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The Impact of Human Herpesviruses in Clinical Practice of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Era of COVID-19. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091870. [PMID: 34576764 PMCID: PMC8468540 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs): herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8, are known to be part of a family of DNA viruses that cause several diseases in humans. In clinical practice of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the complication of CMV enterocolitis, which is caused by CMV reactivation under disruption of intestinal barrier function, inflammation, or strong immunosuppressive therapy, is well known to affect the prognosis of disease. However, the relationship between other HHVs and IBD remains unclear. In the transplantation field, reactivation of other viruses, such as HHV-6, could cause colitis under immunosuppressed condition. Recent research revealed that combined infection of some HHVs could be a risk factor for colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis. This suggests that it would be important to clarify HHV behavior in the treatment for patients with IBD, especially in those under immunosuppressive therapies. Looking at the relationship with recently emerged novel coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2), there are reports describe that SARS-CoV-2 might induce reactivation of HSV-1, EBV, VZV (herpes zoster), and HHV-6/7. If SARS-CoV-2 infection becomes common, vigilance against HHV reactivation may become more crucial. In this review, we discuss the impact of HHVs in clinical practice of inflammatory bowel diseases, especially during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Kucharzik T, Ellul P, Greuter T, Rahier JF, Verstockt B, Abreu C, Albuquerque A, Allocca M, Esteve M, Farraye FA, Gordon H, Karmiris K, Kopylov U, Kirchgesner J, MacMahon E, Magro F, Maaser C, de Ridder L, Taxonera C, Toruner M, Tremblay L, Scharl M, Viget N, Zabana Y, Vavricka S. ECCO Guidelines on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Infections in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:879-913. [PMID: 33730753 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kucharzik
- Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikum Lüneburg, University of Hamburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - P Ellul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - T Greuter
- University Hospital Zürich, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zürich, Switzerland, and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J F Rahier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - B Verstockt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, TARGID-IBD, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Abreu
- Infectious Diseases Service, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde [I3s], Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - A Albuquerque
- Gastroenterology Department, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - M Allocca
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS -, Rozzano [Mi], Italy.,Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - M Esteve
- Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Digestive Diseases Department, Terrassa, Catalonia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - F A Farraye
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - H Gordon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - K Karmiris
- Department of Gastroenterology, Venizeleio General Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - U Kopylov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - J Kirchgesner
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Department of Gastroenterology, Paris, France
| | - E MacMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - F Magro
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - C Maaser
- Outpatient Department of Gastroenterology, Department of Geriatrics, Klinikum Lüneburg, University of Hamburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - L de Ridder
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Taxonera
- IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Clínico San Carlos [IdISSC], Madrid, Spain
| | - M Toruner
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - L Tremblay
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal [CHUM] Pharmacy Department and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Scharl
- University Hospital Zürich, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N Viget
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tourcoing Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - Y Zabana
- Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Digestive Diseases Department, Terrassa, Catalonia, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Vavricka
- University Hospital Zürich, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zürich, Switzerland
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Goel K, Bunker M, Balog A, Silverman JF. Fulminant Herpes Simplex Hepatitis Secondary to Adalimumab in Crohn's Disease: A Case Report. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CASE REPORTS 2019; 12:1179547619858979. [PMID: 31320810 PMCID: PMC6610429 DOI: 10.1177/1179547619858979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) hepatitis is an uncommon cause of fulminant hepatic
failure, seen mostly in immunocompromised patients. Conventional treatment
modalities for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as steroids and
azathioprine, have been known to cause HSV hepatitis. However, the reported
incidence of HSV hepatitis in IBD patients undergoing tumor necrosis factor
(TNF)-α inhibitor therapy is very rare. In this case report, we describe a rare
case of fulminant HSV hepatitis that developed in a patient with Crohn’s disease
after treatment with the TNF-α inhibitor, adalimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Goel
- Department of Pathology, Allegheny General Hospital, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark Bunker
- Department of Pathology, Allegheny General Hospital, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna Balog
- Department of Pathology, Allegheny General Hospital, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jan F Silverman
- Department of Pathology, Allegheny General Hospital, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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