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Infant Fecal Fermentations with Galacto-Oligosaccharides and 2′-Fucosyllactose Show Differential Bifidobacterium longum Stimulation at Subspecies Level. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030430. [PMID: 36979988 PMCID: PMC10047592 DOI: 10.3390/children10030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the potential of 2′-FL and GOS, individually and combined, in beneficially modulating the microbial composition of infant and toddler (12–18 months) feces using the micro-Matrix bioreactor. In addition, the impacts of GOS and 2′-FL, individually and combined, on the outgrowth of fecal bifidobacteria at (sub)species level was investigated using the baby M-SHIME® model. For young toddlers, significant increases in the genera Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, and Streptococcus, and decreases in Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridium XIVa, and Roseburia were observed in all supplemented fermentations. In addition, GOS, and combinations of GOS and 2′-FL, increased Collinsella and decreased Salmonella, whereas 2′-FL, and combined GOS and 2′-FL, decreased Dorea. Alpha diversity increased significantly in infants with GOS and/or 2′-FL, as well as the relative abundances of the genera Veillonella and Akkermansia with 2′-FL, and Lactobacillus with GOS. Combinations of GOS and 2′-FL significantly stimulated Veillonella, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus. In all supplemented fermentations, Proteobacteria decreased, with the most profound decreases accomplished by the combination of GOS and 2′-FL. When zooming in on the different (sub)species of Bifidobacterium, GOS and 2’-FL were shown to be complementary in stimulating breast-fed infant-associated subspecies of Bifidobacterium longum in a dose-dependent manner: GOS stimulated Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, whereas 2′-FL supported outgrowth of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis.
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West LN, Zakharova I, Huysentruyt K, Chong SY, Aw MM, Darma A, Hegar B, Ng RT, Hasosah M, Toro-Monjaraz E, Cetinkaya M, Chow CM, Muhardi L, Kudla U, Delsing DJM, Vandenplas Y. Reported Prevalence and Nutritional Management of Functional Constipation among Young Children from Healthcare Professionals in Eight Countries across Asia, Europe and Latin America. Nutrients 2022; 14:4067. [PMID: 36235719 PMCID: PMC9572126 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of functional constipation (FC) among children varies widely. A survey among healthcare professionals (HCPs) was conducted to better understand the HCP-reported prevalence and (nutritional) management of FC in children 12−36 months old. Methods: An anonymous e-survey using SurveyMonkey was disseminated via emails or WhatsApp among HCPs in eight countries/regions. Results: Data from 2199 respondents were analyzed. The majority of the respondents (65.9%) were from Russia, followed by other countries (Indonesia (11.0%), Malaysia (6.0%)), Mexico, KSA (5.1% (5.7%), Turkey (3.0%), Hong Kong (2.2%), Singapore (1.1%)). In total, 80% of the respondents (n = 1759) were pediatricians. The prevalence of FC in toddlers was reported at less than 5% by 43% of the respondents. Overall, 40% of the respondents reported using ROME IV criteria in > 70% of the cases to diagnose FC, while 11% never uses Rome IV. History of painful defecation and defecations < 2 x/week are the two most important criteria for diagnosing FC. In total, 33% of the respondents reported changing the standard formula to a specific nutritional solution, accompanied by parental reassurance. Conclusion: The most reported prevalence of FC in toddlers in this survey was less than five percent. ROME IV criteria are frequently used for establishing the diagnosis. Nutritional management is preferred over pharmacological treatment in managing FC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Zakharova
- Department of Pediatrics, Russian Medical Academy Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 125993, Russia
| | - Koen Huysentruyt
- UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sze-Yee Chong
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh 30450, Malaysia
| | - Marion M. Aw
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Andy Darma
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Badriul Hegar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Ruey Terng Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Hasosah
- Department of Pediatric, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 14611, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erick Toro-Monjaraz
- Unit of Physiology and Gastrointestinal Motility, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico 04530, Mexico
| | - Merih Cetinkaya
- Department of Neonatology, Health Sciences University, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul 34480, Turkey
| | | | | | - Urszula Kudla
- FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yvan Vandenplas
- UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Karakan T, Tuohy KM, Janssen-van Solingen G. Low-Dose Lactulose as a Prebiotic for Improved Gut Health and Enhanced Mineral Absorption. Front Nutr 2021; 8:672925. [PMID: 34386514 PMCID: PMC8353095 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.672925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although medium and high doses of lactulose are used routinely for the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy, respectively, a wealth of evidence demonstrates that, at low doses, lactulose can also be used as a prebiotic to stimulate the growth of health-promoting bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, multiple preclinical and clinical studies have shown that low doses of lactulose enhance the proliferation of health-promoting gut bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp.) and increase the production of beneficial metabolites [e.g., short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)], while inhibiting the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., certain clostridia). SCFAs produced upon microbial fermentation of lactulose, the most abundant of which is acetate, are likely to contribute to immune regulation, which is important not only within the gut itself, but also systemically and for bone health. Low-dose lactulose has also been shown to enhance the absorption of minerals such as calcium and magnesium from the gut, an effect which may have important implications for bone health. This review provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical evidence published to date showing that low-dose lactulose stimulates the growth of health-promoting gut bacteria, inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria, increases the production of beneficial metabolites, improves mineral absorption, and has good overall tolerability. Implications of these data for the use of lactulose as a prebiotic are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarkan Karakan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kieran Michael Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Dai H, Han J, Lichtfouse E. Smarter cures to combat COVID-19 and future pathogens: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:2759-2771. [PMID: 33824633 PMCID: PMC8017513 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevention is better than cure. A milestone of the anthropocene is the emergence of a series of epidemics and pandemics often characterized by the transmission of a pathogen from animals to human in the past two decades. In particular, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a profound impact on emergency responding and policy-making in a public health crisis. Classical solutions for controlling the virus, such as travel restrictions, lockdowns, repurposed drugs and vaccines, are socially unpopular and medically limited by the fast mutation and adaptation of the virus. This is exacerbated by microbial resistance to therapeutic drugs and the slowness of vaccine development. In other words, microbial pathogens are somehow 'smarter' and faster than us, thus calling for more intelligent cures to combat future pandemics. Here, we compare therapeutics for COVID-19 such as synthetic drugs, vaccines, antibodies and phages. We present the strength and limitations of antibiotic and antiviral drugs, vaccines, and antibody-based therapeutics. We describe smarter, cheaper and preventive cures such as bacteriophages, food medicine using probiotics and prebiotics, sports, healthy diet, music, yoga, Tai Chi, dance, reading, knitting, cooking and outdoor activities. Some of these preventive cures have been intuitively developed since thousands of years ago, as illustrated by the fascinating similarity of the Chinese characters for 'music' and 'herbal medicine.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, 13100 Aix en Provence, France
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
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Watkins C, Stanton C, Ryan CA, Ross RP. Microbial Therapeutics Designed for Infant Health. Front Nutr 2017; 4:48. [PMID: 29124056 PMCID: PMC5662644 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acknowledgment of the gut microbiome as a vital asset to health has led to multiple studies attempting to elucidate its mechanisms of action. During the first year of life, many factors can cause fluctuation in the developing gut microbiome. Host genetics, maternal health status, mode of delivery, gestational age, feeding regime, and perinatal antibiotic usage, are known factors which can influence the development of the infant gut microbiome. Thus, the microbiome of vaginally born, exclusively breastfed infants at term, with no previous exposure to antibiotics, either directly or indirectly from the mother, is to be considered the "gold standard." Moreover, the use of prebiotics as an aid for the development of a healthy gut microbiome is equally as important in maintaining gut homeostasis. Breastmilk, a natural prebiotic source, provides optimal active ingredients for the growth of beneficial microbial species. However, early life disorders such as necrotising enterocolitis, childhood obesity, and even autism have been associated with an altered/disturbed gut microbiome. Subsequently, microbial therapies have been introduced, in addition to suitable prebiotic ingredients, which when administered, may aid in the prevention of a microbial disturbance in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this mini-review is to highlight the beneficial effects of different probiotic and prebiotic treatments in early life, with particular emphasis on the different conditions which negatively impact microbial colonisation at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Watkins
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - C. Anthony Ryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
- School of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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