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Francis JWM, Saundh M, Parks RM, Cheung KL. Molecular Biomarker Expression in Window of Opportunity Studies for Oestrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer-A Systematic Review of the Literature. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205027. [PMID: 36291809 PMCID: PMC9599781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Window of opportunity (WoO) trials allow the opportunity to assess the use of drugs in breast cancer research before treatment has commenced. The aim of this review of the literature is to review WoO trials in patients with oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer to help guide treatment. This will be useful for patients who receive drug treatment before surgery, or as an alternative to surgery in older, more frail adults. Abstract Window of opportunity (WoO) trials create the opportunity to demonstrate pharmacodynamic parameters of a drug in vivo and have increasing use in breast cancer research. Most breast cancer tumours are oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+), leading to the development of multiple treatment options tailored towards this particular tumour subtype. The aim of this literature review is to review WoO trials pertaining to the pharmacodynamic activity of drugs available for use in ER+ breast cancer in order to help guide treatment for patients receiving neoadjuvant and primary endocrine therapy. Five databases (EMBASE, Cochrane, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science) were searched for eligible studies. Studies performed in treatment-naïve patients with histologically confirmed ER+ breast cancer were included if they acquired pre- and post-treatment biopsies, compared measurement of a proteomic biomarker between these two biopsies and delivered treatment for a maximum mean duration of 31 days. Fifteen studies were eligible for inclusion and covered six different drug classes: three endocrine therapies (ETs) including aromatase inhibitors (AIs), selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), selective oestrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) and three non-ETs including mTOR inhibitors, AKT inhibitors and synthetic oestrogens. Ki67 was the most frequently measured marker, appearing in all studies. Progesterone receptor (PR) and ER were the next most frequently measured markers, appearing five and four studies, respectively. All three of these markers were significantly downregulated in both AIs and SERDs; Ki67 alone was downregulated in SERMs. Less commonly assessed markers including pS6, pGSH3B, FSH and IGF1 were downregulated while CD34, pAKT and SHBG were significantly upregulated. There were no significant changes in the other biomarkers measured such as phosphate and tensin homolog (PTEN), Bax and Bcl-2.WoO studies have been widely utilised within the ER+ breast cancer subtype, demonstrating their worth in pharmacodynamic research. However, research remains focused upon routinely measured biomarkers such ER PR and Ki67, with an array of less common markers sporadically used.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. M. Francis
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Manmeet Saundh
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ruth M. Parks
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Kwok-Leung Cheung
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Correspondence:
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Parikh DA, Kody L, Brain S, Heditsian D, Lee V, Curtis C, Karin MR, Wapnir IL, Patel MI, Sledge GW, Caswell-Jin JL. Patient perspectives on window of opportunity clinical trials in early-stage breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 194:171-178. [PMID: 35538268 PMCID: PMC9090598 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Window of opportunity trials (WOT) are increasingly common in oncology research. In WOT participants receive a drug between diagnosis and anti-cancer treatment, usually for the purpose of investigating that drugs effect on cancer biology. This qualitative study aimed to understand patient perspectives on WOT. METHODS We recruited adults diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer awaiting definitive therapy at a single-academic medical center to participate in semi-structured interviews. Thematic and content analyses were performed to identify attitudes and factors that would influence decisions about WOT participation. RESULTS We interviewed 25 women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. The most common positive attitudes toward trial participation were a desire to contribute to research and a hope for personal benefit, while the most common concerns were the potential for side effects and how they might impact fitness for planned treatment. Participants indicated family would be an important normative factor in decision-making and, during the COVID-19 pandemic, deemed the absence of family members during clinic visits a barrier to enrollment. Factors that could hinder participation included delay in standard treatment and the requirement for additional visits or procedures. Ultimately, most interviewees stated they would participate in a WOT if offered (N = 17/25). CONCLUSION In this qualitative study, interviewees weighed altruism and hypothetical personal benefit against the possibility of side effect from a WOT. In-person family presence during trial discussion, challenging during COVID-19, was important for many. Our results may inform trial design and communication approaches in future window of opportunity efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya A Parikh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Lisa Kody
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Susie Brain
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Diane Heditsian
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vivian Lee
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mardi R Karin
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Irene L Wapnir
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manali I Patel
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - George W Sledge
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Caswell-Jin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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3
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Webb MJ, Kukard C. A Review of Natural Therapies Potentially Relevant in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Aimed at Targeting Cancer Cell Vulnerabilities. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1534735420975861. [PMID: 33243021 PMCID: PMC7705812 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420975861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the research into the mechanisms of growth of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) based on laboratory pre-clinical studies that have shaped understanding of the disease over the past decade. In response to these findings, we propose an approach to potentially prevent cancer metabolic adaptation and recurrence. This paper collates pre-clinical results, first to determine the tumor’s mechanisms of growth and then to source natural substances that could potentially suppress those mechanisms. The results from in vivo and in vitro studies of TNBC were combined first to select 10 primary mechanisms (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, Hedgehog, MAPK, MTAP, NF-κ B, Notch, P13K, STAT3, and Wnt signaling pathways plus p53 and POL2A gene expression) that promote TNBC growth, and second to propose a treatment array of 21 natural compounds that suppress laboratory models of TNBC via these mechanisms. We included BRCA mutations in the review process, but only pathways with the most preclinical studies utilizing natural products were included. Then we outlined potential biomarkers to assess the changes in the micro-environment and monitor biochemical pathway suppression. This suppression-centric aim targets these mechanisms of growth with the goal of potentially halting tumor growth and preventing cancer cell metabolic adaptation. We chose TNBC to demonstrate this 5-step strategy of supplementary therapy, which may be replicated for other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Kukard
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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4
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Arnaout A, Robertson S, Pond GR, Vieth R, Jeong A, Hilton J, Ramsey T, Clemons M. Randomized window of opportunity trial evaluating high-dose vitamin D in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:347-356. [PMID: 31399931 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiologic and preclinical data suggest a potential role for vitamin D in breast cancer treatment and prevention. However, results of prospective randomized trials are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of high-dose cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on breast tumour proliferation and apoptosis. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized, phase 2, double-blinded pre-surgical window of opportunity trial. Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were randomized to receive 40,000 IU of vitamin D3 per day or placebo for 2 to 6 weeks prior to breast surgery. The primary outcome was the relative change in proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3 apoptotic assay [CC3]) in primary breast cancer cells pre and post treatment. RESULTS Of 83 patients randomized, 80 completed the study (43 (53.8%) vitamin D and 37 (46.3%) placebo). Mean duration of drug intake was 19 days (range 9-28 days). There were no significant differences between the control arm and the vitamin D arm in percent changes of either Ki67 index (1.6% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.25) or CC3 (- 55.9% vs. - 45.9%, p = 0.28). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels were 3 times higher in the vitamin D arm (62 nmol/L vs. 246 nmol/L, p < 0.001). Adverse effects were minimal and all classified as grade 1. CONCLUSIONS Despite significantly higher levels of serum 25-OHD in the vitamin D-treated group, this was not associated with any significant effects on tumour proliferation or apoptosis. These findings are consistent with the lack of benefit observed in prospective prevention trials. TRIAL REGISTRY Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT01948128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Arnaout
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Susan Robertson
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gregory R Pond
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Reinhold Vieth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ahwon Jeong
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Hilton
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy Ramsey
- Center for Practice Changing Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mark Clemons
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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5
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Arnaout A, Robertson SJ, Pond GR, Lee H, Jeong A, Ianni L, Kroeger L, Hilton J, Coupland S, Gottlieb C, Hurley B, McCarthy A, Clemons M. A randomized, double-blind, window of opportunity trial evaluating the effects of chloroquine in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:327-335. [PMID: 31392517 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chloroquine has demonstrated anti-tumor activities through autophagy inhibition and cell cycle disruption. This study aimed to assess the effect of single-agent chloroquine on breast tumor cellular proliferation in a randomized, phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pre-surgical window of opportunity trial. METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer were randomized 2:1 to chloroquine 500 mg daily or placebo for 2- to 6-weeks prior to their breast surgery. The primary outcome was the relative change in measures of proliferation (Ki67) in primary breast cancer cells pre- and post-treatment. Adverse events and toxicity profiles were also evaluated. RESULTS From September 2015 to December 2016, 70 patients were randomized [46 (66%) chloroquine and 24 (34%) placebo]. Ten patients who were randomized to chloroquine withdrew from study due to adverse events. Mean duration of drug intake was 15 days (range 14-29 days). There were no significant differences between the chloroquine or placebo arms with respect to either the percentage change (- 0.4 vs. - 1.2, p = 0.088) or absolute change (- 2.0% vs. - 5.2%, p = 0.066) in Ki67 index pre- and post-drug treatment. Although adverse effects were minimal and all classified as grade 1, the effects were significant enough to cause nearly 15% of patients to discontinue therapy. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with single-agent chloroquine 500 mg daily in the preoperative setting was not associated with any significant effects on breast cancer cellular proliferation. It was, however, associated with toxicity that may affect its broader use in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Arnaout
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Gregory R Pond
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Hoyun Lee
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ahwon Jeong
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Luisa Ianni
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Breast Health Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lynne Kroeger
- Ottawa Hospital Breast Health Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Hilton
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stuart Coupland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chloe Gottlieb
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bernard Hurley
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anne McCarthy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mark Clemons
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada. .,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada. .,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Canada.
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6
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Cohen AL, Neumayer L, Boucher K, Factor RE, Shrestha G, Wade M, Lamb JG, Arbogast K, Piccolo SR, Riegert J, Schabel M, Bild AH, Werner TL. Window-of-Opportunity Study of Valproic Acid in Breast Cancer Testing a Gene Expression Biomarker. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1600011. [PMID: 32913974 PMCID: PMC7446454 DOI: 10.1200/po.16.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The anticancer activity of valproic acid (VPA) is attributed to the inhibition of histone deacetylase. We previously published the genomically derived sensitivity signature for VPA (GDSS-VPA), a gene expression biomarker that predicts breast cancer sensitivity to VPA in vitro and in vivo. We conducted a window-of-opportunity study that examined the tolerability of VPA and the ability of the GDSS-VPA to predict biologic changes in breast tumors after treatment with VPA. Patients and Methods Eligible women had untreated breast cancer with breast tumors larger than 1.5 cm. After a biopsy, women were given VPA for 7 to 12 days, increasing from 30 mg/kg/d orally divided into two doses per day to a maximum of 50 mg/kg/d. After VPA treatment, serum VPA level was measured and then breast surgery or biopsy was performed. Tumor proliferation was assessed by using Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Histone acetylation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was assessed by Western blot. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed before and after VPA treatment. Results Thirty women were evaluable. The median age was 54 years (range, 31-73 years). Fifty-two percent of women tolerated VPA at 50 mg/kg/d, but 10% missed more than two doses as a result of adverse events. Grade 3 adverse events included vomiting and diarrhea (one patient) and fatigue (one patient). The end serum VPA level correlated with a change in histone acetylation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (ρ = 0.451; P = .024). Fifty percent of women (three of six) with triple-negative breast cancer had a Ki-67 reduction of at least 10% compared with 17% of other women. Women whose tumors had higher GDSS-VPA were more likely to have a Ki-67 decrease of at least 10% (area under the curve, 0.66). Conclusion VPA was well tolerated and there was a significant correlation between serum VPA levels and histone acetylation. VPA treatment caused a decrease in proliferation of breast tumors. The genomic biomarker correlated with decreased proliferation. Inhibition of histone deacetylase is a valid strategy for drug development in triple-negative breast cancer using gene expression biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Cohen
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Leigh Neumayer
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Ken Boucher
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Rachel E Factor
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Gajendra Shrestha
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Mark Wade
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - John G Lamb
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Kylee Arbogast
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Stephen R Piccolo
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Joanna Riegert
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Matthias Schabel
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Andrea H Bild
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
| | - Theresa L Werner
- , , , , , , , , and , University of Utah; , , , , and , Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City; , Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; , University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and , Advanced Imaging Research Center, Portland, OR
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Yeung C, Hilton J, Clemons M, Mazzarello S, Hutton B, Haggar F, Addison CL, Kuchuk I, Zhu X, Gelmon K, Arnaout A. Estrogen, progesterone, and HER2/neu receptor discordance between primary and metastatic breast tumours-a review. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:427-37. [PMID: 27405651 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Discordance in estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and HER2/neu status between primary breast tumours and metastatic disease is well recognized. In this review, we highlight how receptor discordance between primary tumours and paired metastasis can help elucidate the mechanism of metastasis but can also effect patient management and the design of future trials. Discordance rates and ranges were available from 47 studies (3384 matched primary and metastatic pairs) reporting ER, PR, and HER2/neu expression for both primary and metastatic sites. Median discordance rates for ER, PR, and HER2/neu were 14 % (range 0-67 %, IQR 9-25 %), 21 % (range 0-62 %, IQR 15-41 %), and 10 % (range 0-44 %, IQR 4-17 %), respectively. Loss of receptor expression was more common (9.17 %) than gain (4.51 %). Discordance rates varied amongst site of metastasis with ER discordance being highest in bone metastases suggesting that discordance is a true biological phenomenon. Discordance rates vary for both the biomarker and the metastatic site. Loss of expression is more common than gain. This can affect patient management as it can lead to a reduction in both the efficacy and availability of potential therapeutic agents. Future studies are recommended to explore both the mechanisms of discordance as well as its impact on patient outcome and management.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yeung
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - J Hilton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Clemons
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - S Mazzarello
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - B Hutton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - F Haggar
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - C L Addison
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - I Kuchuk
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - X Zhu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - K Gelmon
- Division of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - A Arnaout
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
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8
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Demark-Wahnefried W, Nix JW, Hunter GR, Rais-Bahrami S, Desmond RA, Chacko B, Morrow CD, Azrad M, Frugé AD, Tsuruta Y, Ptacek T, Tully SA, Segal R, Grizzle WE. Feasibility outcomes of a presurgical randomized controlled trial exploring the impact of caloric restriction and increased physical activity versus a wait-list control on tumor characteristics and circulating biomarkers in men electing prostatectomy for prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:61. [PMID: 26850040 PMCID: PMC4743419 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is associated with tumor aggressiveness and disease-specific mortality for more than 15 defined malignancies, including prostate cancer. Preclinical studies suggest that weight loss from caloric restriction and increased physical activity may suppress hormonal, energy-sensing, and inflammatory factors that drive neoplastic progression; however, exact mechanisms are yet to be determined, and experiments in humans are limited. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial among 40 overweight or obese, newly-diagnosed prostate cancer patients who elected prostatectomy to explore feasibility of a presurgical weight loss intervention that promoted a weight loss of roughly one kg. week−1 via caloric restriction and physical activity, as well as to assess effects on tumor biology and circulating biomarkers. Measures of feasibility (accrual, retention, adherence, and safety) were primary endpoints. Exploratory aims were directed at the intervention’s effect on tumor proliferation (Ki-67) and other tumor markers (activated caspase-3, insulin and androgen receptors, VEGF, TNFβ, NFκB, and 4E-BP1), circulating biomarkers (PSA, insulin, glucose, VEGF, TNFβ, leptin, SHBG, and testosterone), lymphocytic gene expression of corresponding factors and cellular bioenergetics in neutrophils, and effects on the gut microbiome. Consenting patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either: 1) weight loss via a healthful, guidelines-based diet and exercise regimen; or 2) a wait-list control. While biological testing is currently ongoing, this paper details our methods and feasibility outcomes. Results The accrual target was met after screening 101 cases (enrollment rate: 39.6 %). Other outcomes included a retention rate of 85 %, excellent adherence (95 %), and no serious reported adverse events. No significant differences by age, race, or weight status were noted between enrollees vs. non-enrollees. The most common reasons for non-participation were “too busy” (30 %), medical exclusions (21 %), and “distance” (16 %). Conclusions Presurgical trials offer a means to study the impact of diet and exercise interventions directly on tumor tissue, and other host factors that are feasible and safe, though modifications are needed to conduct trials within an abbreviated period of time and via distance medicine-based approaches. Pre-surgical trials are critical to elucidate the impact of lifestyle interventions on specific mechanisms that mediate carcinogenesis and which can be used subsequently as therapeutic targets. Trial registration NCT01886677
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Demark-Wahnefried
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 346 Webb Nutrition Sciences Bldg., 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | | | - Gary R Hunter
- Department of Human Studies, UAB, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Balu Chacko
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, UAB, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Casey D Morrow
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Integrative Biology, UAB, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Maria Azrad
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 346 Webb Nutrition Sciences Bldg., 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew D Frugé
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 346 Webb Nutrition Sciences Bldg., 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yuko Tsuruta
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 346 Webb Nutrition Sciences Bldg., 1675 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Travis Ptacek
- Department of Microbiology, UAB, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Roanne Segal
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Gierach GL, Patel DA, Pfeiffer RM, Figueroa JD, Linville L, Papathomas D, Johnson JM, Chicoine RE, Herschorn SD, Shepherd JA, Wang J, Malkov S, Vacek PM, Weaver DL, Fan B, Mahmoudzadeh AP, Palakal M, Xiang J, Oh H, Horne HN, Sprague BL, Hewitt SM, Brinton LA, Sherman ME. Relationship of Terminal Duct Lobular Unit Involution of the Breast with Area and Volume Mammographic Densities. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 9:149-58. [PMID: 26645278 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevated mammographic density (MD) is an established breast cancer risk factor. Reduced involution of terminal duct lobular units (TDLU), the histologic source of most breast cancers, has been associated with higher MD and breast cancer risk. We investigated relationships of TDLU involution with area and volumetric MD, measured throughout the breast and surrounding biopsy targets (perilesional). Three measures inversely related to TDLU involution (TDLU count/mm(2), median TDLU span, median acini count/TDLU) assessed in benign diagnostic biopsies from 348 women, ages 40-65, were related to MD area (quantified with thresholding software) and volume (assessed with a density phantom) by analysis of covariance, stratified by menopausal status and adjusted for confounders. Among premenopausal women, TDLU count was directly associated with percent perilesional MD (P trend = 0.03), but not with absolute dense area/volume. Greater TDLU span was associated with elevated percent dense area/volume (P trend<0.05) and absolute perilesional MD (P = 0.003). Acini count was directly associated with absolute perilesional MD (P = 0.02). Greater TDLU involution (all metrics) was associated with increased nondense area/volume (P trend ≤ 0.04). Among postmenopausal women, TDLU measures were not significantly associated with MD. Among premenopausal women, reduced TDLU involution was associated with higher area and volumetric MD, particularly in perilesional parenchyma. Data indicating that TDLU involution and MD are correlated markers of breast cancer risk suggest that associations of MD with breast cancer may partly reflect amounts of at-risk epithelium. If confirmed, these results could suggest a prevention paradigm based on enhancing TDLU involution and monitoring efficacy by assessing MD reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L Gierach
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Deesha A Patel
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonine D Figueroa
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Laura Linville
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daphne Papathomas
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason M Johnson
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - John A Shepherd
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeff Wang
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Serghei Malkov
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Bo Fan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Maya Palakal
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jackie Xiang
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hannah Oh
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hisani N Horne
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louise A Brinton
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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