficial effects of garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Sobenin
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation; Research Institute of Threpsology and Healthy Longevity, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Veronika A Myasoedova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria I Iltchuk
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dong-Wei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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7
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Jargin SV. Scientific Papers and Patents on Substances with Unproven Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 13:37-45. [PMID: 30848224 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190307162041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is evident from reviewing scientific literature that the quality of argumentation in some areas of medical research has deteriorated during the last decades. Publication of a series of questionable reliability has continued without making references to the published criticism; examples are discussed in this review. Another tendency is that drugs without proven efficiency are advertised, corresponding products patented and marketed as evidence-based medications. Professional publications are required to register drugs and dietary supplements to obtain permissions for the practical use; and such papers appeared, sometimes being of questionable reliability. Several examples are discussed in this review when substances without proven effects were patented and introduced into practice being supported by publications of questionable reliability. Some of the topics are not entirely clear; and the arguments provided here can induce a constructive discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Jargin
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Clementovski per 6-82, 115184 Moscow, Russian Federation
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8
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Kundu M, Das S, Dhara D, Mandal M. Prospect of natural products in glioma: A novel avenue in glioma management. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2571-2584. [PMID: 31359523 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most perplexing cancers because of its infiltrating nature, molecular signaling, and location in central nervous system. Blood-brain barrier acts as a natural barrier to the glioma making it difficult to access by conventional chemotherapy. Clinicians are using natural compounds or their derivatives for several diseases including different cancers. However, the feasibility of using natural compounds in glioma is not explored in details. Natural compounds can act over a wide variety of signaling pathways such as survival and metabolic pathways and induce cell death. Some of the natural agents have additional benefits of crossing biological barriers such as blood-brain barrier with ease having few or no impact on the surrounding healthy cells. All of these benefits make natural compounds a prospective candidate for the glioma management. This article evaluates the benefits of using natural compounds for glioma therapy and their possible mechanism of actions. We have discussed the natural compounds assessed currently for glioma therapy and proposed a few novel natural compounds with potential antiglioma effect based on their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Kundu
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Subhayan Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Dibakar Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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9
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Summerhill VI, Grechko AV, Yet SF, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. The Atherogenic Role of Circulating Modified Lipids in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3561. [PMID: 31330845 PMCID: PMC6678182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in the arterial wall is a crucial event in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the major source of lipids that accumulate in the atherosclerotic plaques. It was discovered that not all LDL is atherogenic. In the blood plasma of atherosclerotic patients, LDL particles are the subject of multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications that determine their atherogenicity. Desialylation is the primary and the most important atherogenic LDL modification followed by a cascade of other modifications that also increase blood atherogenicity. The enzyme trans-sialidase is responsible for the desialylation of LDL, therefore, its activity plays an important role in atherosclerosis development. Moreover, circulating modified LDL is associated with immune complexes that also have a strong atherogenic potential. Moreover, it was shown that antibodies to modified LDL are also atherogenic. The properties of modified LDL were described, and the strong evidence indicating that it is capable of inducing intracellular accumulation of lipids was presented. The accumulated evidence indicated that the molecular properties of modified LDL, including LDL-containing immune complexes can serve as the prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers and molecular targets for the development of anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volha I Summerhill
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 14-3 Solyanka Street, Moscow 109240, Russia
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia.
- Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia.
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia.
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10
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Kim JY, Shim SH. Medicinal Herbs Effective Against Atherosclerosis: Classification According to Mechanism of Action. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:254-264. [PMID: 30917628 PMCID: PMC6513182 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a widespread and chronic progressive arterial disease that has been regarded as one of the major causes of death worldwide. It is caused by the deposition of cholesterol, fats, and other substances in the tunica intima which leads to narrowing of the blood vessels, loss of elasticity, and arterial wall thickening, thus causing difficulty in blood flow. Natural products have been used as one of the most important strategies for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases for a long time. In recent decades, as interests in natural products including medicinal herbs have increased, many studies regarding natural compounds that are effective against atherosclerosis have been conducted. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief over-view of the natural compounds that have been used for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis, and their mechanisms of action based on recent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yong Kim
- Colleage of Pharmacy, Duksung Woman's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- Colleage of Pharmacy, Duksung Woman's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
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11
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Orekhov AN, Grechko AV, Romanenko EB, Zhang D, Chistiakov DA. Novel Approaches to Anti-atherosclerotic Therapy: Cell-based Models and Herbal Preparations (Review of Our Own Data). Curr Drug Discov Technol 2019; 17:278-285. [PMID: 30621565 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190101112241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic arterial disease characterized by vascular inflammation, accumulation of lipids in the arterial wall, and formation and growth of atherosclerotic plaques followed by ischemia. In subclinical atherosclerosis, cholesterol retention in subendothelial cells leads to induction of local inflammation, generation of foam cells and lesion formation, followed by a chain of other pathogenic events. Atherosclerotic progression can frequently be fatal, since plaque rupture may lead to thrombosis and acute events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and sudden death. Traditional anti-atherosclerotic therapy is mainly focused on improving the blood lipid profile and does not target various stages of plaque progression. Obviously, treating the disease at initial stages is better than beginning treatment at advanced stages and, in that regard, current atherosclerosis management can be improved. Cholesterol retention is an important component of atherogenesis that precedes plaque formation. Therapeutic targeting of cholesterol retention may be beneficial for preventing further atherogenic progression. For this purpose, we suggest using herbal preparations due to good tolerability and suitability for long-lasting treatment. We developed test systems based on cultured human intimal aortic cells for rapid screening of potential anti-atherogenic drugs. With the help of these test systems, we selected several natural substances with significant anti-atherogenic activity and further use these compounds to prepare herbal preparations for anti-atherosclerotic therapy. These preparations were clinically tested and showed good safety and a potent anti-atherogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia,Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia,Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation, 109240 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena B Romanenko
- Department of Molecular Basis of Ontogenesis, Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R China
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Neurochemistry, Division of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Jargin SV. Scientific Papers and Patents on Substances with Unproven Effects. Part 2. RECENT PATENTS ON DRUG DELIVERY & FORMULATION 2019; 13:160-173. [PMID: 31424374 PMCID: PMC7011683 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190819124752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Several examples are discussed in this review, where substances without proven effects were proposed for practical use within the scope of evidence-based medicines. The following is discussed here: generalizations of the hormesis concept and its use in support of homeopathy; phytoestrogens and soy products potentially having feminizing effects; glycosaminoglycans for the treatment of osteoarthritis and possibilities of their replacement by diet modifications; flavonoids recommended for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins; acetylcysteine as a mucolytic agent and its questionable efficiency especially by an oral intake; stem cells and cell therapies. In conclusion, placebo therapies can be beneficial and ethically justifiable but it is not a sufficient reason to publish biased information. Importantly, placebo must be devoid of adverse effects, otherwise, it is named pseudo-placebo. Therapeutic methods with unproven effects should be tested in high-quality research shielded from the funding bias. Some issues discussed in this review are not entirely clear, and the arguments provided here can initiate a constructive discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V. Jargin
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Clementovski per 6-82, Moscow115184, Russia
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13
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Meng N, Gong Y, Zhang J, Mu X, Song Z, Feng R, Zhang H. A novel curcumin-loaded nanoparticle restricts atherosclerosis development and promotes plaques stability in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. J Biomater Appl 2018; 33:946-954. [PMID: 30541364 DOI: 10.1177/0885328218815328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although curcumin possesses anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, its application is limited because of its low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability. Recently, our group synthesized a novel linear-dendrimer methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymer nanoparticle loading curcumin (Cur-NPs) which could improve solubility and release property of curcumin. In the present study, we further evaluated its anti-atherosclerotic effect in apolipoprotein E-/- mice. Our results demonstrated that the Cur-NPs significantly decreased atherosclerotic lesion areas and were more effective in stabilizing vulnerable plaques compared with free curcumin. The anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms of Cur-NPs include decreasing the number of introplaque microvessels, inhibiting the matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 activity, reducing the inflammatory response and regulating lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism more effectively compared with free curcumin. Furthermore, Cur-NPs could increase the amount of curcumin in the thoracic aorta and no significant toxicity was observed in the blood biochemical parameters in Cur-NPs-treated groups. Overall, our findings suggested that Cur-NPs could be a stabilized aqueous formulation for application with improved curcumin activity, which could be a potential treatment strategy for arteriosclerosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Meng
- 1 School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Gong
- 1 School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | | | - Xin Mu
- 1 School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Zhimei Song
- 1 School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Runliang Feng
- 1 School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- 1 School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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Fang J, Zhang Y. Icariin, an Anti-atherosclerotic Drug from Chinese Medicinal Herb Horny Goat Weed. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:734. [PMID: 29075193 PMCID: PMC5644024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Icariin is a major bioactive pharmaceutical constituent isolated from Chinese medicine Horny Goat Weed (Ying Yang Huo) with potent cardiovascular protective functions. Emerging evidence in the past decade has shown that Icariin possesses multiple atheroprotective functions, through multiple mechanisms, including attenuating DNA damage, correcting endothelial dysfunction, inhibiting the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, repressing macrophage-derived foam cell formation and inflammatory responses, as well as preventing platelet activation. All of these protective effects, combined with its lipid-modulatory effects, contribute to the broad atheroprotective effects of Icariin. In this review, we will summarize the anti-atherosclerotic properties of Icariin and highlight future perspectives in developing Icariin as a promising anti-atherosclerotic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Orekhov AN, Ivanova EA, Melnichenko AA, Sobenin IA. Circulating desialylated low density lipoprotein. COR ET VASA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvasa.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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