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Sun J, Li M, Zhou H, Chong J, Zhang J, Yu B, Chen D, Ge L. Importance of gut microbiota for bile acid composition and concentration in pigs. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.951840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies on the role of HCA species in regulating glucose homeostasis have indicated their therapeutic value in human obesity and diabetes. There is a clear difference in the percentage of hyocholic acid (HCA) and its derivatives (also known as HCA species) in the total bile acid (BA) pool in the plasma between humans, rats and pigs. However, the role of gut microbiota in BA profiles of pigs remains unclear. We generated five germ-free pig models and six gnotobiotic pig models by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). A total of 46 BAs were detected in the jejunum, cecum, colon, and rectum chyme, 37 and 33 BAs were detected in bile, 33 BAs were detected in ileal chyme and liver, and 31 BAs were detected in serum. FMT increased the percentages of HCA species in total bile acids in the serum (79%), liver (78%), and bile (71%), but decreased the proportions of HCA species in the total BAs of the ileum (61%), cecum (47%), colon (51%), and rectum (57%) of pigs, as compared to GF piglets. FMT significantly induced the production of conjugated bile acids in the small intestine and increased the concentrations of free BAs in the large intestine of pigs (P < 0.01). FMT piglets had over 68-fold and 104-fold increases in conjugated BAs in the ileum compared to the germ-free piglets. FMT piglets had an expression pattern distinct from that of germ-free piglets for genes involved in bile acid receptors, synthesis, signaling, and transport. The gene expression levels of the rate-limiting enzyme CYP7A1 and the enzymes CH25H and BAAT involved in BA synthesis were significantly decreased in the liver of FMT piglets, and there was a significant reduction in the gene expression of FXR and TGR5 through the FGFR4/β-Klotho pathway that promotes the BA pool in the liver of piglets after FMT.
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Microbial transformation of cholesterol: reactions and practical aspects-an update. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:131. [PMID: 31432251 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a C27-sterol employed as starting material for the synthesis of valuable pharmaceutical steroids and precursors. The microbial transformations of cholesterol have been widely studied, since they are performed with high regio- and stereoselectivity and allow the production of steroidal compounds which are difficult to synthesize by classical chemical methods. In recent years, ongoing research is being conducted to discover novel biocatalysts and to develop biotechnological processes to improve existing biocatalysts and biotransformation reactions. The main objective of this review is to present the most remarkable advances in fungal and bacterial transformation of cholesterol, focusing on the different types of microbial reactions and biocatalysts, biotransformation products, and practical aspects related to sterol dispersion improvement, covering literature since 2000. It reviews the conversion of cholesterol by whole-cell biocatalysts and by purified enzymes that lead to various structural modifications, including side chain cleavage, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation/reduction, isomerization and esterification. Finally, approaches used to improve the poor solubility of cholesterol in aqueous media, such as the use of different sterol-solubilizing agents or two-phase conversion system, are also discussed.
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Giorgi V, Chaves M, Menéndez P, García Carnelli C. Bioprospecting of whole-cell biocatalysts for cholesterol biotransformation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:12. [PMID: 30604276 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms were isolated from industrial wool scouring effluents and from the soil adjacent to the wastewater treatment lagoon, both sterols-rich environments, in order to search for novel biocatalysts able to transform cholesterol. The isolates were identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, a rapid and accurate bacteria identification by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry was carried out. Bacteria and fungi including representatives of the genera Fusarium, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, Mucor, Aspergillus, Citrobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Exiguobacterium, Acinetobacter, Tsukamurella, Bacillus, and Streptomyces were found and evaluated for their ability to biotransform cholesterol by whole-cell treatment system. The results show that a Trichoderma koningiopsis strain, as well as two strains of Mucor circinelloides were able to transform cholesterol into value-added products. The major products were characterized as 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 4-cholesten-3-one, 5α,6α-epoxycholestan-3β-ol and 5β,6β-epoxycholestan-3β-ol. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report of cholesterol biotransformation by representatives of Trichoderma and Mucor genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Giorgi
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Química Orgánica y, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Michel Chaves
- LaBioChem, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Pilar Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Química Orgánica y, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos García Carnelli
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Química Orgánica y, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), CP 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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