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Cabello-Alvarado CJ, Andrade-Guel M, Pérez-Alvarez M, Cadenas-Pliego G, Bartolo-Pérez P, Martínez-Carrillo D, Quiñones-Jurado ZV. Green Flame-Retardant Blend Used to Improve the Antiflame Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1317. [PMID: 38794510 PMCID: PMC11126108 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The flammability properties of polymers and polymeric composites play an important role in ensuring the safety of humans and the environment; moreover, flame-retardant materials ensure a greater number of applications. In the present study, we report the obtaining of polypropylene (PP) composites contain a mixture of two green flame retardants, lignin and clinoptilolite, by melt extrusion. These additives are abundantly found in nature. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), cone calorimetry, UL-94, and carbonized residues analysis were carried out. TGA analysis shows that PPGFR-10 and PPGFR-20 compounds presented better thermal stability with respect to PP without flame retardants. The conical calorimetric evaluation of the composites showed that PPGFR-10 and PPGFR-20 presented decreases in peak heat release rates (HRRs) of 9.75% and 11.88%, respectively. The flammability of the composites was evaluated with the UL-94 standard, and only the PPGFR-20 composite presented the V-0 and 5VB classification, which indicates good flame-retardant properties. Additives in the polymer matrix showed good dispersion with few agglomerates. The PPGFR-20 composite showed an FRI value of 1.15, higher percentage of carbonized residues, and UL-94 V-0 and 5VB rating, suggesting some kind of synergy between lignin and clinoptilolite, but only at high flame-retardant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. Cabello-Alvarado
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico; (C.J.C.-A.); (M.P.-A.)
- CONAHCYT—Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Marlene Andrade-Guel
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico; (C.J.C.-A.); (M.P.-A.)
| | - Marissa Pérez-Alvarez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico; (C.J.C.-A.); (M.P.-A.)
| | - Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico; (C.J.C.-A.); (M.P.-A.)
| | - Pascual Bartolo-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Mérida 97310, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Diego Martínez-Carrillo
- Centro de Investigación en Geociencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Nueva Rosita 26830, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Zoe V. Quiñones-Jurado
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango 34120, Durango, Mexico;
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Warale D, Shabeena M, Prabhu A, Kouser S, Manasa DJ, Nagaraja GK. Sustainable organosolv-lignin coated nanosilver-halloysites reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites for wound healing application. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128628. [PMID: 38065442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This study involves the fabrication of innovative poly (vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite films by incorporating silver-embedded clay nanotubes with organosolv-lignin by the solution casting approach. The confirmation of this procedure was achieved through the utilisation of many techniques, including FTIR, PXRD, FE-SEM, and TGA. The aforementioned research have verified the adherence of silver nanoparticles to the surface of raw halloysites. The confirmation of lignin functionalization on these nanotubes has been established. This novel nanofiller was used to make a range of nanocomposite films with varying weight percentages ranging from 0 wt% to 5 wt%. With the increase in the wt% of nanofillers, These nanocomposite films exhibited greater thermal and mechanical stability compared to plain PVA. An investigation was conducted to examine the impact of the films on the cellular behaviour of murine fibroblast (NIH3T3) cell lines. Based on the findings from cell proliferation and scratch testing, it has been determined that these nanocomposite films are not harmful to cells, exhibit a greater rate of cell multiplication (116 ± 1.19), and demonstrate increased migratory capabilities (86.5 ± 0.50). Further investigations of human blood corroborate the evidence that these films are compatible with blood. Nanocomposite films have the potential to serve as wound healers following pre-clinical and clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Warale
- Department of Post-graduate studies & Research in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, 574199, D.K., Karnataka, India
| | - M Shabeena
- Department of Post-graduate studies & Research in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, 574199, D.K., Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwini Prabhu
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Sabia Kouser
- Department of Chemistry, Karnataka Science college & PG Studies, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
| | - D J Manasa
- Department of Studies in Botany, Davanagere University, Shivagangothri, 577007 Davanagere, Karnataka, India
| | - G K Nagaraja
- Department of Post-graduate studies & Research in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, 574199, D.K., Karnataka, India.
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Bula K, Jędrzejczak P, Ajnbacher D, Collins MN, Klapiszewski Ł. Design and characterization of functional TiO 2-lignin fillers used in rotational molded polyethylene containers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125626. [PMID: 37392911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, new TiO2-lignin hybrid systems were synthesized and characterized by various methods, including non-invasive backscattering (NIBS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis (EA) and zeta potential analysis (ZP). The weak hydrogen bonds between the components, as shown on FTIR spectra, proved the production of class I hybrid systems. TiO2-lignin systems were found to display good thermal stability and relatively good homogeneity. These newly designed hybrid materials were used to produce functional composites via rotational molding in a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) matrix at 2.5 % and 5.0 % loading by weight of the fillers, namely, TiO2, TiO2-lignin (5:1 wt./wt.), TiO2-lignin (1:1 wt./wt.), TiO2-lignin (1:5 wt./wt.) and pristine lignin, creating rectangular specimens. The mechanical properties of the specimens were measured via compression testing and by low-energy impact damage testing (the drop test). The results showed that the system containing 5.0 % by weight of TiO2-lignin (1:1 wt./wt.) had the most positive effect on the container's compression strength, while the LLDPE filled with 5.0 % by weight of TiO2-lignin (5:1 wt./wt.) demonstrated the best impact resistance among all the tested composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Bula
- Institute of Material Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Patryk Jędrzejczak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dawid Ajnbacher
- Institute of Material Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maurice N Collins
- School of Engineering and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland; Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
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Morozova OV, Vasil'eva IS, Shumakovich GP, Zaitseva EA, Yaropolov AI. Deep Eutectic Solvents for Biotechnology Applications. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:S150-S175. [PMID: 37069119 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923140092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an alternative to traditional organic solvents and ionic liquids and meet the requirements of "green" chemistry. They are easy to prepare using low-cost constituents, are non-toxic and biodegradable. The review analyzes literature on the use of DES in various fields of biotechnology, provides data on the types of DESs, methods for their preparation, and properties. The main areas of using DESs in biotechnology include extraction of physiologically active substances from natural resources, pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass to improve enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, production of bioplastics, as well as a reaction medium for biocatalytic reactions. The aim of this review is to summarize available information on the use of new solvents for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Morozova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamental Bases of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Irina S Vasil'eva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamental Bases of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Galina P Shumakovich
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamental Bases of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Elena A Zaitseva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander I Yaropolov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamental Bases of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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Bulanda K, Oleksy M, Oliwa R. Hybrid Polymer Composites Based on Polystyrene (PS) Used in the Melted and Extruded Manufacturing Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225000. [PMID: 36433127 PMCID: PMC9697797 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the work, innovative hybrid polymer composites dedicated to rapid prototyping, especially for 3D printing with the melted and extruded manufacturing (MEM) technique, were developed. For this purpose, the influence of modified fillers, such as alumina-modified silica, bentonite modified with quaternary ammonium salt, and lignin/silicon dioxide hybrid filler, on the functional properties of polystyrene-based composites was investigated. The introduced additives were selected to improve the processing properties of polystyrene (PS), in particular its thermal stability, while maintaining good mechanical properties. In the first part of the work, using the proprietary technological line, filaments from unfilled PS and its composites were obtained, which contain modified fillers in the amount of 1.5% to 3.0% by weight. Samples for testing functional properties were obtained by 3D printing in MEM technology and injection technique. The rheological properties-mass melt flow rate (MFR), viscosity, and mechanical properties-are presented in the further part of the work. The size and the respective dispersion in the polystyrene polymer matrix of the fillers used were determined by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The correct dispersion of additives in PS was also confirmed by wide-angle X-ray analysis (WAXS). A significant improvement in the thermal stability of the obtained composites after the introduction of fillers into the polymer matrix was confirmed on the basis of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The remaining tests of physicochemical properties, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FT-IR) allowed us to state no significant changes in relation to polystyrene. The obtained test results allowed us to conclude that the amount and type of fillers used in the PS polymer matrix significantly affect the performance properties of the tested hybrid composites. The composites obtained as part of the work can be successfully used in rapid prototyping technologies, especially for the production of details originally designed from PS, which are required to have higher thermal stability than is guaranteed only by the polymer matrix.
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Donati N, Spada JC, Tessaro IC. Recycling rice husk ash as a filler on biodegradable cassava starch-based foams. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022; 80:1-18. [PMID: 36405401 PMCID: PMC9648867 DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Starch-based foams can be used in packaging development to replace nonbiodegradable petrochemical plastics. However, starch-based materials possess poor mechanical properties and low water resistance. These properties can be improved by adding plasticizers and fillers to the bulk composition. In the present work, the effect of rice husk ash content on physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of cassava starch-based foams produced by thermal expansion was investigated. The composites were formed by mixing cassava starch, rice husk ash (content varying from 0 to 60%), water, and glycerol. The obtained dough was placed in a metallic mold and then expanded in a thermohydraulic press machine. The addition of 20-50% of ash content improved thermal stability, density, and biodegradation of starch-based foams and decreased water absorption capacity. Filled starch-based foams also exhibited smaller pores in internal structure. Compared to foams without ash filler, the addition of 20-40% ash increased the flexural tensile strength and the addition of more than 50% dropped the mechanical resistance. Hence, based on the results obtained, rice husk ash can be a great filler in biodegradable starch-based foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoly Donati
- Laboratory of Packaging Technology and Membrane Development – LATEM, Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes – LASEM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2777, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-007 Brazil
| | - Jordana Corralo Spada
- Laboratory of Packaging Technology and Membrane Development – LATEM, Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes – LASEM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2777, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-007 Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Tessaro
- Laboratory of Packaging Technology and Membrane Development – LATEM, Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes – LASEM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2777, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-007 Brazil
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A novel, bioactive and antibacterial scaffold based on functionalized graphene oxide with lignin, silk fibroin and ZnO nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8770. [PMID: 35610263 PMCID: PMC9130258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel nanobiocomposite was synthesized using graphene oxide, lignin, silk fibroin and ZnO and used in biological fields. To synthesize this structure, after preparing graphene oxide by the Hummer method, lignin, silk fibroin, and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were added to it, respectively. Also, ZnO NPs with a particle size of about 18 nm to 33 nm was synthesized via Camellia sinensis extract by green methodology. The synthesized structure was examined as anti-biofilm agent and it was observed that the Graphene oxide-lignin/silk fibroin/ZnO nanobiocomposite has a significant ability to prevent the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilm. In addition, due to the importance of the possibility of using this structure in biological environments, its toxicity and blood compatibility were also evaluated. According to the obtained results from MTT assay, the viability percentages of Hu02 cells treated with Graphene oxide-lignin/silk fibroin/ZnO nanobiocomposite after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation were 89.96%, 89.32%, and 91.28%. On the other hand, the hemolysis percentage of the synthesized structure after 24 h and 72 h of extraction was 9.5% and 11.76% respectively. As a result, the synthesized structure has a hemolysis percentage below 12% and its toxicity effect on Hu02 cells is below 9%.
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Application of Sulfur and Peroxide Curing Systems for Cross-Linking of Rubber Composites Filled with Calcium Lignosulfonate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091921. [PMID: 35567090 PMCID: PMC9103945 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium lignosulfonate in different loadings was applied to the rubber matrix based on EPDM. A sulfur curing system, organic peroxide, and a combination of organic peroxide with two coagent types were used for cross-linking of rubber compounds. The work was focused on the investigation of filler content and curing system composition in the curing process, cross-link density, morphology, and physical–mechanical properties of composites. The achieved results demonstrated that the curing parameters of rubber compounds cured with the sulfur system were significantly different from those cured with peroxide systems. There was also an observed different influence of curing systems composition on cross link density, though in all cases, the degree of cross-linking showed a decreasing trend with increasing content of lignosulfonate. The tensile strength of the composites cured with sulfur system and organic peroxide was comparable, regardless of lignosulfonate loading. This points to the application of both curing systems in cross-linking of rubber compounds with biopolymer filler. However, the introduction of coagents in peroxide vulcanization led to the improvement of adhesion and compatibility between the rubber and the filler on the filler–rubber interface. This subsequently resulted in the improvement of the tensile characteristics of composites. The introduction of organic peroxide in combination with coagent seems to be a very simple and efficient way for the preparation of biopolymer-filled composites with applicable physical–mechanical properties.
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A Review on Enhancing Solvent Regeneration in CO2 Absorption Process Using Nanoparticles. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The employment of nanoparticles in solvents is a promising method to reduce the energy consumption during solvent regeneration. Numerous experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to investigate the remarkable enhancement of nanoparticles. Yet, there are limited reviews on the mechanistic role of nanoparticles in enhancing the solvent regeneration performance. This review addresses the recent development on the employment of various nanoparticles, which include metals oxides, zeolites and mesoporous silicas, to enhance the mass and heat transfer, which subsequently minimize the solvent regeneration energy. The enhancement mechanisms of the nanoparticles are elaborated based on their physical and chemical effects, with a comprehensive comparison on each nanoparticle along with its enhancement ratio. This review also provides the criteria for selecting or synthesizing nanoparticles that can provide a high regeneration enhancement ratio. Furthermore, the future research prospects for the employment of nanoparticles in solvent regeneration are also recommended.
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Polymer Composites Based on Glycol-Modified Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Applied to Additive Manufacturing Using Melted and Extruded Manufacturing Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081605. [PMID: 35458355 PMCID: PMC9033097 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the work, innovative polymer composites dedicated to 3D printing applications were developed. For this purpose, the influence of modified fillers, such as silica modified with alumina, bentonite modified with quaternary ammonium salt, and hybrid filler lignin/silicon dioxide, on the functional properties of composites based on glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET-G) was investigated. In the first part of the work, using the proprietary technological line, filaments from unfilled polymer and its composites were obtained, which contained modified fillers in an amount from 1.5% to 3.0% by weight. The fittings for the testing of functional properties were obtained using the 3D printing technique in the Melted and Extruded Manufacturing (MEM) technology and the injection molding technique. In a later part of the work, rheological properties such as mass melt flow rate (MFR) and viscosity, and mechanical properties such as Rockwell hardness, Charpy impact strength, and static tensile strength with Young's modulus were presented. The structure of the obtained composites was also described and determined using scanning electron microscopy with an attachment for the microanalysis of chemical composition (SEM/EDS) and the atomic force microscope (AFM). The correct dispersion of the fillers in the polymer matrix was confirmed by wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis (WAXS). In turn, the physicochemical properties were presented on the basis of the research results: thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that both the amount and the type of fillers used significantly affected the functional properties of the tested composites.
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Andrade-Guel M, Cabello-Alvarado C, Avila-Orta CA, Pérez-Alvarez M, Cadenas-Pliego G, Reyes-Rodríguez PY, Rios-González L. Green Flame-Retardant Composites Based on PP/TiO 2/Lignin Obtained by Melt-Mixing Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071300. [PMID: 35406173 PMCID: PMC9002852 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, highly flammable and harmful plastic materials are used in many daily applications. To prevent burning of materials, other harmful molecules or materials that are not environmentally friendly are added to plastics. To overcome this environmental issue, new materials have been investigated. Lignin, an industrial by-product, is an abundant biopolymer that can be used in fire safety plastics; it is considered a renewable and readily available resource. In this work, PP–TiO2/lignin composites were obtained with TiO2/lignin mixtures through the melt extrusion process, with different weight percentages of nanoparticles (10, 20, 25, and 30 wt.%). The PP–TiO2/lignin composites were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, and SEM. Furthermore, cone calorimetry tests and the mechanical properties were evaluated. Cone calorimetry tests revealed that the introduction of 25 wt.% TiO2–lignin to the PP matrix reduced the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 34.37% and 35.45%, respectively. The flame retardancy index (FRI) values of the composites were greater than 1.0 and were classified as good; the highest value of 1.93 was obtained in the PP-30 sample. The tensile tests demonstrated that the flexural modulus of the composites increased gradually with increasing lignin and TiO2 content, and the flexural strength decreased slightly. The use of lignin in PP composites can be an excellent alternative to synthesize new materials with improved flame-retardant properties and which is friendly to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Andrade-Guel
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.A.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.Y.R.-R.)
| | - Christian Cabello-Alvarado
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.A.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.Y.R.-R.)
- CONACYT—Centro de Investigacion y de Innovacion del Estado de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90000, Tlaxcala, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.C.-A.); (G.C.-P.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Avila-Orta
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.A.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.Y.R.-R.)
| | - Marissa Pérez-Alvarez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.A.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.Y.R.-R.)
| | - Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.A.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.Y.R.-R.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.-A.); (G.C.-P.)
| | - Pamela Yahaira Reyes-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico; (M.A.-G.); (C.A.A.-O.); (M.P.-A.); (P.Y.R.-R.)
| | - Leopoldo Rios-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico;
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SÖĞÜT E, SEYDİM AC. Utilization of Kiwi Peel Lignocellulose as Fillers in Poly(Lactic Acid) Films. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1024326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Asgharnasl S, Moghim Aliabadi HA, Tahmasebi B, Radinekiyan F, Maleki A, Bahreinizad H, Mahdavi M, Alavijeh MS, Saber R, Lanceros-Méndez S, Shalan AE. Magnetic graphene oxide–lignin nanobiocomposite: a novel, eco-friendly and stable nanostructure suitable for hyperthermia in cancer therapy. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3593-3601. [PMID: 35425373 PMCID: PMC8979318 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08640e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel nanobiocomposite was designed and synthesized under mild conditions to evaluate its potential in hyperthermia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Eivazzadeh-Keihan
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Somayeh Asgharnasl
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Hooman Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Chemistry Studies Lab, Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Tahmasebi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Radinekiyan
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Hossein Bahreinizad
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Saber
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Martina Casiano, UPV/EHU Science Park, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ahmed Esmail Shalan
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Martina Casiano, UPV/EHU Science Park, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), P. O. Box 87, Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt
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14
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Bui QTP, Nguyen TT, Nguyen LTT, Kim SH, Nguyen HN. Development of ecofriendly active food packaging materials based on blends of cross‐linked poly (vinyl alcohol) and
Piper betle
Linn. leaf extract. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Thi Phuong Bui
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Thuong Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry Ho Chi Minh City University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Institute of Environmental Sciences Nguyen Tat Thanh University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam Thi Truc Nguyen
- Center for German‐Vietnamese Technology Academy Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology in KIST School University of Science and Technology Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Hoa Ngoc Nguyen
- Center for German‐Vietnamese Technology Academy Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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15
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Polymer Composites Based on Polycarbonate (PC) Applied to Additive Manufacturing Using Melted and Extruded Manufacturing (MEM) Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152455. [PMID: 34372056 PMCID: PMC8347902 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the present work, polymer composites used in 3D printing technology, especially in Melted and Extruded Manufacturing (MEM) technology, were obtained. The influence of modified fillers such as alumina modified silica, quaternary ammonium bentonite, lignin/silicon dioxide hybrid filler and unmodified multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the properties of polycarbonate (PC) composites was investigated. In the first part of the work, the polymer and its composites containing 0.5–3 wt.% filler were used to obtain a filament using the proprietary technological line. The moldings for testing functional properties were obtained with the use of 3D printing and injection molding techniques. In the next part of the work, the rheological properties—mass flow rate (MFR) and mechanical properties—Rockwell hardness, Charpy impact strength and static tensile strength with Young’s modulus were examined. The structure of the obtained composites was also described and determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The porosity, roughness and dimensional stability of samples obtained by 3D printing were also determined. On the other hand, the physicochemical properties were presented on the basis of the research results using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray scattering analysis (WAXS) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Additionally, the electrical conductivity of the obtained composites was investigated. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that both the amount and the type of filler significantly affected the functional properties of the composites tested in the study.
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16
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Salmi MS, Zoukrami F, Haddaoui N. Structure-properties relation in thermoplastic polymer/silica nanocomposites in presence of stearic acid as modifier agent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2021.1947661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salim Salmi
- Laboratoire de Physico‑Chimie des Hauts Polymères (LPCHP), Département de Génie des Procédés, Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif-1, Sétif, Algeria
| | - Fouzia Zoukrami
- Unité de Recherche des Matériaux Emergents (URMES), Valorisation des Polymères, Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif-1, Sétif, Algeria
| | - Nacerddine Haddaoui
- Laboratoire de Physico‑Chimie des Hauts Polymères (LPCHP), Département de Génie des Procédés, Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif-1, Sétif, Algeria
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17
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Alassod A, Islam SR, Khalaji MS, Tusiime R, Huang W, Xu G. Polypropylene/Lignin/POSS Nanocomposites: Thermal and Wettability Properties, Application in Water Remediation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3950. [PMID: 34300869 PMCID: PMC8307505 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Compositing is an interesting strategy that has always been employed to introduce or enhance desired functionalities in material systems. In this paper, sponges containing polypropylene, lignin, and octavinyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OV-POSS) were successfully prepared via an easy and elegant strategy called thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). To fully explore the behaviour of different components of prepared sponges, properties were characterized by a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared measurement (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, wettability properties toward an organic liquid and oil were investigated. The FTIR analysis confirmed the chemical modification of the components. TGA and DSC measurements revealed thermal stability was much better with an increase in OV-POSS content. OV-POSS modified sponges exhibited ultra-hydrophobicity and high oleophilicity with water contact angles of more than 125°. The SEM revealed that POSS molecules acted as a support for reduced surface roughness. Moreover, OV-POSS-based blend sponges showed higher sorption capacities compared with other blend sponges without OV-POSS. The new blend sponges demonstrated a potential for use as sorbent engineering materials in water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Alassod
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Syed Rashedul Islam
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | | | - Rogers Tusiime
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wanzhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Guangbiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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18
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On the Mechanical Response of Silicon Dioxide Nanofiller Concentration on Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printed Isotactic Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13122029. [PMID: 34205821 PMCID: PMC8234644 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of advanced engineering thermoplastic materials in fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing process is critical in expanding additive manufacturing (AM) applications. Polypropylene (PP) is a widely used thermoplastic material, while silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs), which can be found in many living organisms, are commonly employed as fillers in polymers to improve their mechanical properties and processability. In this work, PP/SiO2 nanocomposite filaments at various concentrations were developed following a melt mixing extrusion process, and used for FFF 3D printing of specimens’ characterization according to international standards. Tensile, flexural, impact, microhardness, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests were conducted to determine the effect of the nanofiller loading on the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the polymer matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were performed for microstructural analysis, and finally melt flow index (MFI) tests were conducted to assess the melt rheological properties. An improvement in the mechanical performance was observed for silica loading up to 2.0 wt.%, while 4.0 wt.% was a potential threshold revealing processability challenges. Overall, PP/SiO2 nanocomposites could be ideal candidates for advanced 3D printing engineering applications towards structural plastic components with enhanced mechanical performance.
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19
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The Role of Inorganic-Organic Bio-Fillers Containing Kraft Lignin in Improvement in Functional Properties of Polyethylene. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092114. [PMID: 33921994 PMCID: PMC8122499 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, MgO-lignin (MgO-L) dual phase fillers with varying amounts of lignin as well as pristine lignin and magnesium oxide were used as effective bio-fillers to increase the ultraviolet light protection and enhance the barrier performance of low density polyethylene (LDPE) thin sheet films. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to check the crystalline structure of the studied samples, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to determine morphological characteristics. The results of optical spectrometry in the range of UV light indicated that LDPE/MgO-L (1:5 wt/wt) composition exhibited the best protection factor, whereas LDPE did not absorb ultraviolet waves. Moreover, the addition of hybrid filler decreased the oxygen permeability factor and water vapor transmission compared with neat LDPE and its composites with pristine additives, such as lignin and magnesium oxide. The strong influence of the microstructure on thin sheet films was observed in the DSC results, as double melting peaks were detected only for LDPE compounded with inorganic-organic bio-fillers: LDPE/MgO-L.
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20
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Experimental and Numerical-Driven Prediction of Automotive Shredder Residue Pyrolysis Pathways toward Gaseous Products. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14061779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been a gradual increase in the field of parts recovery from cars that are withdrawn from use. However, the disposal of automotive shredder residue (ASR) still remains a significant problem. ASR is refuse derived fuel (RDF), which contains mainly plastics, fiber sponges, and rubbers in different proportions, and therefore a thermal treatment of selected waste samples is applied. The presented research includes thermogravimetry (TG) analysis and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis, as well as a proximate and an ultimate analysis of the ASR samples. The obtained results were processed and used as an input for modelling. The numerical calculations focused on the identification of the ASR’s average composition, the raw pyrolysis process product, its dry pyrolytic gas composition, and the combustible properties of the pyrolytic gases. The TGA analysis with three heating rate levels covered the temperature range from ambient to 800 °C. The thermal decomposition of the studied samples was in three stages confirmed with three peaks observed at the temperatures 280, 470, and 670 °C. The amount of solid residue grew with the heating rates and was in the range of 27–32 wt%. The numerical calculation of the pyrolysis process showed that only 0.46 kg of dry gas were formed from 1 kg of ASR. The gas yield increased with the rising temperature, and, at the same time, its calorific value decreased from 19.22 down to 14.16 MJ/m3. This is due to the decomposition of C6+ hydrocarbons and the promotion of CO formation. The thermodynamic parameters of the combustion process for a pyrolytic gas air mixture, such as the adiabatic flame temperature and laminar flame speed, were higher than for methane and were, respectively, 2073 °C and 1.02 m/s.
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21
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Wang H, Yang D, Xiong W, Liu W, Qiu X. One-pot preparation of hydrophobic lignin/SiO 2 nanoparticles and its reinforcing effect on HDPE. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:523-532. [PMID: 33745976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nano silica (SiO2) is usually used as a common reinforcing agent in polymer materials, in which the interfacial interaction greatly affects the mechanical properties of the composites. The reinforcement effect of silica on non-polar polymer is restricted due to their poor compatibility. In this work, amphipathic lignin modified by quaternization and alkylation was used as a modifier for silica to prepare hydrophobic lignin/SiO2 nanoparticles by in-situ one-pot co-precipitation method. In alkaline solution, hydrophobic lignin and SiO2 (from Na2SiO3) were self-assembled to form nanospheres through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The results showed that the lignin/SiO2 nanoparticles were highly hydrophobic nanospheres with macropores in the surface. When the lignin/SiO2 nanoparticles (10 wt%) were added to reinforce high-density polyethylene (HDPE), the mechanical properties of HDPE were improved with the strength of 24.5 MPa and the elongation of 1096%, which were increased by 10.4% and 14.3% compared with the control HDPE, because of the good compatibility and large bonding area. This work puts forward a new solution for the application of lignin in reinforcement of non-polar polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Dongjie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Wenlong Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Science Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Waihuan Xi Road 100, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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22
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Thermal stability, hydrophobicity and antioxidant potential of ultrafine poly (lactic acid)/rice husk lignin fibers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-020-00083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Budnyak TM, Slabon A, Sipponen MH. Lignin-Inorganic Interfaces: Chemistry and Applications from Adsorbents to Catalysts and Energy Storage Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4344-4355. [PMID: 32096608 PMCID: PMC7540583 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is one the most fascinating natural polymers due to its complex aromatic-aliphatic structure. Phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups along with other functional groups provide technical lignins with reactivity and amphiphilic character. Many different lignins have been used as functional agents to facilitate the synthesis and stabilization of inorganic materials. Herein, the use of lignin in the synthesis and chemistry of inorganic materials in selected applications with relevance to sustainable energy and environmental fields is reviewed. In essence, the combination of lignin and inorganic materials creates an interface between soft and hard materials. In many cases it is either this interface or the external lignin surface that provides functionality to the hybrid and composite materials. This Minireview closes with an overview on future directions for this research field that bridges inorganic and lignin materials for a more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana M. Budnyak
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 16CSE-106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Adam Slabon
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 16CSE-106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Mika H. Sipponen
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 16CSE-106 91StockholmSweden
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24
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Poerio A, Petit C, Jehl JP, Arab-Tehrany E, Mano JF, Cleymand F. Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Chitin from Cicada orni Sloughs of the South-Eastern French Mediterranean Basin. Molecules 2020; 25:E2543. [PMID: 32486065 PMCID: PMC7321131 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide of the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. In this study, chitin was extracted, for the first time in our knowledge, from the Cicada orni sloughs of the south-eastern French Mediterranean basin by treatment with 1 M HCl for demineralization, 1 M NaOH for deproteinization, and 1% NaClO for decolorization. The different steps of extraction were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results demonstrated that the extraction process was efficiently performed and that Cicada orni sloughs of the south-eastern French Mediterranean basin have a high content of chitin (42.8%) in the α-form with a high degree of acetylation of 96% ± 3.4%. These results make Cicada orni of the south-eastern French Mediterranean basin a new and promising source of chitin. Furthermore, we showed that each step of the extraction present specific characteristics (for example FTIR and XRD spectra and, consequently, distinct absorbance peaks and values of crystallinity as well as defined values of maximum degradation temperatures identifiable by TGA analysis) that could be used to verify the effectiveness of the treatments, and could be favorably compared with other natural chitin sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Poerio
- Jean Lamour Institute, University of Lorraine, UMR 7198 CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier-Campus Artem, BP 50840, F-54011 Nancy CEDEX, France; (A.P.); (C.P.); (J.-P.J.); (J.F.M.)
| | - Chloé Petit
- Jean Lamour Institute, University of Lorraine, UMR 7198 CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier-Campus Artem, BP 50840, F-54011 Nancy CEDEX, France; (A.P.); (C.P.); (J.-P.J.); (J.F.M.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Jehl
- Jean Lamour Institute, University of Lorraine, UMR 7198 CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier-Campus Artem, BP 50840, F-54011 Nancy CEDEX, France; (A.P.); (C.P.); (J.-P.J.); (J.F.M.)
| | - Elmira Arab-Tehrany
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, University of Lorraine, TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France;
| | - João F. Mano
- Jean Lamour Institute, University of Lorraine, UMR 7198 CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier-Campus Artem, BP 50840, F-54011 Nancy CEDEX, France; (A.P.); (C.P.); (J.-P.J.); (J.F.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Franck Cleymand
- Jean Lamour Institute, University of Lorraine, UMR 7198 CNRS, 2 allée André Guinier-Campus Artem, BP 50840, F-54011 Nancy CEDEX, France; (A.P.); (C.P.); (J.-P.J.); (J.F.M.)
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25
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Ślosarczyk A, Klapiszewska I, Jędrzejczak P, Klapiszewski Ł, Jesionowski T. Biopolymer-Based Hybrids as Effective Admixtures for Cement Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051180. [PMID: 32455795 PMCID: PMC7284698 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the framework of this publication, silica-lignin hybrid materials were designed, obtained, characterized and then used as admixtures for cement composites. High-energy mechanical grinding of individual components was used to produce the systems that allowed ensuring adequate homogeneity of the final products. As a result of the analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it has been confirmed that weak physical interactions occur between the components. This allowed classifying the resulting systems as I class hybrid materials. In addition, the efficiency of obtaining final products was also inferred on the basis of obtained porous structure parameters and colorimetric data. The achieved bio-admixture with different weight ratios of silica and lignin was added to cement pastes in the amount ranging from 0.5 to 1 wt.%. The study showed that increasing the ratio of lignin in the admixture from 0.15 to 1 wt.% had a positive effect on the rheological properties of the pastes, while the mechanical properties of the composite were deteriorated. In turn, a higher amount of silica in the admixture acted in reverse. The most favorable results were obtained for a silica-lignin bio-admixture with a weight ratio of components equal to 5:1 wt./wt. A significant increase in compressive strength was gained at satisfactory plasticity of the paste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ślosarczyk
- Institute of Building Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.Ś.); (Ł.K.); Tel.: +48-61-665-21-66 (A.Ś.); +48-61-665-37-48 (Ł.K.)
| | - Izabela Klapiszewska
- Institute of Building Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Patryk Jędrzejczak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (P.J.); (T.J.)
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (P.J.); (T.J.)
- Correspondence: (A.Ś.); (Ł.K.); Tel.: +48-61-665-21-66 (A.Ś.); +48-61-665-37-48 (Ł.K.)
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (P.J.); (T.J.)
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26
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Bula K, Kubicki G, Kubiak A, Jesionowski T, Klapiszewski Ł. Influence of MgO-Lignin Dual Component Additives on Selected Properties of Low Density Polyethylene. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051156. [PMID: 32443627 PMCID: PMC7284739 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented study describes the application of lignin-based dual component fillers into low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and an examination of their selected properties. The main experimental procedure was focused on the preparation of thin sheet films using polyethylene and its composites with 5% by wt. of fillers: MgO, MgO-lignin dual phase systems with varying amounts of lignin and pristine lignin. Analysis of morphology revealed that elongated voids appeared in the structure for hybrid filler with a higher content of lignin (min. 50% by wt. of lignin versus MgO) and also for pristine lignin. Moreover, the prepared sheets were subjected to the thermoforming process by using the positive forming method (male mold). The thermoforming ability of all composites was evaluated by means of a comparison of wall thickness distribution on thermoformed shapes. The most noticeable percentage of wall thinning occurred for films which consisted of LDPE/MgO-lignin (5:1 wt./wt.) composite. In contrast, the best material arrangement and the highest mean percentage wall thickness were observed in the case of the shape formed with LDPE/MgO-lignin (1:5 wt./wt.). In addition, as part of research studies, the measurements of the contact angle have been conducted. The analysed LDPE films, in particular LDPE/MgO-L, have been recognized as materials with high wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Bula
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (Ł.K.); Tel.: +48-61-665-2895 (K.B.); +48-61-665-3748 (Ł.K.)
| | - Grzegorz Kubicki
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Adam Kubiak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.); (T.J.)
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.); (T.J.)
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (Ł.K.); Tel.: +48-61-665-2895 (K.B.); +48-61-665-3748 (Ł.K.)
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27
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Electrical and Optical Properties of Silicon OxideLignin Polylactide (SiO2-L-PLA). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061354. [PMID: 32188125 PMCID: PMC7144936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a study on the electrical properties of new polylactide-based nanocomposites with the addition of silicon-dioxide–lignin nanoparticles and glycerine as a plasticizer. Four samples were prepared with nanoparticle mass fractions ranging between 0.01 to 0.15 (0.01, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15), and three samples were prepared without nanoparticle filler—unfilled and unprocessed polylactide, unfilled and processed polylactide, and polylactide with Fusabond and glycerine. All samples were manufactured using the melt mixing extrusion technique and injection molding. Only the unfilled and unprocessed PLA sample was directly prepared by injection molding. Dielectric properties were studied with broadband spectroscopy in a frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz in 55 steps designed on a logarithmic scale and a temperature range from 293.15 to 333.15 K with a 5 K step. Optical properties of nanocomposites were measured with UV-VIS spectroscopy at wavelengths from 190 to 1100 nm. The experimental data show that the addition of silicon-dioxide–lignin and glycerine significantly affected the electrical properties of the studied nanocomposites based on polylactide. Permittivity and electrical conductivity show a significant increase with an increasing concentration of nanoparticle filler. The optical properties are also affected by nanofiller and cause an increase in absorbance as the number of silicon-dioxide–lignin nanoparticles increase.
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Gama N, Barros‐Timmons A, Ferreira A, Evtuguin D. Surface treatment of eucalyptus wood for improved HDPE composites properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Gama
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro—Campus Santiago 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Ana Barros‐Timmons
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro—Campus Santiago 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda Rua Comandante Pinho e Freitas, n° 28, 3750–127 Águeda Portugal
| | - Dmitry Evtuguin
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro—Campus Santiago 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
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Lignin-Based Hybrid Admixtures and their Role in Cement Composite Fabrication. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193544. [PMID: 31574985 PMCID: PMC6804109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a technology for obtaining functional inorganic-organic hybrid materials was designed using waste polymers of natural origin, i.e., kraft lignin and magnesium lignosulfonate, and alumina as an inorganic component. Al2O3-lignin and Al2O3-lignosulfonate systems were prepared by a mechanical method using a mortar grinder and a planetary ball mill, which made it possible to obtain products of adequate homogeneity in an efficient manner. This was confirmed by the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. In the next step, the developed hybrid materials were used as functional admixtures in cement mixtures, thus contributing to the formation of a modern, sustainable building material. How the original components and hybrid materials affected the mechanical properties of the resulting mortars was investigated. The admixture of biopolymers, especially lignin, led to cement composites characterized by greater plasticity, while alumina improved their strength properties. It was confirmed that the system containing 0.5 wt.% of alumina-lignin material is the most suitable for application as a cement mortar admixture.
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Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of Ethylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids Containing Silicon Oxide-Lignin Hybrid Particles. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9071008. [PMID: 31336915 PMCID: PMC6669770 DOI: 10.3390/nano9071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents results of experimental investigation into dielectric properties of silicon oxide lignin (SiO2-L) particles dispersed with various mass fractions in ethylene glycol (EG). Measurements were conducted at a controlled temperature, which was changed from 298.15 to 333.15 K with an accuracy of 0.5 and 0.2 K for dielectric properties and direct current (DC) electrical conductivity, respectively. Dielectric properties were measured with a broadband dielectric spectroscopy device in a frequency range from 0.1 to 1 MHz, while DC conductivity was investigated using a conductivity meter MultiLine 3410 working with LR925/01 conductivity probe. Obtained results indicate that addition of even a small amount of SiO2-L nanoparticles to ethylene glycol cause a significant increase in permittivity and alternating current (AC) conductivity as well as DC conductivity, while relaxation time decrease. Additionally, both measurement methods of electrical conductivity are in good agreement.
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Yang J, Ching YC, Chuah CH. Applications of Lignocellulosic Fibers and Lignin in Bioplastics: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E751. [PMID: 31035331 PMCID: PMC6572173 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic fibers and lignin are two of the most important natural bioresources in the world. They show tremendous potential to decrease energy utilization/pollution and improve biodegradability by replacing synthetic fibers in bioplastics. The compatibility between the fiber-matrix plays an important part in the properties of the bioplastics. The improvement of lignocellulosic fiber properties by most surface treatments generally removes lignin. Due to the environmental pollution and high cost of cellulose modification, focus has been directed toward the use of lignocellulosic fibers in bioplastics. In addition, lignin-reinforced bioplastics are fabricated with varying success. These applications confirm there is no need to remove lignin from lignocellulosic fibers when preparing the bioplastics from a technical point of view. In this review, characterizations of lignocellulosic fibers and lignin related to their applications in bioplastics are covered. Then, we generalize the developments and problems of lignin-reinforced bioplastics and modification of lignin to improve the interaction of lignin-matrix. As for lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced bioplastics, we place importance on the low compatibility of the lignocellulosic fiber-matrix. The applications of lignin-containing cellulose and lignocellulosic fibers without delignification in the bioplastics are reviewed. A comparison between lignocellulosic fibers and lignin in the bioplastics is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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Peculiarities of Synthesis and Properties of Lignin⁻Silica Nanocomposites Prepared by Sol-Gel Method. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8110950. [PMID: 30453688 PMCID: PMC6267032 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of advanced hybrid materials based on polymers from biorenewable sources and mineral nanoparticles is currently of high importance. In this paper, we applied softwood kraft lignins for the synthesis of lignin/SiO₂ nanostructured composites. We described the peculiarities of composites formation in the sol-gel process through the incorporation of the lignin into a silica network during the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The initial activation of lignins was achieved by means of a Mannich reaction with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). In the study, we present a detailed investigation of the physicochemical characteristics of initial kraft lignins and modified lignins on each step of the synthesis. Thus, 2D-NMR, 31P-NMR, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were applied to analyze the characteristics of pristine lignins and lignins in dioxan:water solutions. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to confirm the formation of the lignin⁻silica network and characterize the surface and bulk structures of the obtained hybrids. Termogravimetric analysis (TGA) in nitrogen and air atmosphere were applied to a detailed investigation of the thermal properties of pristine lignins and lignins on each step of modification. SEM confirmed the nanostructure of the obtained composites. As was demonstrated, the activation of lignin is crucial for the sol-gel formation of a silica network in order to create novel hybrid materials from lignins and alkoxysilanes (e.g., TEOS). It was concluded that the structure of the lignin had an impact on its reactivity during the activation reaction, and consequently affected the properties of the final hybrid materials.
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Grząbka-Zasadzińska A, Klapiszewski Ł, Borysiak S, Jesionowski T. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Silica⁻Lignin/Polylactide Composites Subjected to Biodegradation. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11112257. [PMID: 30428517 PMCID: PMC6266571 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, silica–lignin hybrid materials were used as fillers for a polylactide (PLA) matrix. In order to simulate biodegradation, PLA/hybrid filler composite films were kept in soil of neutral pH for six months. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) allowed analysis of nonisothermal crystallization behavior of composites, thermal analysis provided information about their thermal stability, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to define morphology of films. The influence of biodegradation was also investigated in terms of changes in mechanical properties and color of samples. It was found that application of silica–lignin hybrids as fillers for PLA matrix may be interesting not only in terms of increasing thermal stability, but also controlled biodegradation. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first publication regarding biodegradation of PLA composites loaded with silica–lignin hybrid fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Grząbka-Zasadzińska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Borysiak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
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Kim Y, Kim M, Seong HG, Jung JY, Baeck SH, Shim SE. Roles of silica-coated layer on graphite for thermal conductivity, heat dissipation, thermal stability, and electrical resistivity of polymer composites. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Klapiszewski Ł, Tomaszewska J, Skórczewska K, Jesionowski T. Preparation and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Mg(OH)₂/Lignin Hybrid Material and Its Use as a Functional Filler for Poly(Vinyl Chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9070258. [PMID: 30970935 PMCID: PMC6432275 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional magnesium hydroxide/lignin hybrid system was prepared by grinding and mixing the pure precursors using a planetary ball mill. In addition, the thermal stability was assessed based on the total mass loss of the hybrid system within the temperature range of 30–1000 °C, which amounted to 38%. Moreover, the average particle size was at 4.9 μm as determined by the laser diffraction method. The effect of addition of the prepared and characterized Mg(OH)2/lignin hybrid filler at concentrations ranging from 2.5 wt % to 10 wt % on the processing as well as mechanical and thermal properties of composites on the matrix of the unplasticized PVC compound was also evaluated. The addition of a filler to the poly(vinyl chloride) matrix causes a significant improvement of its thermal stability, which is approximately three times higher compared to a polymer without a filler. Furthermore, the prepared composites are additionally characterized by advantageous mechanical properties, especially higher Young’s modulus. A 10% increase in the oxygen index of PVC composites upon addition of 10 wt % hybrid fillers has also been observed, which contributes to an extended range of their application under conditions that require notable fire resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
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Physicochemical Characterization of Functional Lignin-Silica Hybrid Fillers for Potential Application in Abrasive Tools. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9070517. [PMID: 28773639 PMCID: PMC5456845 DOI: 10.3390/ma9070517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional lignin–SiO2 hybrid fillers were prepared for potential application in binders for phenolic resins, and their chemical structure was characterized. The properties of these fillers and of composites obtained from them with phenolic resin were compared with those of systems with lignin or silica alone. The chemical structure of the materials was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C CP MAS NMR). The thermal stability of the new functional fillers was examined by thermogravimetric analysis–mass spectrometry (TG-MS). Thermo-mechanical properties of the lignin–silica hybrids and resin systems were investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The DMTA results showed that abrasive composites with lignin–SiO2 fillers have better thermo-mechanical properties than systems with silica alone. Thus, fillers based on lignin might provide new, promising properties for the abrasive industry, combining the good properties of lignin as a plasticizer and of silica as a filler improving mechanical properties.
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