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Abdulrahman MA, Alkass SY, Mohammed NI. Total and free vitamin D status among apparently healthy adults living in Duhok Governorate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1778. [PMID: 35110608 PMCID: PMC8810798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum total 25‐OHD is a main marker of vitamin D which represents the intake and sunlight exposure. Free form of 25‐OHD, the small fraction not bound to a transporter protein has been incorporated as a new marker. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the impact of several factors on total and free vitamin D levels in healthy subjects and to find out if the free form of vitamin D could be a better representative of the body’s vitamin D status. Total and free 25‐OHD were analyzed by ELISA method in a blood sample collected from 391 apparently healthy volunteers (219 female and 172 Male) from Duhok Governorate/Iraq population. Total and free 25‐OHD levels were increased proportionally to BMI with lower values seen in the underweight group, also a significant gender differences in total D3 level with higher values in males (23.90 ± 16.41) ng/ml than females (21.24 ± 15.65) ng/ml was observed. Total and Free 25‐OHD levels were significantly associated with ages, their deficiency most frequent occurs in the younger ages between (16–25) years old. Smokers had higher level of Total 25‐OHD (26.95 ± 19.01) ng/ml and Free 25‐OHD (9.47 ± 4.94) pg/ml than nonsmokers (22.14 ± 14.59) ng/ml and (7.87 ± 4.32) pg/ml respectively. A significant increase in Free 25‐OHD level in the veiled women (9.12 ± 4.64) ng/ml than unveiled (6.16 ± 3.73) ng/ml with a significant positive correlation between Free 25‐OHD level and dress style was also seen. 30% and 33% of the participants whom their daily exposure to sunlight for 30 min and > 1 h respectively were severe deficient in total 25‐OHD. 95% of the participants who had Abnormally low level of free D were exposed for ≥ 30 min to sunlight. Daily exposure to sunlight was negatively associated with Free 25‐OHD level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Abdulkareem Abdulrahman
- Department of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Duhok Polytechnic University, 61 Zakho Road, 1006 Mazi Qr., P.O.Box 101, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Suad Yousif Alkass
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Duhok, 1006 AJ, Iraq
| | - Noor Isam Mohammed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq
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Al Asoom LI, Al Afandi DT, Al Abdulhadi AS, Rafique N, Chathoth S, Al Sunni AA. Protective Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms rs1861868-FTO and rs7975232-VDR and Obesity in Saudi Females. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:235-241. [PMID: 32547165 PMCID: PMC7266403 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s251466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a major health threat worldwide. It predisposes individuals to diabetes, cardiovascular complications, and cancer. Genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the increasing incidence of obesity. In this study, we investigated the genetic factors associated with obesity in young Saudi women. Subjects and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 131 young Saudi female students were recruited. Body mass index (BMI), waist–hip ratio, blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and vitamin D3 levels of the subjects were determined. Twelve SNPs of different genes that showed a correlation with obesity in different population were tested, namely GNPDA2 (rs10938397), TCF7L2 (rs10885409), FTO (rs1477196), ADIPOQ (rs1501299), MC4R (rs17782313), ABCA1 (rs1800977), FTO (rs1861868), VDR (rs2228570), VDR (rs731236), VDR (rs7975232), ADIPOQ (rs266729), and PFPK (rs6602024). Student’s t-test was conducted for all parameters. Pearson correlation was performed to identify the correlated variables. The frequencies of different risk alleles were determined by direct counting of the test allele divided by the total number of alleles and compared. Results Only two SNPs, rs1861868 of FTO and rs7975232 of VDR, of the twelve tested SNPs showed significant protective associations with the BMI with odds ratio 0.3886 (0.1761–0.8572); p 0.0192 and odds ratio 0.4563 (0.2343–0.8888); p 0.0211, respectively. Conclusion The current study showed that minor alleles, “T” of FTO and “A” of VDR, might be protective factors against increased BMI in young Saudi female subjects. To elucidate this association, further studies with larger sample size involving both sexes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Ibrahim Al Asoom
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Tariq Al Afandi
- Pediatrics Department, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nazish Rafique
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahanas Chathoth
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Al Sunni
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Abu-Samak MS, AbuRuz ME, Masa'Deh R, Khuzai R, Jarrah S. Correlation of selected stress associated factors with vitamin D deficiency in Jordanian men and women. Int J Gen Med 2019; 12:225-233. [PMID: 31303782 PMCID: PMC6612048 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s198175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To identify stress associated factors for vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in healthy Jordanian people based on serum 25(OH)D levels. Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Three hundred and seventy-one Jordanian men and women aged 17–52 years, who were identified as VD deficient 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL, were eligible to participate in the study. Serum vitamin 25(OH) D was measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Cortisol, parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate, fasting lipid profile, and blood glucose were also analyzed. Questionnaires were used to collect lifestyles parameters. Anthropometric parameters including: body mass index (BMI), waist (W) and hip (H) circumferences, W/H ratio (WHR) were also calculated. Results: The vast majority (91%) of the participants had vitamin D deficiency (25- (OH) D <30 ng/mL). Positive correlations were observed between vitamin D deficiency and the following anthropometric parameters in all study sample; gender (P=0.010), height (P=0.22), height/hip ratio (P=0.015) and waist/hip ratio (P=0.013). Lifestyle parameters that indicated very weak positive correlations with VDD were number of family members (P=0.011) and insufficient exposure to sunlight (P=0.023). The following clinical parameters showed weak or very weak correlations with VDD; serum cortisol (r=0.318), low density lipoprotein (r=0.246) and total cholesterol (r=0.133). Skin color and water pipe tobacco smoking were added to the multivariable stepwise regression analyses as they have been weakly correlated with VDD. These predictors together explained only 12.2% of the variance in serum cortisol levels in the VDD study sample. Conclusion: A weak positive association between VDD and elevated serum cortisol was observed in this study. Subcutaneous changes may be involved in that association but further studies are needed to clarify a potential role for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S Abu-Samak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohannad Eid AbuRuz
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rami Masa'Deh
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rula Khuzai
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Samiha Jarrah
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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Altowijri A, Alloubani A, Abdulhafiz I, Saleh A. Impact of Nutritional and Environmental Factors on Vitamin D Deficiency. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2569-2574. [PMID: 30256062 PMCID: PMC6249461 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.9.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D can be obtained through a variety of food sources; however, ultraviolet rays in the sunlight can convert a natural substance in the skin known as ergosterol to vitamin D. Aim: This study aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors linked to vitamin D deficiency among a group of apparently healthy young male and female Tabuk citizens in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study that comprised a convenience sampling method of 350 male and female Tabuk citizens. Results: The results indicated a generalized vitamin D deficiency and severe deficiency among the participants, where 74.57% of the population had vitamin D deficiency, and 25.43% reported vitamin D sufficiency. There was a significant positive correlation among the BMI, exercise, exposure to sunlight, vitamin D intake, and calcium intake with vitamin D status (r = 0.574,** 0.525,** 0.515,** 0.466 and 0.465** at p-value < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The present study indicates vitamin D deficiency to be relatively common even among the population of Saudi Arabia, a country receiving adequate sunlight. Also, Vitamin D and calcium supplementation can prove to be beneficial in correcting the deficiency. Moreover, the individuals at a higher risk of vitamin insufficiency, such as women, need to be educated on the health benefits of vitamin D and calcium supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albaraa Altowijri
- Department of Hematology- Oncology, Vontz Center for molecular studies, University of Cincinnati, OH,USA.
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Alzaheb RA. The Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Women of Reproductive Age in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2018; 11:1179562X18767884. [PMID: 29662333 PMCID: PMC5896848 DOI: 10.1177/1179562x18767884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is currently a worldwide epidemic. Middle Eastern countries, including Saudi Arabia, have high vitamin D deficiency prevalence, most prominently among women, despite their plentiful year-round sunshine. Previous research investigating vitamin D status among Saudi women of reproductive age (15-49 years) is scarce, and no study has used a nationally representative sample, so this review quantified overall hypovitaminosis D prevalence among women in Saudi Arabia and explored the associated risk factors. The Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline databases were searched for prior studies in Saudi Arabia exploring vitamin D status among women of reproductive age, published between January 1, 2000 and May 25, 2017. Data were extracted from the identified studies, and a random effects model meta-analysis established the overall hypovitaminosis D prevalence. The initial search yielded 223 possibly relevant articles; 13 were confirmed as eligible, with samples totaling 2877 women aged between 15 and 49 years. Meta-analysis revealed a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 25(OH)D, level of 13.1 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.6-14.6) and an overall prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, defined as 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL, of 77.4% (95% CI: 63.2-87.3), mostly due to insufficient sunlight exposure and low dietary vitamin D intake. There is therefore a need for a national strategy to raise vitamin D levels among women in Saudi Arabia by advising them on natural vitamin D sources, and recommending the timing and duration of sun exposure, while also defining a national approach to vitamin D fortification and supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyadh A Alzaheb
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Current Evidence on Vitamin D Deficiency and Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children: What Does the Evidence from Saudi Arabia Tell Us? CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5010011. [PMID: 29342981 PMCID: PMC5789293 DOI: 10.3390/children5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and vitamin D deficiency represent major health problems among Saudi children, and have been linked to chronic diseases. Obese children are at risk of developing vitamin D deficiency, which appears to have negative influences on energy homeostasis, impeded bone mineralisation, insulin resistance and inflammation. Evidence supporting the association between vitamin D deficiency of obese children and metabolic syndrome has not specifically been studied in early childhood. The mechanisms through which vitamin D deficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome in obese children needs further elucidation. This commentary aims to (i) summarise current knowledge of the association between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome in obese children; and (ii) discuss current evidence for the association among Saudi Arabian children.
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Livadariu R, Timofte D, Trifan A, Danila R, Ionescu L, Sîngeap A, Ciobanu D. VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, A NONINVASIVE MARKER OF STEATOHEPATITIS IN PATIENTS WITH OBESITY AND BIOPSY PROVEN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2018; 14:76-84. [PMID: 31149239 PMCID: PMC6516593 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2018.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes simple steatosis, steatohepatitis (NASH) which can evolve with progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As liver biopsy cannot be used as a screening method, noninvasive markers are needed. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test if there is a significant association between vitamin D deficit and the severity of NAFLD. DESIGN The patients were divided into two groups (vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency) and statistical analyses were performed on the correlation of clinical and biochemical characteristics with histopathological hepatic changes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We prospectively studied 64 obese patients referred for bariatric surgery between 2014 and 2016 to our Surgical Unit. Anthropometric, clinical measurements, general and specific biological balance were noted. NAFLD diagnosis and activity score (NAS) were evaluated on liver biopsies. RESULTS Increased serum fibrinogen was correlated with NASH (p=0.005) and higher NAS grade. T2DM was positively correlated with liver fibrosis (p=0.002). 84.37% of the patients had vitamin D deficit and 15.62% were vitamin D insufficient. Lobular inflammation correlated with vitamin D deficit (p=0.040). Fibrosis (p=0.050) and steatohepatitis (p=0.032) were independent predictors of low vitamin D concentration. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D status in conjunction with other parameters - such as T2DM - or serum biomarkers - namely fibrinogen level and PCR level - may point out the aggressive forms of NAFLD and the need for liver biopsy for appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Livadariu
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, Dept. of Surgery, Iasi, Romania
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, 3 Surgical Clinic, Iasi, Romania
| | - D. Timofte
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, Dept. of Surgery, Iasi, Romania
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, 3 Surgical Clinic, Iasi, Romania
| | - A. Trifan
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, Dept. of Gastroenterology, Iasi, Romania
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iasi, Romania
| | - R. Danila
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, Dept. of Surgery, Iasi, Romania
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, 3 Surgical Clinic, Iasi, Romania
| | - L. Ionescu
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, Dept. of Surgery, Iasi, Romania
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, 3 Surgical Clinic, Iasi, Romania
| | - A.M. Sîngeap
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, Dept. of Gastroenterology, Iasi, Romania
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iasi, Romania
| | - D. Ciobanu
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, Dept. of Pathology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Romania
- “Gr. T. Popa” University, Dept. of Pathology, Iasi, Romania
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Alzaheb RA, Al-Amer O. Prevalence and Predictors of Hypovitaminosis D Among Female University Students in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2017; 10:1179562X17702391. [PMID: 28579866 PMCID: PMC5428152 DOI: 10.1177/1179562x17702391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high hypovitaminosis D prevalence has repeatedly been reported in Middle Eastern countries. Previous data regarding the vitamin D status of young women in Saudi Arabia and the related hypovitaminosis D risk factors are scarce, so this research assessed hypovitaminosis D prevalence and its risk factors among apparently healthy female university students in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. METHODS This cross-sectional research used a convenience sample of healthy female students (n = 180) aged between 19 and 25 years in May 2016. Information was gathered on the participants' sociodemographics, health, lifestyle, dietary intakes, anthropometry, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and a logistic regression analysis was performed to assess hypovitaminosis D risk factors. RESULTS The sample's hypovitaminosis D prevalence (25(OH)D <30 ng/mL) was 80.6%. The main determinants of hypovitaminosis D were as follows: urban residence (odds ratio [OR] = 6.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.74-5.63), rare sun exposure (OR = 6.14; 95% CI, 2.15-17.55), and insufficient vitamin D intake (OR = 2.50; 95% CI, 1.07-5.81). CONCLUSIONS The findings emphasize that despite plentiful sunshine, Saudi Arabia and the Middle East face a vitamin D deficiency epidemic. Vitamin D status must therefore be assessed at the national level so that strategies aimed at boosting vitamin D levels can be instigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyadh A Alzaheb
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Al-Amer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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