Impaired Visual Motor Coordination in Obese Adults

4D dynamic system for visual-motor integration analysis

It is very important to evaluate visual-motor integration (VMI), as it is used as an index to evaluate cognitive abilities. However, it is difficult to use the existing paper-based tests to evaluate the dynamic process, including spatial and depth perception abilities. Therefore, this study aims to extract kinematic and dynamic features for dynamic assessment for VMI. We propose a 4D dynamic analysis system that implements a VMI test in a virtual space using Leap motion controller and Unity3D and acquires the time-series data of hand joints and traces. We selected three categories of features: postural control ability, spatial and depth perception ability, and 4D analysis. The degree and patterns of postural maintenance differed between subjects in the VMI and MC tests. In addition, the personal patterns were identified with dynamic features, including their fluency and hesitation in relation to the task figures of the VMI test tool. As such, this system enables dynamic feature extraction and analysis which were previously impossible and presents performance results for healthy adults.

The Neglected Factor in the Relationship between Executive Functioning and Obesity: The Role of Motor Control

BACKGROUND

The association between obesity and executive functions (EFs) is highly controversial. It has been suggested that waist circumference (WC), compared to body mass index (BMI), is a better indicator of fat mass and EFs in obesity. Moreover, according to the viewpoint that the brain's functional architecture meets the need for interactive behavior, we hypothesize that the relationship between EFs and body weight might be mediated by the motor performance.

METHODS

General executive functioning (frontal assessment battery-15), additional cognitive subdomains (trail making test and digit span backward), and motor performance (finger tapping task) were assessed in a sample that included 330 volunteers (192 females, M age = 45.98 years, SD = 17.70, range = 18-86 years).

RESULTS

Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that the FAB15 score and FTT negatively predicted WC but not BMI. A subsequent mediation analysis highlighted that the indirect effect of FAB15 on WC through finger tapping was statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that WC, as compared to BMI, is a more effective measure for studying the association between EFs and body weight. Still, we found that the motor domain partially mediates the dynamics of such a relationship.

Motor Skill, Motor Planning, and Motor Performance in Adults with Severe Mental Illnesses and Obesity

Motor functioning in persons with serious mental illness (SMI) is not well studied. We assessed motor functioning in people with SMI (n = 15) vs. adults with obesity (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 15). Motor skills were assessed using balance and coordination tests. Motor planning and performance were assessed in Obstacle and Metronome Walking Tasks. The SMI group scored lower on balance and coordination tests (all ps < 0.001), and took longer steps when approaching obstacles (all ps < 0.001), but had unimpaired motor performance on the Metronome Walking Task. In obesity, excess body mass impairs motor skills, which adversely impacts motor performance. In persons with SMI, motor performance was unimpaired, with cognitive and neuroanatomical abnormalities likely underlying balance, coordination, and motor skill challenges.

Differences in soleus H-reflex to M-wave ratio between obese and non-obese individuals

BACKGROUND

The aim of this cross-sectional comparative study was to investigate potential differences in soleus H-reflex to M-wave ratio between obese and non-obese individuals under different postural constraints.

METHODS

A total of 23 obese individuals and 23 matched non-obese controls took part in the study. The maximal soleus H-reflex to M-wave ratio (peak-to-peak amplitude) was quantified in three different conditions: seated at rest, seated with a light contraction of the plantar flexors and during bipedal quiet standing.

FINDINGS

Soleus H-reflex to M-wave ratio was significantly higher in obese than in non-obese individuals in all the experimental conditions (p < 0.01).

INTERPRETATION

Obese individuals showed larger normalized soleus H-reflex responses than their non-obese counterparts, probably as a reflect of long-term neurophysiological adaptations to excessive body weight and postural demands.

Obesity impairs performing and learning a timing perception task regardless of the body position

Obesity has been associated with poorer sensorimotor performance. However, it remains unclear whether these obesity-related impairments can be mitigated by practice. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effects of practice on performing and learning a temporal estimation task, in women with and without obesity. The experimental task consisted of synchronizing the arrival of two rectangles at a target point. Limited to the pressing of a switch, the task was intended to minimize possible muscular fatigue, self-generated perturbations to balance and the need to accelerate/decelerate body segments. Participants were allowed to choose the displacement velocity of the rectangle they controlled and were informed that they would not be offered any choice over it during a test to come. To control for the effect of different body positions on sensorimotor performance and learning, the 19 women with obesity (BMI = 40.0 + 7.33, age = 44.2 + 6.6) and 20 without obesity (BMI = 22.3 + 1.95, age = 43 + 6.9) were assigned into 4 groups, according to their BMI and body position assumed during practice (standing upright with feet together or sitting). As no significant differences concerning body position were found, the data were reanalysed disregarding this factor. Results revealed that while both groups reduced errors during the Acquisition, participants with obesity showed poorer performance (Acquisition) and sensorimotor learning (Transfer). Given the experimental task and adopted procedures, our results tend to support the hypothesis that hindered perception and/or integration of sensory information is associated with obesity.

Older but not younger adults rely on multijoint coordination to stabilize the swinging limb when performing a novel cued walking task

Motor flexibility, the ability to employ multiple motor strategies to meet task demands, may facilitate ambulation in complex environments that constrain movements; loss of motor flexibility may impair mobility. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of obesity (a specific model of mobility impairment) and advanced age on motor flexibility during a task that constrained foot placement while walking. Twenty-one community-dwelling obese (OB) and 25 normal weight (NW) older adults (46 total older adults-OA) and 10 younger adults (YA) walked normally on a treadmill (baseline) then walked while stepping on lighted cues projected onto the treadmill at locations corresponding to average foot placement during normal walking (cued). The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis was used to partition total variance in a set of seven lower-limb segment angles into components that did ("bad" variance) and did not ("good" variance) affect step-to-step variance in the trajectory of the swing foot. Motor flexibility was operationalized as an increase (baseline to cued) in total variance with an increase in good variance that exceeded the change in bad variance. There was no significant group × walking task interaction for total and good variance for OB vs NW, but there was a strong and significant interaction effect for OA vs YA (p < 0.01; Cohen's d > 1.0). Whereas YA reduced both good and bad variance, OA increased good variance beyond the change in bad variance. In OA, these changes were associated with several functional measures of mobility. Cued walking may place greater demands on OA requiring greater reliance on motor flexibility, although otherwise healthy older obese adults may be able to compensate for functional and cognitive declines associated with obesity by increasing motor flexibility under such tasks. The extent to which motor flexibility is employed during novel or constrained tasks may be a biomarker of healthy aging and a target for (re)habilitation.

Prefrontal cortex inflammation and liver pathologies accompany cognitive and motor deficits following Western diet consumption in non-obese female mice

AIMS

The high sugar and lipid content of the Western diet (WD) is associated with metabolic dysfunction, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and it is an established risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders. Our previous studies reported negative effects of the WD on rodent emotionality, impulsivity, and sociability in adulthood. Here, we investigated the effect of the WD on motor coordination, novelty recognition, and affective behavior in mice as well as molecular and cellular endpoints in brain and peripheral tissues.

MAIN METHODS

Female C57BL/6 J mice were fed the WD for three weeks and were investigated for glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, liver steatosis, and changes in motor coordination, object recognition, and despair behavior in the swim test. Lipids and liver injury markers, including aspartate-transaminase, alanine-transaminase and urea were measured in blood. Serotonin transporter (SERT) expression, the density of Iba1-positive cells and concentration of malondialdehyde were measured in brain.

KEY FINDINGS

WD-fed mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, a loss of motor coordination, deficits in novel object exploration and recognition, increased helplessness, dyslipidemia, as well as signs of a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-like syndrome: liver steatosis and increased liver injury markers. Importantly, these changes were accompanied by decreased SERT expression, elevated numbers of microglia cells and malondialdehyde levels in, and restricted to, the prefrontal cortex.

SIGNIFICANCE

The WD induces a spectrum of behaviors that are more reminiscent of ADHD and ASD than previously recognized and suggests that, in addition to the impairment of impulsivity and sociability, the consumption of a WD might be expected to exacerbate motor dysfunction that is also known to be associated with adult ADHD and ASD.

"It ain't what you do, it's the way that you do it": does obesity affect perceptual motor control ability of adults on the speed and accuracy of a discrete aiming task?

The ability to control speed and accuracy of goal directed aiming tasks underpins many activities of daily living. Recent evidence has begun to suggest that obesity can affect the control of movement. This study evaluated perceptual motor control of 183 normal weight, overweight, and obese participants using a discrete Fitts' task on a digital tablet. In addition, we manipulated tablet orientation to determine whether tablet orientation influences task difficulty with the view to increase the task's constraints. Our study found that the traditional relationship between target distance and target width hold true for each of the three weight groups in both tablet orientations. Interestingly, no significant differences were found for movement time between the groups, while movement kinematics differed between weight groups. Obese participants demonstrated significantly higher peak acceleration values in the horizontal tablet orientation when compared to their normal weight and overweight counterparts. Further to this, obese participants made significantly more errors than normal weight and overweight groups. These findings suggest that obese individuals have altered control strategies compared to their normal weight peers.

Getting into the Swing of things: An investigation into rhythmic unimanual coordination in typically developing children

Unimanual coordination is a vital component of everyday life and underpins successful engagement of many activities of daily living and physical activity participation. The ability to coordinate with environmental stimuli has been extensively studied in adults in a variety of situations. However, we know little about these processes in children and even less about how these processes change as age increases. This paper examines children's performance in a rhythmic unimanual coordination task using a handheld pendulum. Participants (aged 6, 9 and 11 years) manipulated the pendulum at 3 frequencies (preferred frequency, +20% of preferred and -20% of preferred frequency) in coordination with 3 stimuli (Visual, Auditory and Visual-Auditory combined). Results showed that children's coordination levels and movement variability improved with age, however still fell below those observed in adults. In addition children demonstrated preferences for visual stimuli or multisensory stimuli compared to auditory stimuli on their own Interestingly, children were found to demonstrate different movement amplitudes for -20%, preferred and +20% frequency conditions. In conclusion, children's unimanual coordination levels were found to follow the typical maturation process and improve with age. Further to this, findings suggest the potential benefit of multisensory information for uni manual coordination in children.

Corrigendum to "Impaired Visual Motor Coordination in Obese Adults"

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2016/6178575.].