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Wang Y, Ji R, Yu B. Assessing the anti-inflammatory effects of whole-body vibration: a meta-analysis based on pre-clinical and clinical evidences. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 13:68-87. [PMID: 39022791 PMCID: PMC11249855 DOI: 10.62347/llgy4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a commonly used physical exercise for disease prevention and rehabilitation. Recent studies indicated the beneficial mechanism of WBV may be associated with its anti-inflammatory potential, however, its regulatory roles on different inflammatory mediators remained controversial. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to re-confirm the effects of WBV exercise on various inflammatory factors. METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to September 2023 to collect all articles comparing WBV with control (or post-pre trials). The effect size was expressed as the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS A total of 31 eligible studies were included, including 14 pre-clinical and 17 clinical studies. The meta-analysis of pre-clinical studies showed that compared with the control group, WBV exercise could significantly reduce the level of IL-6 (SMD: -1.03, 95% CI: -1.93, -0.13), TNF-α (SMD: -1.36, 95% CI: -2.54, -0.17) (for disease subgroup), IL-1β (SMD: -2.20, 95% CI: -3.24, -1.15), IFN-γ (SMD: -1.91, 95% CI: -2.71, -1.12), IL-4 (SMD: -0.71, 95% CI: -1.39, -0.03) and IL-17 (SMD: -1.32, 95% CI: -2.05, -0.59) overall. Pooling of clinical studies revealed WBV exercise significantly reduced the level of TNF-α (WBV vs control: SMD: -1.11, 95% CI: -2.16, -0.06; post vs pre: SMD: -1.29, 95% CI: -1.91, -0.67), CRP (SMD: -3.59, 95% CI: -6.36, -0.82, P = 0.011) and enhanced the level of IL-10 (WBV vs control: SMD: 2.90, 95% CI: 1.10, 4.71; post vs pre: SMD: 1.75, 95% CI: 0.64, 2.87) and IL-6 (SMD: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.31, 1.52) (healthy subgroup). CONCLUSION WBV may be an effective prevention and rehabilitation tool for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai First People’s HospitalShanghai 200080, China
| | - Renxin Ji
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Shanghai Sanda UniversityShanghai 201209, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai First People’s HospitalShanghai 200080, China
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Monirujjaman M, Renani LB, Isesele P, Dunichand-Hoedl AR, Mazurak VC. Increased Expression of Hepatic Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD)-1 and Depletion of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Content following Cytotoxic Cancer Therapy Are Reversed by Dietary Fish Oil. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043547. [PMID: 36834959 PMCID: PMC9962117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment evokes impediments to liver metabolism that culminate in fatty liver. This study determined hepatic fatty acid composition and expression of genes and mediators involved in lipid metabolism following chemotherapy treatment. Female rats bearing the Ward colon tumor were administered Irinotecan (CPT-11) +5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and maintained on a control diet or a diet containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (2.3 g/100 g fish oil). Healthy animals provided with a control diet served as a reference group. Livers were collected one week after chemotherapy. Triacylglycerol (TG), phospholipid (PL), ten lipid metabolism genes, leptin, and IL-4 were measured. Chemotherapy increased TG content and reduced EPA content in the liver. Expression of SCD1 was upregulated by chemotherapy, while dietary fish oil downregulated its expression. Dietary fish oil down-regulated expression of the fatty acid synthesis gene FASN, while restoring the long chain fatty acid converting genes FADS2 and ELOVL2, and genes involved in mitochondrial β-oxidation (CPT1α) and lipid transport (MTTP1), to values similar to reference animals. Neither leptin nor IL-4 were affected by chemotherapy or diet. Depletion of EPA is associated with pathways evoking enhanced TG accumulation in the liver. Restoring EPA through diet may pose a dietary strategy to attenuate chemotherapy-associated impediments in liver fatty acid metabolism.
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Jiang D, Liu C, Chen Y, Xing X, Zheng D. Whole body vibration activates AMPK/CPT1 signaling pathway of skeletal muscle in young and aging mice based on metabolomics study. Endocr J 2022; 69:585-596. [PMID: 34955464 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-body vibration (WBV) can improve skeletal muscle function in aging mice, but whether the effect on young and aging skeletal muscle is consistent has not been studied. We selected C57BL/6J mouse models, which were divided into young control group (YC), young vibration group (YV), aging control group (AC) and aging vibration group (AV). After 12 weeks of WBV, we found that compared with the YC group, the pathways of linoleic acid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism improved significantly in the YV group. Compared with the AC group, the pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, pentose and glucuronate interconversions and pentose phosphate pathway improved significantly in the AV group. Furthermore, we found that WBV decreased triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in aging mice, improved mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased the expression of phosphorylated activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1B (CPT1B) in the skeletal muscle of young and aging mice. Our study revealed that WBV mainly improved lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways of skeletal muscle in young mice and mainly improved lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism pathways of skeletal muscle in aging mice. WBV can activate the AMPK/CPT1 signaling pathway and improve mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle in both young and aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingwen Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Ye Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuejiao Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Danmeng Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
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Peng G, Yang L, Wu CY, Zhang LL, Wu CY, Li F, Shi HW, Hou J, Zhang LM, Ma X, Xiong J, Pan H, Zhang GQ. Whole body vibration training improves depression-like behaviors in a rat chronic restraint stress model. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104926. [PMID: 33276022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that brings great harm and burden to both patients and society. This study aimed to examine the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) training on a chronic restraint stress (CRS) induced depression rat model and provide an initial understanding of related molecular mechanisms. Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: a) control group, b) depressive disorder group, and c) depression with WBV training treatment group. Daily food intake, body weight, sucrose preference test, open field test, elevated plus maze, forced swimming test, and Barnes maze task tests were performed. Immunofluorescence staining and ELISA analysis were used to assess neuronal damage, synaptic proteins, glial cells, and trophic factors. The data of behavioral tests and related biochemical indicators were statistically analyzed and compared between groups. Rats undergoing CRS showed increased anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment, along with synaptic atrophy and neuronal degeneration. WBV could reverse behavioral dysfunction, inhibit the degeneration of neurons, alleviate the damage of neurons and the pathological changes of glial cells, enhance trophic factor expression, and ameliorate the downregulation of dendritic and synaptic proteins after CRS. The effect of WBV in rats may be mediated via the reduction of hippocampal neuronal degeneration and by improving expression of synaptic proteins. WBV training exerts multifactorial benefits on MDD that supports its use as a promising new therapeutic option for improving depression-like behaviors in the depressive and/or potentially depressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcong Peng
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Chong Y Wu
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Ling L Zhang
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Chun Y Wu
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Fan Li
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Hai W Shi
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Li M Zhang
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Hongying Pan
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China.
| | - Guang Q Zhang
- Cognitive & Sports Neuroscience Laboratory, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, China.
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Dinas PC, Krase A, Nintou E, Georgakopoulos A, Granzotto M, Metaxas M, Karachaliou E, Rossato M, Vettor R, Georgoulias P, S Mayor T, Koutsikos J, Athanasiou K, Ioannou LG, Gkiata P, Carrillo AE, Koutedakis Y, Metsios GS, Jamurtas AZ, Chatziioannou S, Flouris AD. Human white-fat thermogenesis: Experimental and meta-analytic findings. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 8:39-52. [PMID: 33553504 PMCID: PMC7849687 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1769530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) thermogenic activity may play a role in whole-body energy balance and two of its main regulators are thought to be environmental temperature (Tenv) and exercise. Low Tenv may increase uncoupling protein one (UCP1; the main biomarker of thermogenic activity) in WAT to regulate body temperature. On the other hand, exercise may stimulate UCP1 in WAT, which is thought to alter body weight regulation. However, our understanding of the roles (if any) of Tenv and exercise in WAT thermogenic activity remains incomplete. Our aim was to examine the impacts of low Tenv and exercise on WAT thermogenic activity, which may alter energy homeostasis and body weight regulation. We conducted a series of four experimental studies, supported by two systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We found increased UCP1 mRNA (p = 0.03; but not protein level) in human WAT biopsy samples collected during the cold part of the year, a finding supported by a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO review protocol: CRD42019120116). Additional clinical trials (NCT04037371; NCT04037410) using Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) revealed no impact of low Tenv on human WAT thermogenic activity (p > 0.05). Furthermore, we found no effects of exercise on UCP1 mRNA or protein levels (p > 0.05) in WAT biopsy samples from a human randomized controlled trial (Clinical trial: NCT04039685), a finding supported by systematic review and meta-analytic data (PROSPERO review protocol: CRD42019120213). Taken together, the present experimental and meta-analytic findings of UCP1 and SUVmax, demonstrate that cold and exercise may play insignificant roles in human WAT thermogenic activity. Abbreviations: WAT:White adipose tissue; Tenv: Environmental temperature; UCP1: Uncoupling protein one; BAT: Brown adipose tissue; BMI:Body mass index; mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses; PET/CT: Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography; REE: Resting energy expenditure; 18F-FDG: F18 fludeoxyglucose; VO2peak:Peak oxygen consumption; 1RM: One repetition maximum; SUVmax: Maximum standardized uptake value; Std: Standardized mean difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros C Dinas
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.,Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK
| | - Argyro Krase
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Eleni Nintou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Marnie Granzotto
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marinos Metaxas
- PET/CT Department, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Karachaliou
- PET/CT Department, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marco Rossato
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Internal Medicine 3, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Tiago S Mayor
- SIMTECH Laboratory, Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Engineering Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - John Koutsikos
- Nuclear Medicine Department, 401 General Military Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Leonidas G Ioannou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Gkiata
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Andres E Carrillo
- Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK.,School of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - George S Metsios
- Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, UK
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- School of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Sofia Chatziioannou
- PET/CT Department, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
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Whole Body Vibration Retards Progression of Atherosclerosis via Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4934861. [PMID: 29707570 PMCID: PMC5863334 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4934861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Whole body vibration (WBV) has a marked impact on lipid metabolism and the endocrine system, which is related to the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). To investigate the effects of WBV, we measured the atherosclerotic plaque area of apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE−/−) AS mice, which were trained by WBV (15 Hz, 30 min) for 12 weeks. Simultaneously, serum levels of lipids, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the mRNA and protein levels of the same in the aorta were compared between the control and WBV groups. The results indicated that WBV significantly reduced the atherosclerotic plaque area with lower very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in the blood. Moreover, the levels of IGF-1 in serum and expression of IL-6, IGF-1R, and p-IGF-1R protein in the mice aorta decreased significantly in the WBV group. In addition, we found that serum IGF-1 in mice increased to the highest concentration in 30 min after WBV for 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. These results suggested that appropriate WBV may delay the progression of AS, which was associated with acutely elevated serum IGF-1 and lower levels of IGF-1 and IL-6 in the aorta for long-term treatment.
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The effect of maternal chromium status on lipid metabolism in female elderly mice offspring and involved molecular mechanism. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160362. [PMID: 28320771 PMCID: PMC5408666 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition leads to the incidence of metabolic diseases in offspring. The purpose of this project was to examine whether maternal low chromium could disturb normal lipid metabolism in offspring, altering adipose cell differentiation and leading to the incidence of lipid metabolism diseases, including metabolic syndrome and obesity. Female C57BL mice were given a control diet (CD) or a low chromium diet (LCD) during the gestational and lactation periods. After weaning, offspring was fed with CD or LCD. The female offspring were assessed at 32 weeks of age. Fresh adipose samples from CD–CD group and LCD–CD group were collected. Genome mRNA were analysed using Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Gene 2.0 ST Whole Transcript-based array. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analysed based on gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis database. Maternal low chromium irreversibly increased offspring body weight, fat-pad weight, serum triglyceride (TG) and TNF-α. Eighty five genes increased and 109 genes reduced in the offspring adipose of the maternal low chromium group. According to KEGG pathway and String analyses, the PPAR signalling pathway may be the key controlled pathway related to the effect of maternal low chromium on female offspring. Maternal chromium status have long-term effects of lipid metabolism in female mice offspring. Normalizing offspring diet can not reverse these effects. The potential underlying mechanisms are the disturbance of the PPAR signalling pathway in adipose tissue.
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Mitochondria in White, Brown, and Beige Adipocytes. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6067349. [PMID: 27073398 PMCID: PMC4814709 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6067349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in energy metabolism in many tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscle, brain, liver, and adipose tissue. Three types of adipose depots can be identified in mammals, commonly classified according to their colour appearance: the white (WAT), the brown (BAT), and the beige/brite/brown-like (bAT) adipose tissues. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy and BAT is predominantly responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis. Recent data suggest that adipocyte mitochondria might play an important role in the development of obesity through defects in mitochondrial lipogenesis and lipolysis, regulation of adipocyte differentiation, apoptosis, production of oxygen radicals, efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, and regulation of conversion of white adipocytes into brown-like adipocytes. This review summarizes the main characteristics of each adipose tissue subtype and describes morphological and functional modifications focusing on mitochondria and their activity in healthy and unhealthy adipocytes.
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Chen YP, Tsai CW, Hsieh DJY, Shen CY, Ho TJ, Padma VV, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) switches energy signalling from the PKCζ-GLUT4-glucose pathway back to the SIRT1-CD36-fatty acid pathway similar to resveratrol to ameliorate cardiac myocyte lipotoxicity. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Programmed regulation of rat offspring adipogenic transcription factor (PPARγ) by maternal nutrition. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 6:530-8. [PMID: 26286138 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415001440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We determined the protein expression of adipogenic transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and its co-repressor and co-activator complexes in adipose tissue from the obese offspring of under- and over-nourished dams. Female rats were fed either a high-fat (60% kcal) or control (10% kcal) diet before mating, and throughout pregnancy and lactation (Mat-OB). Additional dams were 50% food-restricted from pregnancy day 10 to term [intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR)]. Adipose tissue protein expression was analyzed in newborn and adult male offspring. Normal birth weight Mat-OB and low birth weight IUGR newborns had upregulated PPARγ with variable changes in co-repressors and co-activators. As obese adults, Mat-OB and IUGR offspring had increased PPARγ with decreased co-repressor and increased co-activator expression. Nutritionally programmed increased PPARγ expression is associated with altered expression of its co-regulators in the newborn and adult offspring. Functional studies of PPARγ co-regulators are necessary to establish their role in PPARγ-mediated programmed obesity.
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