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Tan S, Wang J, Li M, Yin X, Gao X, Li C, Jiang Y, Dai X, Gong X, Fang X. Direct analysis of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biological samples with complex matrices using polarity-reversed nanoelectrospray ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9237. [PMID: 34904282 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental contaminants with carcinogenic effect drawing worldwide attention. PAHs can be converted into hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) through metabolic processes. Thus, they are commonly considered as an important class of biomarkers of PAH exposure. However, direct analysis of related metabolites of these environmental pollutants in biological samples using mass spectrometry is still challenging because of matrix effect and ion suppression during nanoelectrospray ionization (nano-ESI). METHODS In our previous work, a polarity-reversed nanoelectrospray ionization (PR-nESI) technique was developed for the analysis of biomolecules in complex matrices. In this work, we further optimized PR-nESI for direct and sensitive analysis of OH-PAHs in different samples under severe salt interference in negative polarity. RESULTS Compared with conventional nano-ESI, the optimized PR-nESI method realized sensitive detection of 1-naphthol in samples with a concentration of salt up to millimolar level. The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of OH-PAHs was increased by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared with conventional nano-ESI. Six different OH-PAHs were successfully detected with high S/N ratio using PR-nESI. PR-nESI was further successfully applied in the analysis of OH-PAHs in spiked fetal blood serum, human urine, and single-cell samples. For environmentally exposed subjects, the detections of OH-PAHs in single-cell samples and urines from human smokers were successfully conducted. CONCLUSION The optimized PR-nESI method was successfully applied for the sensitive analysis of OH-PAHs in complex biological samples with severe salt effects. Based on the present study, PR-nESI can have a promising prospect for the sensitive analysis of other metabolites of environmental pollutants in negative polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Tan
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juduo Wang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Manli Li
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchi Yin
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Gao
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Li
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - You Jiang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Gong
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Orru H, Viitak A, Herodes K, Veber T, Lukk M. Human Biomonitoring in the Oil Shale Industry Area in Estonia-Overview of Earlier Programmes and Future Perspectives. Front Public Health 2020; 8:582114. [PMID: 33282816 PMCID: PMC7689261 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.582114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ida-Viru County, in Eastern Estonia, features industrially contaminated sites–where oil shale has been mined and used for electricity generation, and shale oil extraction. Higher prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular disease has been found in the region due to high quantities of air pollution. Within the framework of “Studies of the health impact of the oil shale sector—SOHOS,” this analysis aimed to map earlier human biomonitoring (HBM) studies and identify the suitable biomarkers for upcoming HBM in Estonia. Altogether, three studies have been conducted among residents: first, among adults in the 1980's; second, among children in the 1990's; and third, among employees, with a focus on workers and miners in the oil shale chemistry industry in the late 1990's and 2000's. In some of those studies, increased levels of biomarkers in blood and urine (heavy metals, 1-OHP) have appeared; nevertheless, in last 20 years, there has been no population-wide HBM in Estonia. According to air pollution monitoring and emission analysis, the pollutants of concern are benzene, PM10, PM2.5, and PAHs. In general, there is a decreasing trend in air pollutant levels, with the exception of a slight increase in 2018. One of the aims of HBM is to be analyzed if this trend can be identified in HBM, using similar biomarkers as applied earlier. The future perspective HBM could be divided into two Tiers. Tier 1 should focus on exposure biomarkers as heavy metals, PAH, and BTEX metabolites and Tier 2, in later stage, on effect biomarkers as Ox LDL, TBARS, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Orru
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Viitak
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Koit Herodes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Veber
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Dugheri S, Bonari A, Gentili M, Cappelli G, Pompilio I, Bossi C, Arcangeli G, Campagna M, Mucci N. High-Throughput Analysis of Selected Urinary Hydroxy Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by an Innovative Automated Solid-Phase Microextraction. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081869. [PMID: 30050023 PMCID: PMC6222761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening of samples is the strategy of choice to detect occupational exposure biomarkers, yet it requires a user-friendly apparatus that gives relatively prompt results while ensuring high degrees of selectivity, precision, accuracy and automation, particularly in the preparation process. Miniaturization has attracted much attention in analytical chemistry and has driven solvent and sample savings as easier automation, the latter thanks to the introduction on the market of the three axis autosampler. In light of the above, this contribution describes a novel user-friendly solid-phase microextraction (SPME) off- and on-line platform coupled with gas chromatography and triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry to determine urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1- and 2-hydroxy-naphthalene, 9-hydroxy-phenanthrene, 1-hydroxy-pyrene, 3- and 9-hydroxy-benzoantracene, and 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene. In this new procedure, chromatography’s sensitivity is combined with the user-friendliness of N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide on-fiber SPME derivatization using direct immersion sampling; moreover, specific isotope-labelled internal standards provide quantitative accuracy. The detection limits for the seven OH-PAHs ranged from 0.25 to 4.52 ng/L. Intra-(from 2.5 to 3.0%) and inter-session (from 2.4 to 3.9%) repeatability was also evaluated. This method serves to identify suitable risk-control strategies for occupational hygiene conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- Laboratorio di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo P. Palagi 1, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bonari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Matteo Gentili
- Giotto Biotech Srl, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Pompilio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Costanza Bossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS 554 bivio Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Largo G.A. Brambilla 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
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Kumar S, Negi S, Maiti P. Biological and analytical techniques used for detection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25810-25827. [PMID: 29032529 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contain two or more fused benzene rings that are considered as cosmo-pollutants ubiquitously found in the environment. The identification and monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of great interests for rapid and on-site detection. Therefore, many analytical and biological techniques have been proposed for the qualitative and quantitative assessments of PAHs. Non-biological analytical techniques such as infrared, Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopies are commonly exploited as non-destructive techniques while gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with multiple detectors are extensively employed for the separation and detection of an analyte. Even though spectroscopy and chromatography are more accurate, convenient, and feasible techniques, often, these methods are expensive and sophisticated which require high maintenance cost. On the other hand, biological approaches, i.e., immunoassay, PCR, and microarray, offer comprehensive high-throughput specificity and sensitivity for a similar analyte. Biosensor- and immunoassay-mediated detections of PAHs have opened up new avenues in terms of low cost, rapid determination, and higher sensitivity. In this review, we have discussed the strengths and limitations of biological and analytical techniques that were explored for precise evaluation and were trusted at both the legislation and research levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Sangeeta Negi
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Teliyarganj, Allahabad, 221004, India
| | - Pralay Maiti
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
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Wang Y, Meng L, Pittman EN, Etheredge A, Hubbard K, Trinidad DA, Kato K, Ye X, Calafat AM. Quantification of urinary mono-hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by on-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:931-937. [PMID: 27796450 PMCID: PMC5568775 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be assessed through monitoring of urinary mono-hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs). Gas chromatography (GC) has been widely used to separate OH-PAHs before quantification by mass spectrometry in biomonitoring studies. However, because GC requires derivatization, it can be time consuming. We developed an on-line solid phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (on-line-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification in urine of 1-OH-naphthalene, 2-OH-naphthalene, 2-OH-fluorene, 3-OH-fluorene, 1-OH-phenanthrene, the sum of 2-OH and 3-OH-phenanthrene, 4-OH-phenanthrene, and 1-OH-pyrene. The method, which employed a 96-well plate platform and on-line SPE, showed good sensitivity (i.e., limits of detection ranged from 0.007 to 0.09 ng/mL) and used only 100 μL of urine. Accuracy, calculated from the recovery percentage at three spiking levels, varied from 94 to 113 %, depending on the analyte. The inter- and intra-day precision, calculated from 20 repeated measurements of two quality control materials, varied from 5.2 to 16.7 %. Adequate method performance was also confirmed by acceptable recovery (83-102 %) of two NIST standard reference materials (3672 and 3673). This high-throughput on-line-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS method can be applied in large-scale epidemiological studies. Graphical abstract Example LC-MS chromatogram of urinary mono-hydroxylated PAH metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesong Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA.
| | - Lei Meng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA
| | - Erin N Pittman
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA
| | - Alisha Etheredge
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA
| | - Kendra Hubbard
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA
| | - Debra A Trinidad
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA
| | - Kayoko Kato
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F53, Atlanta, 30341, GA, USA
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Raponi F, Bauleo L, Ancona C, Forastiere F, Paci E, Pigini D, Tranfo G. Quantification of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and 6-hydroxynitropyrene by HPLC-MS/MS in human urine as exposure biomarkers for environmental and occupational surveys. Biomarkers 2016; 22:575-583. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Raponi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF) Viterbo, University of Tuscia, Italy
| | - Lisa Bauleo
- Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service, Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | - Carla Ancona
- Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service, Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service, Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
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Woudneh MB, Benskin JP, Grace R, Hamilton M, Magee BH, Hoeger GC, Forsberg ND, Cosgrove JR. Quantitative determination of hydroxy polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons as a biomarker of exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1454:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zhou L, Hu Y, Li G. Conjugated Microporous Polymers with Built-In Magnetic Nanoparticles for Excellent Enrichment of Trace Hydroxylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6930-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Langjun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Hu H, Liu B, Yang J, Lin Z, Gan W. Sensitive determination of trace urinary 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene using ionic liquids-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by chemical derivatization and high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1027:200-6. [PMID: 27294533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBaP) is widely used as a biomarker for assessing carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene exposure risks. However, monitoring urinary 3-OHBaP suffers from an insufficient sensitivity due to the pg/mL level in urine excretion. In this study, a sensitive method for determination trace urinary 3-OHBaP was developed, involving enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, ionic liquids dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) enrichment, derivatization with dansyl chloride and HPLC-HRMS/MS analysis in the positive ion mode. Using IL-DLLME makes the enrichment of trace 3-OHBaP very simple, time-saving, efficiency and environmentally-friendly. To enhanced HPLC-HRMS/MS response, an MS-friendly dansyl group was introduced to increase the ionization and fragmentation efficiency. The optimal IL-DLLME extraction parameters and derivatization reaction conditions were investigated. Good linearity was obtained over a concentration range of 0.6-50.0pg/mL with correlation coefficients (r(2)) of 0.9918. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.2pg/mL and 0.58pg/mL, respectively. The recoveries were 92.0±4.2% with the intra-day and inter-day RSD values ranged from 2.2% to 3.8% and from 3.3% to 6.8%, respectively. The proposed IL-DLLME-Dansylation-HPLC-HRMS/MS method was successfully applied to determine urinary 3-OHBaP of non-occupational exposed smokers and nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Baizhan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cigarette Smoke Research of China National Tobacco Corporation, Shanghai 200082, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Zuomin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Wuer Gan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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