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Ghosh S, Al-Sharify ZT, Maleka MF, Onyeaka H, Maleke M, Maolloum A, Godoy L, Meskini M, Rami MR, Ahmadi S, Al-Najjar SZ, Al-Sharify NT, Ahmed SM, Dehghani MH. Propolis efficacy on SARS-COV viruses: a review on antimicrobial activities and molecular simulations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58628-58647. [PMID: 35794320 PMCID: PMC9258455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21652-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This current study review provides a brief review of a natural bee product known as propolis and its relevance toward combating SARS-CoV viruses. Propolis has been utilized in medicinal products for centuries due to its excellent biological properties. These include anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and bactericidal activities. Furthermore, studies on molecular simulations show that flavonoids in propolis may reduce viral replication. While further research is needed to validate this theory, it has been observed that COVID-19 patients receiving propolis show earlier viral clearance, enhanced symptom recovery, quicker discharge from hospitals, and a reduced mortality rate relative to other patients. As a result, it appears that propolis could probably be useful in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Therefore, this review sought to explore the natural properties of propolis and further evaluated past studies that investigated propolis as an alternative product for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms. In addition, the review also highlights the possible mode of propolis action as well as molecular simulations of propolis compounds that may interact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The activity of propolis compounds in decreasing the impact of COVID-19-related comorbidities, the possible roles of such compounds as COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants, and the use of nutraceuticals in COVID-19 treatment, instead of pharmaceuticals, has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Zainab T Al-Sharify
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Bab-al-Mu'adhem, P.O. Box 14150, Baghdad, Iraq
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mathabatha Frank Maleka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maleke Maleke
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Alhaji Maolloum
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, PO BOX 46, Maroua, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO BOX 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Liliana Godoy
- Department of Fruit and Oenology, Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maryam Meskini
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Teheran, Iran
- Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Teheran, Iran
| | - Mina Rezghi Rami
- Department of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Ahmadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahad Z Al-Najjar
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Noor T Al-Sharify
- Medical Instrumentation Engineering Department, Al-Esraa University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sura M Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Evaluation of Effectiveness of a Toothpaste Containing Tea Tree Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Propolis on the Improvement of Oral Health in Patients Using Removable Partial Dentures. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134071. [PMID: 34279411 PMCID: PMC8271704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of toothpaste containing natural tea tree essential oil (TTO) and ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), on microflora and selected indicators of oral health in patients using removable acrylic partial dentures. Fifty patients with varying conditions of hygiene were divided into two groups. The study group received the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, while the control group received the same toothpaste but without TTO and EEP. At the first visit, oral hygiene and hygiene of the prostheses were carried out. Control visits took place 7 and 28 days later and compared to baseline. Indexes like API (Approximal Plaque Index), mSBI (modified Sulcus Bleeding Index), OHI-s (simplified Oral Hygiene Index), and DPI (Denture Plaque Index) were assessed in three subsequent stages, and swabs were collected from floor of the mouth area to assess the microbiota. After 7 and 28 days of using the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, a statistically significant decrease of the examined indicator values were observed in the study group as compared to the values upon the initial visit. The number of isolated strains of microorganisms in the study group was decreased or maintained at the same level, whereas in the control group an increase in the number of isolated strains was observed. The observed stabilization of oral microbiota in patients from the study group confirms the beneficial activity of toothpaste containing EEP and TTO compared to the control group.
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González-Serrano J, López-Pintor RM, Cecilia-Murga R, Torres J, Hernández G, López-Quiles J. Application of propolis extract, nanovitamin C and nanovitamin E to prevent alveolar osteitis after impacted lower third molar surgery. A randomized, double-blind, split-mouth, pilot study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2021; 26:e118-e125. [PMID: 33609021 PMCID: PMC7980291 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propolis has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and healing properties. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a gel containing 2% of propolis extract, 0.2% of ascorbic acid and 0.2% of tocopherol acetate is effective in preventing surgical complications related to impacted lower third molar extractions. MATERIAL AND METHODS A randomized, double-blind, split-mouth study was performed. Fifteen patients were recruited who needed bilateral impacted lower third molar extractions with a similar surgical difficulty. A test or placebo gel was administered randomly inside post-extraction sockets. Each patient was instructed to apply the gel 3 times/day in the surgical wound for a week. After a month, the contralateral third molar was extracted, and the opposite gel applied. The following parameters were diagnosed/evaluated and then recorded: alveolar osteitis following Blum's criteria, swelling and trismus at day one, two, three and seven post-intervention, wound healing at day 7 post-intervention, and postoperative pain using a visual analog scale, as well as, the number of analgesic pill intake. RESULTS A total of twenty-six surgical procedures were performed in 13 patients (mean age 20.67±2 years). Alveolar osteitis was reported in 3 patients from the placebo group (23.1%) and none in the test group (0%) (p=0.25). No statistically significant differences were reported in swelling, trismus, wound healing or analgesic pill consumption between two groups. But statistically lower postoperative pain during the 7 days after surgical extractions was found according to visual analog scale in test group compared to the placebo group (p=0.007). No side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS The application of this gel may be effective in preventing alveolitis and thus reducing postoperative pain after impacted third molar extractions. More randomized clinical trials with larger sample are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J González-Serrano
- Departamento de Especialidades Clínicas Odontológicas Facultad de Odontología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Highly efficient antibiofilm and antifungal activity of green propolis against Candida species in dentistry materials. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228828. [PMID: 33362254 PMCID: PMC7757894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of green propolis extract on the adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida species in dentistry materials. Phytochemical analysis of green propolis extract was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Adhesion was quantified by counting the number of yeast cells adherent to dental material fragments in a Neubauer chamber. Biofilm formation was determined by counting colony-forming units recovered from dental material fragments. The intensity of biofilm adhesion was classified as negative, weak, moderate, strong, or very strong. Fifteen compounds, mainly flavonoids, were identified in green propolis extract. All strains adhered to and formed biofilms on the surfaces of the orthodontic materials studied. On steel and resin, yeast cell adhesion intensities were weak at all incubation times, except for those of Candida parapsilosis and C. tropicalis, which were moderate at 12 h. At 24 and 48 h, C. albicans formed biofilms on steel with moderate adhesion affinities; at 24 and 48 h, C. parapsilosis formed biofilms with very strong affinities. C. tropicalis formed biofilms with strong and very strong affinities at 24 and 48 h, respectively. On resin, all species displayed strong affinity for biofilm formation at 24 and 48 h, except for C. tropicalis, which displayed very strong affinity at only 48 h. Green propolis extract displayed antifungal activity and inhibited both adhesion and biofilm formation at 2.5 μg/mL. This study reinforces the idea that green propolis has antifungal activity and interferes with the virulence of Candida species.
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Godbole E, Tyagi S, Kulkarni P, Singla S, Mali S, Helge S. Efficacy of Liquorice and Propolis Extract Used as Cavity Cleaning Agents against Streptococcus mutans in Deciduous Molars Using Confocal Microscopy: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 12:194-200. [PMID: 31708614 PMCID: PMC6811949 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/introduction Cavity disinfection before restoration aids in reducing the number of residual bacteria, thus, decreasing the rate of secondary caries. Propolis, at low concentrations, inhibits the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Liquorice roots are known to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Aim and objectives Evaluation and comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of liquorice and propolis extract gels used as cavity cleaning agents against Streptococcus mutans in deciduous molars by confocal laser scanning microscopy (in vitro study). Materials and methods Liquorice and propolis extracts were converted into gels after recording the minimum inhibition concentration. Class I cavity was prepared on 135 extracted deciduous molars and subjected to inoculation with S. mutans. Teeth were randomly divided into groups I, II, and III which were treated with gels of liquorice, propolis, and distilled water, respectively, for 60, 120, and 180 seconds each. Specimens were sectioned and stained with fluorescent dyes and observed under a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The data obtained were statistically evaluated. Results The mean nonviable/viable bacterial count and the depth of penetration were found to be maximum in group I and minimum in group III. A statistically significant difference was found to be between groups I and II and groups I and III, while with groups II and III, it was nonsignificant at all 60, 120, and 180 seconds. The bacterial depth penetration between groups I and II at 180 seconds was nonsignificant. Conclusion and clinical significance Though liquorice showed better antimicrobial potential as compared to propolis extract, both can be used efficiently as cavity disinfectants. How to cite this article Godbole E, Tyagi S, et al. Efficacy of Liquorice and Propolis Extract Used as Cavity Cleaning Agents against Streptococcus mutans in Deciduous Molars Using Confocal Microscopy: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(3):194–200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Godbole
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Tyagi
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parimala Kulkarni
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shilpy Singla
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Mali
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Surabhi Helge
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, People's College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Carvalho CD, Fernandes WHC, Mouttinho TBF, Souza DMD, Marcucci MC, D’Alpino PHP. Evidence-Based Studies and Perspectives of the Use of Brazilian Green and Red Propolis in Dentistry. Eur J Dent 2019; 13:459-465. [PMID: 31795009 PMCID: PMC6890504 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1700598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the evidence and perspectives of dental use of the green and red propolis produced in Brazil by Apis mellifera L. Multiple applications of propolis were found considering its antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, and healing properties. Its therapeutic effects are mainly due to the presence of alcohols, aldehydes, aliphatic acids, aliphatic esters, amino acids, aromatic acids, aromatic esters, flavonoids, hydrocarbyl esters, ethers, fatty acids, ketones, terpenes, steroids, and sugars. Propolis has been mainly used in dentistry in the composition of dentifrices and mouthwashes. Studies have also demonstrated promising use against dentin hypersensitivity, root canal treatment, Candida albicans, and other microorganisms. Overall review of the literature presented here demonstrated that both Brazilian green and red propolis are effective for the problems of multiple etiologies that affect the oral cavity in different dental specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria Cristina Marcucci
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemometrics, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto sensu em Farmácia, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto sensu em Biotecnologia e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Perlatti D’Alpino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto sensu em Biotecnologia e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto sensu em Ensino de Ciências em Saúde, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vlachojannis C, Chrubasik-Hausmann S, Hellwig E, Vach K, Al-Ahmad A. Activity of preparations from Spilanthes oleracea, propolis, Nigella sativa, and black garlic on different microorganisms involved in oral diseases and on total human salivary bacteria: A pilot study. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1992-2001. [PMID: 29938856 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to continuous rise in antibiotic resistance, there is a need for alternative treatment options to reduce the levels of oral pathogens for the maintenance of oral as well as overall health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial potential of tinctures of Spilanthes oleracea and propolis, Nigella seed oil, and an ethanolic extract of black garlic on microorganisms involved in oral diseases. Both the minimum inhibitory concentration assay and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration assay were used in this study. Inhibition effects against total human salivary bacteria were also determined. Our results show that all of the preparations tested had potent antimicrobial activities. When measured 10 min after exposure, even low concentrations of the propolis tincture were found to have killed more than 99% of salivary bacteria, whereas Spilanthes tincture and black garlic extract killed more than 90% and Nigella seed oil more than 60% of the pathogens. This suggests that all preparations are promising candidates for the use in oral health care products and that all have the potential to control biofilm associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vlachojannis
- University of Freiburg, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sigrun Chrubasik-Hausmann
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- University of Freiburg, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- University of Freiburg, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
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The Influence of Toothpaste Containing Australian Melaleuca alternifolia Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Oral Hygiene and Microbiome in Patients Requiring Conservative Procedures. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111957. [PMID: 29137160 PMCID: PMC6150324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was based on the use of a toothpaste with antiphlogistic activity, containing Australian Melaleuca alternifolia oil (tea tree oil—TTO) and ethanolic extract of Polish propolis (EEP). Fifty-one patients with varying conditions of the gingiva were divided into two groups. The study group received the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, while the control group received the same toothpaste but without TTO and EEP. Approximal plaque index (API), simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-s) and modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI) were assessed in three subsequent stages. During each examination, swabs were employed for microbiological inoculation. During the period of use of toothpastes with TTO and EEP, a significant reduction of the API was observed, as assessed upon the control visit after 7 days and after 28 days, compared to baseline. A statistically significant reduction of mSBI was observed after 7 and 28 days of using the toothpaste with TTO and EEP, as compared to the value upon the initial visit. Statistically significant differences in the OHI-s value were observed in the study group, which was using the active toothpaste. The use of a toothpaste containing TTO and EEP helps to maintain microbiome balance. The observed stabilisation of bacterial microflora confirms the beneficial activity of toothpaste containing EEP and TTO compared to the control group, where the lack of these substances contributed to the emergence of qualitative and quantitative changes in oral microbiome.
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Oral Health of Patients Treated with Acrylic Partial Dentures Using a Toothpaste Containing Bee Product. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4034179. [PMID: 28265291 PMCID: PMC5317110 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4034179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the influence of a propolis and tee tree oil-containing hygienic agent on selected oral health parameters, oral microflora, and the condition of periodontal health. Thirty-seven patients who underwent oral rehabilitation with a removable acrylic denture were selected and randomly assigned into two groups: study group (A) which received a newly formulated propolis and tee tree oil-containing toothpaste or a control group (C) without an active ingredient. API, S-OHI, and mSBI were assessed in three subsequent stages. During each examination swabs were employed for microbiological inoculation: in the study group after 4 weeks use of the active toothpaste showed a decrease in the number of isolated microorganisms. In the control group, after 4 weeks use of the toothpaste without active ingredients resulted in increase in the number of the isolated microorganisms. Improvements in hygiene and the condition of periodontium were observed in patients using active toothpastes. In the study group the oral flora diversity was reduced by the decrease in the number of cultured microorganism species, while in the control group an increase in the number of cultured microorganisms and their species was observed.
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Sforcin JM. Biological Properties and Therapeutic Applications of Propolis. Phytother Res 2016; 30:894-905. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Sforcin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP; 18618-970 Botucatu SP Brazil
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