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Kadapure AJ, Dalbanjan NP, S K PK. Characterization of heat, salt, acid, alkaline, and antibiotic stress response in soil isolate Bacillus subtilis strain PSK.A2. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00549-z. [PMID: 38898189 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Microbes play an essential role in soil fertility by replenishing the nutrients; they encounter various biotic and abiotic stresses disrupting their cellular homeostasis, which expedites activating a conserved signaling pathway for transient over-expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs). In the present study, a versatile soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis strain PSK.A2 was isolated and characterized. Further, the isolated bacterium was exposed with several stresses, viz., heat, salt, acid, alkaline, and antibiotics. Stress-attributed cellular morphological modifications such as swelling, shrinkage, and clump formation were observed under the scanning electron microscope. The comparative protein expression pattern was studied by SDS-PAGE, relative protein stabilization was assessed by protein aggregation assay, and relative survival was mapped by single spot dilution and colony-counting method under control, stressed, lethal, and stressed lethal conditions of the isolate. The findings demonstrated that bacterial stress tolerance was maintained via the activation of various HSPs of molecular weight ranging from 17 to 115 kD to respective stimuli. The treatment of subinhibitory dose of antibiotics not interfering protein synthesis (amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin) resulted in the expression of eight HSPs of molecular weight ranging from 18 to 71 kD. The pre-treatment of short stress dosage showed endured overall tolerance of bacterium to lethal conditions, as evidenced by moderately enhanced total soluble intracellular protein content, better protein stabilization, comparatively over-expressed HSPs, and relatively enhanced cell survival. These findings hold an opportunity for developing novel approaches towards enhancing microbial resilience in a variety of conditions, including industrial bioprocessing, environmental remediation, and infectious disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arihant Jayawant Kadapure
- Protein Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University Dharwad 580003, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagarjuna Prakash Dalbanjan
- Protein Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University Dharwad 580003, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Kumar S K
- Protein Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University Dharwad 580003, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
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Gupta N, Paul JS, Jadhav SK. Biovalorizing agro-waste 'de-oiled rice bran' for thermostable, alkalophilic and detergent stable α-amylase production with its application as laundry detergent additive and textile desizer. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128470. [PMID: 38040160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The current research was concerned with the use of abundant agro-waste 'de-oiled rice bran (DORB)' as a sustainable substrate to produce α-amylase followed by several targets like process parameter optimization for augmented production and immobilization. In addition, we have also focused on investigating the application of DORB_amy as an efficient laundry detergent additive and textile desizer. The best production was recorded at pH 8.0 at 37 °C after 96 h incubation with 1.5 % (w/v) maltose. The DORB_amy has optimum activity at pH 9.0 at 60 °C with a Km and Vmax of 0.31 mg/mL and 222.22 mg/mL/min respectively. The catalytic performance of DORB_amy was further enhanced after immobilization in 3.0 % calcium alginate beads with 61.95 ± 0.17 % of operational stability after five continuous reaction cycles. The findings showed excellent performance of DORB_amy in cleaning starchy stains. The washing performance of enzyme and detergent together was better than their individual performance which increases the application of α-amylase as a laundry detergent additive. About 17.34 % weight loss or desizing was done by DORB_amy with an 8-9 TEGEWA rating. The reported biochemical features like thermostability, alkalophilic and detergent-stable nature of the DORB_amy make it industrially fit with great significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Gupta
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, CG, India
| | - Jai Shankar Paul
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, CG, India.
| | - Shailesh Kumar Jadhav
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, CG, India
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Phetlum S, Champasri C. Purification and characterization of amylases from three freshwater fish species providing new insight application as enzyme molecular markers for zymography. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1257-1276. [PMID: 37889390 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Purification of amylases from digestive tracts of three freshwater fish species with Q-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-200 columns displayed two isoforms of amylases from Osteochilus hasselti (O1, O2) and three isoforms of those from both Hampala dispar (UB, H1, H2) and Puntioplites proctozystron (P1, P2, P3). The optimum pH values displayed at 7.0 and 8.0, while the optimum temperatures revealed at 40 and 50 °C. Almost isoenzyme activities were activated by NaCl and CaCl2, whereas EDTA and SDS strongly inhibited all enzymatic activities. Verification with an atomic absorption spectrophotometry exhibited the presence of Ca2+ ions in the range of 0.02-13.53 ppm per mg protein indicating that amylases are Ca2+ dependent. Molecular weight analysis revealed 12 to 147 kDa. The UB, O1, and H2 amylases with appropriate molecular masses of 64, 49, and 25 kDa validated with LC-MS/MS were selected. Three certain enzymes revealed high stability in a sample buffer after five cycles of freeze-thawing process upon storage at - 20 °C for 12 weeks. No protein degradation was observed on polyacrylamide gel, and the enzymes still displayed sharp and clear bands on zymograms. The result suggested that the purified fish amylases, which expressed high activities and stabilities, were potentially used as enzyme molecular weight markers for zymography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthathip Phetlum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chamaiporn Champasri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Priyanka U, Lens PNL. Enhanced production of amylase, pyruvate and phenolic compounds from glucose by light-driven Aspergillus niger-CuS nanobiohybrids. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2023; 98:602-614. [PMID: 37066082 PMCID: PMC10087041 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.7153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for value-added compounds such as amylase, pyruvate and phenolic compounds produced by biological methods has prompted the rapid development of advanced technologies for their enhanced production. Nanobiohybrids (NBs) make use of both the microbial properties of whole-cell microorganisms and the light-harvesting efficiency of semiconductors. Photosynthetic NBs were constructed that link the biosynthetic pathways of Aspergillus niger with CuS nanoparticles. RESULTS In this work, NB formation was confirmed by negative values of the interaction energy, i.e., 2.31 × 108 to -5.52 × 108 kJ mol-1 for CuS-Che NBs, whereas for CuS-Bio NBs the values were -2.31 × 108 to -4.62 × 108 kJ mol-1 for CuS-Bio NBs with spherical nanoparticle interaction. For CuS-Bio NBs with nanorod interaction, it ranged from -2.3 × 107 to -3.47 × 107 kJ mol-1 . Further, the morphological changes observed by scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of the elements Cu and S in the energy-dispersive X-ray spectra and the presence of CuS bonds in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicate NB formation. In addition, the quenching effect in photoluminescence studies confirmed NB formation. Production yields of amylase, phenolic compounds and pyruvate amounted to 11.2 μmol L-1, 52.5 μmol L-1 and 28 nmol μL-1, respectively, in A. niger-CuS Bio NBs on the third day of incubation in the bioreactor. Moreover, A niger cells-CuS Bio NBs had amino acids and lipid yields of 6.2 mg mL-1 and 26.5 mg L-1, respectively. Furthermore, probable mechanisms for the enhanced production of amylase, pyruvate and phenolic compounds are proposed. CONCLUSION Aspergillus niger-CuS NBs were used for the production of the amylase enzyme and value-added compounds such as pyruvate and phenolic compounds. Aspergillus niger-CuS Bio NBs showed a greater efficiency compared to A. niger-CuS Che NBs as the biologically produced CuS nanoparticles had a higher compatibility with A. niger cells. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddandarao Priyanka
- Department of Microbiology and Ryan InstituteNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Piet NL Lens
- Department of Microbiology and Ryan InstituteNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
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Sharif S, Shah AH, Fariq A, Jannat S, Rasheed S, Yasmin A. Optimization of amylase production using response surface methodology from newly isolated thermophilic bacteria. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12901. [PMID: 36747954 PMCID: PMC9898621 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Present study was aimed at screening and characterizing thermostable amylase-producing bacteria from water and sediment samples of unexplored hot spring of Tatta Pani Kotli Azad Kashmir. Four thermophilic isolates were characterized on morphological, biochemical, physiological basis and were authenticated by molecular analysis. By 16S rDNA sequencing, isolates were identified as Anoxybacillus mongoliensis (MBT001), Anoxybacillus flavithermus (MBT002), Bacillus (MBT004). Among all identified strains, MBT003 showed maximum homology with both Anoxybacillus mongoliensis and Anoxybacillus flavithermus. Amylase activity was analyzed qualitatively in starch agar and quantitatively by DNS method. The optimal enzyme production was observed and authenticated by Response Surface Methodology at 7 pH, 70 °C, 1.25% substrate concentration, 300 μL of inocula volume after 48 h of incubation. Optimum amylase activity (4.4 U/mL) and stability (3.3 U/mL) was observed with 1.5% soluble starch at 70 °C. Maximum activity (3.7 U/mL) and stability (1.5 U/mL) was found at pH 8. Enzyme activity was increased in the presence of MgSO4 and CaCl2. Amylase was stable with surfactants and commercial detergents for 30 min. Supplementation of the enzyme with commercial detergent improved the washing ability of the detergent. This investigation has revealed that these thermostable bacteria are excellent source of amylase which can be used commercially for generating economic activity on sustainable basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Sharif
- Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Asad Hussain Shah
- Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Michal Smith Building, Oxford Road Manchester, UK,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan,Corresponding author.School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Michal Smith Building, Oxford Road Manchester, UK.
| | - Anila Fariq
- Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Sammyia Jannat
- Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Sajida Rasheed
- Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Azra Yasmin
- Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan,Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Huq AFMA, Biswas SK, Sheam MM, Syed SB, Elahi MT, Tang SS, Rahman MM, Roy AK, Paul DK. Identification and antibiotic pattern analysis of bacillary dysentery causing bacteria isolated from stool samples of infected patients. Biologia (Bratisl) 2023; 78:873-885. [PMID: 36573069 PMCID: PMC9769483 DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery and a severe form of shigellosis. This dysentery is usually restricted to Shigella infection, but Salmonella enterica and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strains are also known as this infection's causative agents. The emergence of drug-resistant, bacillary dysentery-causing pathogens is a global burden, especially for developing countries with poor hygienic environments. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and determine the drug-resistant pattern of bacillary dysentery-causing pathogens from the stool samples of the Kushtia region in Bangladesh. Hence, biochemical tests, serotyping, molecular identification, and antibiotic profiling were performed to characterize the pathogens. Among one hundred fifty (150) stool samples, 18 enteric bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified, where 12 were Shigella strains, 5 were S. enterica sub spp. enterica strains and one was the E.coli strain. Among 12 Shigella isolates, 8 were Shigella flexneri 2a serotypes, and 4 were Shigella sonnei Phage-II serotypes. Except for three Salmonella strains, all isolated strains were drug-resistant (83%), whereas 50% were multidrug-resistant (MDR), an alarming issue for public health. In antibiotic-wise analysis, the isolated pathogens showed the highest resistance against nalidixic acid (77.78%), followed by tetracycline (38.89%), kanamycin (38.89%), amoxicillin (27.78%), streptomycin (27.78%), cefepime (22.22%), ceftriaxone (22.22%), ampicillin (16.67%), ciprofloxacin (16.67%), and chloramphenicol (16.67%). The existence of MDR organisms that cause bacillary dysentery in the Kushtia area would warn the public to be more health conscious, and physicians would administer medications cautiously. The gradual growth of MDR pathogenic microorganisms needs immediate attention, and the discovery of effective medications must take precedence. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11756-022-01299-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Fazel Mohammad Aminul Huq
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, 7003 Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Sudhangshu Kumar Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, 7003 Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Moinuddin Sheam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, 7003 Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Shifath Bin Syed
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, 7003 Kushtia, Bangladesh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Human and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Mohammad Toufiq Elahi
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, 7003 Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Swee-Seong Tang
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, 7003 Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Apurba Kumar Roy
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, 6205 Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Dipak Kumar Paul
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, 7003 Kushtia, Bangladesh
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Valorization of rice milled by-products (rice husk and de-oiled rice bran) into α-amylase with its process optimization, partial purification and kinetic study. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lee G, Heo S, Kim T, Na HE, Park J, Lee E, Lee JH, Jeong DW. Discrimination of Bacillus subtilis from Other Bacillus Species Using Specific Oligonucleotide Primers for the Pyruvate Carboxylase and Shikimate Dehydrogenase Genes. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1011-1016. [PMID: 35879295 PMCID: PMC9628935 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2205.05014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a useful bacterium in the food industry with applications as a starter strain for fermented food and as a probiotic. However, it is difficult to discriminate B. subtilis from other Bacillus species because of high phenotypic and genetic similarity. In this study, we employed five previously constructed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) methods for the discrimination of B. subtilis from other Bacillus species and all five MLST assays clearly distinguished B. subtilis. Additionally, the 17 housekeeping genes used in the five MLST assays also clearly distinguished B. subtilis. The pyruvate carboxylase (pyrA) and shikimate dehydrogenase (aroE) genes were selected for the discrimination of B. subtilis because of their high number of polymorphic sites and the fact that they displayed the lowest homology among the 17 housekeeping genes. Specific primer sets for the pyrA and aroE genes were designed and PCR products were specifically amplified from B. subtilis, demonstrating the high specificity of the two housekeeping genes for B. subtilis. This species-specific PCR method provides a quick, simple, powerful, and reliable alternative to conventional methods in the detection and identification of B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gawon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Heo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Tao Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Eun Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Eungyo Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Won Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-940-4463 Fax: +82-2-940-4610 E-mail:
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Rakaz MA, Hussien MO, Ibrahim HM. Isolation, Extraction, Purification, and Molecular Characterization for Thermostable α-Amylase from Locally Isolated Bacillus Species in Sudan. Biochem Res Int 2021; 2021:6670380. [PMID: 34123426 PMCID: PMC8169242 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6670380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate some soil bacteria strain that produced α-amylase and subsequent extraction and purification. One hundred soil samples were collected from different geographical areas in Khartoum State such as north Omdurman, Toti Island, and Soba. Samples were analyzed for starch hydrolyzing bacteria. Among several bacteria isolated, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis were identified as active α-amylase producers. Both bacteria showed a large zone of clearance of 20 mm when grown on starch-agar plates. The identity was conducted using biochemical characterization and confirmed by sequencing their 16S-rDNA. The constitutive nature of amylase was proved by amplification of the amylase gene from the genome of B. licheniformis. The α-amylase activity from the spent medium of B. cereus and B. licheniformis was optimized at pH 8.0 and temperature of 45°C and 65°C, respectively. The α-amylase produced by both bacteria is alkalophilic and thermophilic. The experiments confirmed that B. licheniformis can be a good source of amylase for industrial applications in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A. Rakaz
- Department of Microbiology, Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, P.O. Box 7099, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohammed O. Hussien
- Department of Microbiology, Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, P.O. Box 7099, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hanan M. Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology, Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, P.O. Box 7099, Khartoum, Sudan
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Paul JS, Gupta N, Beliya E, Tiwari S, Jadhav SK. Aspects and Recent Trends in Microbial α-Amylase: a Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2649-2698. [PMID: 33715051 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Amylases are the oldest and versatile starch hydrolysing enzymes which can replace chemical hydrolysis of starch in industries. It cleaves the α-(1,4)-D-glucosidic linkage of starch and other related polysaccharides to yield simple sugars like glucose, maltose and limit dextrin. α-Amylase covers about 30% shares of the total enzyme market. On account of their superior features, α-amylase is the most widely used among all the existing amylases for hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Endo-acting α-amylase of glycoside hydrolase family 13 is an extensively used biocatalyst and has various biotechnological applications like in starch processing, detergent, textile, paper and pharmaceutical industries. Apart from these, it has some novel applications including polymeric material for drug delivery, bioremediating agent, biodemulsifier and biofilm inhibitor. The present review will accomplish the research gap by providing the unexplored aspects of microbial α-amylase. It will allow the readers to know about the works that have already been done and the latest trends in this field. The manuscript has covered the latest immobilization techniques and the site-directed mutagenesis approaches which are readily being performed to confer the desirable property in wild-type α-amylases. Furthermore, it will state the inadequacies and the numerous obstacles coming in the way of its production during upstream and downstream steps and will also suggest some measures to obtain stable and industrial-grade α-amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Shankar Paul
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Nisha Gupta
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Esmil Beliya
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India.,Department of Botany, Govt. College, Bichhua, Chhindwara, MP, 480111, India
| | - Shubhra Tiwari
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Jadhav
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India.
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Farooq MA, Ali S, Hassan A, Tahir HM, Mumtaz S, Mumtaz S. Biosynthesis and industrial applications of α-amylase: a review. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1281-1292. [PMID: 33481073 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Amylase is amongst the most indispensable enzymes that have a large number of applications in laboratories and industries. Mostly, α-amylase is synthesized from microbes such as bacteria, fungi and yeast. Due to the high demand for α-amylase, its synthesis can be enhanced using recombinant DNA technology, different fermentation methods, less expensive and good carbon and nitrogen sources, and optimizing the various parameters during fermentation, e.g., temperature, pH and fermentation duration. Various methods are used to measure the production and activity of synthesized α-amylase like iodine, DNS, NS and dextrinizing methods. The activity of crude α-amylase can be elevated to the maximum level by optimizing the temperature and pH. Some metals also interact with α-amylase and increase its activity like K+, Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Some industries such as starch conversion, food, detergent, paper, textile industries and fuel alcohol production extensively utilize α-amylase for their various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel Farooq
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ali Hassan
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Tahir
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samaira Mumtaz
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Mumtaz
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Elamary R, Salem WM. Optimizing and purifying extracellular amylase from soil bacteria to inhibit clinical biofilm-forming bacteria. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10288. [PMID: 33194439 PMCID: PMC7643558 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial biofilms have become a major threat to human health. The objective of this study was to isolate amylase-producing bacteria from soil to determine the overall inhibition of certain pathogenic bacterial biofilms. Methods We used serial dilution and the streaking method to obtain a total of 75 positive amylase isolates. The starch-agar plate method was used to screen the amylolytic activities of these isolates, and we used morphological and biochemical methods to characterize the isolates. Optimal conditions for amylase production and purification using Sephadex G-200 and SDS-PAGE were monitored. We screened these isolates’ antagonistic activities and the purified amylase against pathogenic and multi-drug-resistant human bacteria using the agar disk diffusion method. Some standard antibiotics were controlled according to their degree of sensitivity. Finally, we used spectrophotometric methods to screen the antibiofilm 24 and 48 h after application of filtering and purifying enzymes in order to determine its efficacy at human pathogenic bacteria. Results The isolated Bacillus species were Bacillus megaterium (26.7%), Bacillus subtilis (16%), Bacillus cereus (13.3%), Bacillus thuringiesis (10.7%), Bacillus lentus (10.7%), Bacillus mycoides (5.3%), Bacillus alvei (5.3%), Bacillus polymyxa (4%), Bacillus circulans (4%), and Micrococcus roseus (4%). Interestingly, all isolates showed a high antagonism to target pathogens. B. alevi had the highest recorded activity (48 mm) and B. polymyxa had the lowest recorded activity (12 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli, respectively. On the other hand, we detected no antibacterial activity for purified amylase. The supernatant of the isolated amylase-producing bacteria and its purified amylase showed significant inhibition for biofilm: 93.7% and 78.8%, respectively. This suggests that supernatant and purified amylase may be effective for clinical and environmental biofilm control. Discussion Our results showed that soil bacterial isolates such as Bacillus sp. supernatant and its purified amylase are good antibiofilm tools that can inhibit multidrug-resistant former strains. They could be beneficial for pharmaceutical use. While purified amylase was effective as an antibiofilm, the isolated supernatant showed better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokaia Elamary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Wesam M Salem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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13
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Bomrungnok W, Arai T, Yoshihashi T, Sudesh K, Hatta T, Kosugi A. Direct production of polyhydroxybutyrate from waste starch by newly-isolated Bacillus aryabhattai T34-N4. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:3318-3328. [PMID: 30987543 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1608314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a natural microbial polyester produced by a variety of bacteria and archaea from renewable resources. PHB resembles some petrochemical plastics but is completely biodegradable. It is desirable to identify suitable microbial strains and develop processes that can directly use starch from agricultural wastes without commercial amylase treatment. Here, PHB production using starch from agricultural waste was developed using a newly isolated strain, Bacillus aryabhattai T34-N4. This strain hydrolyzed cassava pulp and oil palm trunk starch and accumulated up to 17 wt% PHB of the cell dry weight. The α-amylase of this strain, AmyA, showed high activity in the presence of cassava pulp starch (69.72 U) and oil palm trunk starch (70.53 U). High expression of amyA was recorded in the presence of cassava pulp starch, whereas low expression was detected in the presence of glucose. These data suggest that starch saccharification by amyA allows strain T34-N4 to grow and directly produce PHB from waste starch materials such as cassava pulp and oil palm trunk starch, which may be used as low-cost substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichittra Bomrungnok
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Arai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshihashi
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kumar Sudesh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tamao Hatta
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kosugi
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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14
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Sánchez Castelblanco EM, Heredia Martín JP, Buitrago Morales SM, Medina Rodríguez JP. Aislamiento e identificación de microorganismos potencialmente amilolíticos y celulolíticos de suelos de humedales de Bogotá. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v22n1.71278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Las amilasas y celulasas de origen microbiano se han utilizado desde hace más de tres décadas en la industria; el aislamiento de cepas microbianas nativas productoras de enzimas es el punto de partida para aprovechar la biodiversidad microbiana para la obtención de enzimas con propiedades para la obtención de nuevos productos en la optimización de procesos industriales. El objetivo de este trabajo, fue aislar, a partir de suelo de cinco humedales en Bogotá, cepas microbianas con capacidad para producir enzimas amilolíticas y celulolíticas. Se realizó la medición de halos de hidrólisis en agar almidón y agar carboximetilcelulosa. Se determinaron las unidades enzimáticas (U/ml/min) por medio de azúcares reductores por la técnica de DNS. Se seleccionaron cuatro cepas de Bacillus subtillis amiloliquefaciens productoras de amilasas con actividades entre 752±33 y 480 ± 35 U/ml/min a 60ºC y cinco cepas celulolíticas identificadas como Bacillus subtillis amiloliquefaciens, Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens y Yersinia massiliensis, capaces de producir celulasas con actividades enzimáticas entre 19.11 ± 2.3 y 13.82 ± 2.5 UA/ml/min a 50ºC. Con estos resultados se demostró que a partir de suelos de humedales, se pueden recuperar microrganismos con capacidad de producción enzimática, como punto de partida para una posterior aplicación en procesos industriales.
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15
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Assessment of biotechnological potentials of strains isolated from repasso olive pomace in Tunisia. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Du R, Zhao F, Qiao X, Song Q, Ye G, Wang Y, Wang B, Han Y, Zhou Z. Optimization and partial characterization of ca-independent α-amylase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BH1. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:768-774. [PMID: 30303444 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1504221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BH1 was evaluated for the generation of α-amylase. Culture conditions and medium components were optimized by a statistical approach for the optimal generation of α-amylase with response surface methodology (RSM) method. The Plackett-Burman (PB) design was executed to select the fermentation variables and Central composite design (CCD) for optimizing significant factors influencing production. The optimum levels for highest generation of α-amylase activity (198.26 ± 3.54 U/mL) were measured. A 1.69-fold improve generation was acquired in comparison with the non-optimized. Partial characterization of the α-amylase indicated optimal pH and temperature at 7.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Crude α-amylase maintained a constant pH range 5.0-8.0 and 30-70 °C. The α-amylase was independent of Ca2+, and the activity was inhibited by Fe3+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+. The thermo and pH stability of the α-amylase indicate its extensive application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Du
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Fangkun Zhao
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiao
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Qiaozhi Song
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Guangbin Ye
- b YoujiangMedical University for Nationalities , Guangxi , Baise , PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Binbin Wang
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Ye Han
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , PR China
| | - Zhijiang Zhou
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , PR China
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Sreena C, Sebastian D. Augmented cellulase production by Bacillus subtilis strain MU S1 using different statistical experimental designs. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:9-16. [PMID: 30647698 PMCID: PMC6296623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of cellulase by Bacillus subtilis MU S1, a strain isolated from Eravikulam National Park, was optimized using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and statistical methods. Physical parameters like incubation temperature and agitation speed were optimized using OFAT and found to be 40 °C and 150 rpm, respectively, whereas, medium was optimized by statistical tools. Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was employed to screen the significant variables that highly influence cellulase production. The design showed carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), yeast extract, NaCl, pH, MgSO4 and NaNO3 as the most significant components that affect cellulase production. Among these CMC, yeast extract, NaCl and pH showed positive effect whereas MgSO4 and NaNO3 were found to be significant at their lower levels. The optimum levels of the components that positively affect enzyme production were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). Three factors namely CMC, yeast extract and NaCl were studied at five levels whilst pH of the medium was kept constant at 7. The optimal levels of the components were CMC (13.46 g/l), yeast extract (8.38 g/l) and NaCl (6.31 g/l) at pH 7. The maximum cellulase activity in optimized medium was 566.66 U/ml which was close to the predicted activity of 541.05 U/ml. Optimization of physical parameters and medium components showed an overall 3.2-fold increase in activity compared to unoptimized condition (179.06 U/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denoj Sebastian
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala 673635, India
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18
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Aarti C, Khusro A, Agastian P. Goat dung as a feedstock for hyper-production of amylase from Glutamicibacter arilaitensis strain ALA4. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-017-0174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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19
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Construction of multilayer alginate hydrogel beads for oral delivery of probiotics cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:924-930. [PMID: 28736041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer alginate hydrogel beads (MAHBs), which were prepared by emulsion method, had been fabricated via the ionic crosslinking between calcium ion (Ca2+) and carboxylic group of alginate and utilized as encapsulating material for oral delivery of a model probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium breve. Optical and fluorescence microscopy obviously showed the microorganism cells were encapsulated in the core beads. The viability of B. breve cells encapsulated in MAHBs was significantly enhanced compared with ordinary free cultured ones, the top CFU per mL were (3.70±0.20)×107 and (2.61±0.22)×107 respectively. Meanwhile, B. breve cells encapsulated in MAHBs could still keep viability even after 12h' culture in the broth with pH value similar to gastric juice, while the free cultured cells had no activity in such culture condition. To test applicability of MAHBs for the delivery of microorganisms, a Gram-positive strain, Staphylococcus aureus, as well as a Gram-negative strain, Escherichia coli, were also employed and encapsulated in MAHBs. Similar to B. breve cells, the viability of encapsulated S. aureus cells and E. coli cells in extreme pH value environment were significantly promoted. In addition, a high α-amylase yielding efficiency Bacillus subtilis strain was found and encapsulated in MAHBs. Compared with control groups, MAHBs encapsulated B. subtilis cells produced more α-amylase after 240h' culture, while the release of this enzyme was sustained rather than the burst release like free cultured group, which means this system would not reduce metabolite yield while having long term sustained-release effect. In summary, MAHBs are favorable biological carrier, which has the potential of being applied to oral delivery of probiotics.
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Hasan MM, Marzan LW, Hosna A, Hakim A, Azad AK. Optimization of some fermentation conditions for the production of extracellular amylases by using Chryseobacterium and Bacillus isolates from organic kitchen wastes. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 15:59-68. [PMID: 30647642 PMCID: PMC6296612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amylolytic bacterial isolates were obtained by starch-agar plate method from municipal solid wastes. Six amylolytic bacteria were isolated and the best two isolates, named as DY and W1, were selected based on clear zone ratio. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis identified DY and W1 isolates as Chryseobacterium sp. and Bacillus sp., respectively. Amylase production was optimized using basal media. The maximum level of amylase production was achieved from Chryseobacterium and Bacillus isolates after 60 h and 48 h of cultivation, respectively. The optimal temperature, initial pH of the media, agitation and inoculum size were determined for the both isolates. Increased amylase production was observed when basal media were substituted with organic carbon and nitrogen sources. The optimum pH and temperature for amylase activity of the crude amylase of Chryseobacterium sp. were 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively and those of amylase from Bacillus sp. were pH 7.0 and 50 °C, correspondingly. The crude amylase from the Chryseobacterium sp. was stable at pH 5.0-6.0 and up to 40 °C but that from Bacillus sp. was stable at pH 7.0 and up to 30 °C. Amylases from both the isolates lost ∼50% activity when stored at room temperature for two days. Under the optimized fermentation conditions both Chryseobacterium and Bacillus isolates produced almost the similar amount of amylase with organic kitchen wastes compared to the basal media. Results reported herein support the notion that Chryseobacterium sp. and Bacillus sp. can be used to produce industrially important amylases by utilizing organic kitchen wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahbub Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Lolo Wal Marzan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Asamul Hosna
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Al Hakim
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh
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Biotechnological Processes in Microbial Amylase Production. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1272193. [PMID: 28280725 PMCID: PMC5322433 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1272193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Amylase is an important and indispensable enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the field of biotechnology. It is produced mainly from microbial sources and is used in many industries. Industrial sectors with top-down and bottom-up approaches are currently focusing on improving microbial amylase production levels by implementing bioengineering technologies. The further support of energy consumption studies, such as those on thermodynamics, pinch technology, and environment-friendly technologies, has hastened the large-scale production of the enzyme. Herein, the importance of microbial (bacteria and fungi) amylase is discussed along with its production methods from the laboratory to industrial scales.
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Optimization of Thermo-Alkali Stable Amylase Production and Biomass Yield from Bacillus sp. Under Submerged Cultivation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation3010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Purification and Characterization of a Thermostable β-Mannanase from Bacillus subtilis BE-91: Potential Application in Inflammatory Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6380147. [PMID: 27868067 PMCID: PMC5102710 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6380147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
β-mannanase has shown compelling biological functions because of its regulatory roles in metabolism, inflammation, and oxidation. This study separated and purified the β-mannanase from Bacillus subtilis BE-91, which is a powerful hemicellulose-degrading bacterium using a "two-step" method comprising ultrafiltration and gel chromatography. The purified β-mannanase (about 28.2 kDa) showed high specific activity (79, 859.2 IU/mg). The optimum temperature and pH were 65°C and 6.0, respectively. Moreover, the enzyme was highly stable at temperatures up to 70°C and pH 4.5-7.0. The β-mannanase activity was significantly enhanced in the presence of Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Al3+ and strongly inhibited by Ba2+ and Pb2+. Km and Vmax values for locust bean gum were 7.14 mg/mL and 107.5 μmol/min/mL versus 1.749 mg/mL and 33.45 µmol/min/mL for Konjac glucomannan, respectively. Therefore, β-mannanase purified by this work shows stability at high temperatures and in weakly acidic or neutral environments. Based on such data, the β-mannanase will have potential applications as a dietary supplement in treatment of inflammatory processes.
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Enhanced Production of Alpha Amylase by Exploiting Novel Bacterial Co-Culture Technique Employing Solid State Fermentation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSACTION A-SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-016-0015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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