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Ali SM, Ali MM, Kamel AM. Effect of Intralesional Sodium Stibogluconate Alone versus Combinations with Topical Trichloroacetic Acid 50% or Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Indian J Dermatol 2023; 68:588. [PMID: 38099118 PMCID: PMC10718256 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_329_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne protozoal disease. Antimonial drugs remain the first-line treatment for CL despite the widespread drug resistance and high incidence of side effects. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of traditional intralesional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) alone and its combinations with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 50% and fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for the treatment of CL. Materials and Methods An interventional study was carried out on 25 CL patients. In each patient, three lesions were assigned to treatment either by SSG alone (GI), SSG plus TCA 50% (GII), or SSG plus fractional CO2 laser (GIII). The overall clinical improvement and changes in the sizes of lesions and scars were assessed and compared among the three groups. Results GIII patients had significantly lower treatment sessions as compared to GI patients (3.6 ± 1.29 versus 4.04 ± 2.11, P = 0.042). Moreover, GII and GIII patients had significantly shorter healing times when compared with GI (3.63 ± 1.35 and 3.46 ± 1.25, respectively, versus 4.0 ± 2.15 weeks, P = 0.019). Also, it was shown that GIII patients had significantly lower scar scores (1.40 ± 1.52) when compared with GI (3.00 ± 0.0) and GII (2.80 ± 1.10), P = 0.017. Conclusions Intralesional SSG with TCA 50% is more effective than SSG alone and is comparable to SSG and fractional CO2 combination in the treatment of CL with better safety profile and patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M. Ali
- From the Department of Dermatology and Andrology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Moshira M. Ali
- From the Department of Dermatology and Andrology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Abeer M. Kamel
- From the Department of Dermatology and Andrology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt
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Orabi MAA, Lahiq AA, Awadh AAA, Alshahrani MM, Abdel-Wahab BA, Abdel-Sattar ES. Alternative Non-Drug Treatment Options of the Most Neglected Parasitic Disease Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Narrative Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050275. [PMID: 37235323 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With more than 12 million cases worldwide, leishmaniasis is one of the top 10 neglected tropical diseases. According to the WHO, there are approximately 2 million new cases each year in foci in around 90 countries, of which 1.5 million are cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a complex cutaneous condition that is caused by a variety of Leishmania species, including L. (Leishmania) major, L. (L) tropica, L. (L) aethiopica, L. (L) mexicana, L. (Viannia) braziliensis, and L. (L) amazonensis. The disease imposes a significant burden on those who are affected since it typically results in disfiguring scars and extreme social stigma. There are no vaccines or preventive treatments available, and chemotherapeutic medications, including antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, paromomycin, pentamidine, and antifungal medications, have a high price tag, a significant risk of developing drug resistance, and a variety of systemic toxicities. To work around these limitations, researchers are continuously looking for brand-new medications and other forms of therapy. To avoid toxicity with systemic medication use, high cure rates have been observed using local therapy techniques such as cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and thermotherapy, in addition to some forms of traditional therapies, including leech and cauterization therapies. These CL therapeutic strategies are emphasized and assessed in this review to help with the process of locating the appropriate species-specific medicines with fewer side effects, lower costs, and elevated cure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A A Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Lahiq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basel A Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Shaymaa Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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Zou B, Zheng W, Pan H, Yang B, Liu Z. Research trends and hotspot analysis of fractional carbon dioxide laser: A bibliometric and visualized analysis via Citespace. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:5484-5499. [PMID: 35869829 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is limited basic research on carbon dioxide (CO2 ) fractional laser, indicating blind spots in CO2 fractional laser treatment of certain diseases. This study aimed to organize previous literature, summarize the current research, and speculate on possible future development. METHODS We searched document data on fractional CO2 lasers from the Web of Science core collection database and retrieved 928 articles from 2004 to 2021. CiteSpace software was used to analyze the main institutions, authors, subject hotspots, and research frontiers in global CO2 fractional laser research. RESULTS The results revealed that 928 related papers were published in the past 18 years (2004-2021), and the number has increased annually. The publications were written by 3239 authors from 626 institutions in 60 countries/regions. The United States (US) dominates this field (312 documents), followed by Italy (289), and South Korea (88). Lasers in Surgery and Medicine is the journal with the most publications and citations, and Uebelhoer is the central author. The main research hotspots include vulvovaginal atrophy, fractional photothermolysis, keloids, drug delivery, gene expressions, facial acne scarring, resurfacing, vitiligo, and photo damage. CONCLUSION Using CiteSpace, this paper draws a map of authors, institutions, and keywords in fractional CO2 laser from 2004 to 2021; summarizes the main authors, institutions, research hotspots, and cutting-edge topics of global fractional CO2 laser technology in recent years; and summarizes the current application status of global fractional CO2 laser in disease treatment. It also provides new ideas for the future application and research of fractional CO2 lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongju Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research and Development Center for External Drugs, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Chahboun F, Eljazouly M, Alj M, Chiheb S. An Atypical Presentation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Cureus 2022; 14:e22836. [PMID: 35382191 PMCID: PMC8976932 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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5
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Madusanka RK, Silva H, Karunaweera ND. Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Insights into Species-Specific Responses: A Narrative Review. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:695-711. [PMID: 35192172 PMCID: PMC8960542 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a complex skin infection that has imposed a heavy burden on many developing countries and is caused by more than 20 Leishmania species. This disease is predominantly associated with disfiguring scars and major social stigma upon infection. The severity of the disease seemingly depends on many factors including the species of parasite, the host, region of endemicity, socio-economic status and the accessibility to health facilities. Despite myriad studies that have been performed on current and novel therapies, the treatment outcomes of CL remain contentious, possibly because of the knowledge gaps that still exist. The differential responses to the current CL therapies have become a major drawback in disease control, and the dearth of information on critical analyses of outcomes of such studies is a hindrance to the overall understanding. On the basis of currently available literature on treatment outcomes, we discuss the most effective doses, drug susceptibilities/resistance and treatment failures of the Leishmania genus for both monotherapy and combination therapy. This review focuses on the available treatment modalities for CL caused by different Leishmania species, with insights into their species-specific efficacies, which would inform the selection of appropriate drugs for the treatment and control of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hermali Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, No. 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | - Nadira D Karunaweera
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, No. 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka.
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Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Comparative assessment of interventions for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis: A network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105944. [PMID: 33957088 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Various interventions including laser therapy, heat therapy, and several drugs have been trialed in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Due to the lack of an evidence-based comparison of all these interventions, we carried out the present network meta-analysis. METHODS Electronic databases were searched for randomized clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of any interventions in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The proportion of patients with complete cure was the primary outcome. The proportion of lesions cured at the end of treatment, the proportion of lesions with minimal/no response to treatment, and proportion of wounds with minimal/no change were the secondary outcomes. Random-effects modeling was used for generating pooled estimates. Rankogram plot was used for identifying the 'best intervention'. For interventions containing a combination of treatments, backslash (/) has been used for depicting the same. RESULTS One-hundred and thirty-one studies were included. Intralesional meglumine, topical paromomycin/gentamicin, topical paromomycin, parenteral sodium stibogluconate, topical honey/intralesional meglumine, topical liposomal amphotericin B, oral zinc sulphate, oral miltefosine, parenteral meglumine, heat therapy, topical liposomal azithromycin, intralesional meglumine/silver dressing, intralesional sodium stibogluconate, parenteral meglumine/intralesional meglumine, oral allopurinol/parenteral meglumine, topical trichloroacetic acid/heat therapy, oral zinc sulphate/oral ketoconazole, topical imiquimod/cryotherapy, intralesional meglumine/cryotherapy, topical herbal extract of Z-HE, parenteral pentamidine, topical trichloroacetic acid/intralesional meglumine, carbon-dioxide laser, topical recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/parenteral meglumine, intralesional dapsone, carbon-dioxide laser/intralesional meglumine, moist wet dressing with sodium hypochlorite, parenteral sodium stibogluconate/intralesional recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, oral dapsone, intralesional sodium stibogluconate/oral ketoconazole, intralesional sodium stibogluconate/parenteral sodium stibogluconate and electrocautery/moist wet dressing with sodium hypochlorite were observed with significantly greater proportion of patients with complete cure compared to placebo/untreated controls. Rankogram analysis revealed that parenteral pentamidine has the highest statistical probability of being the best in the pool. CONCLUSION We observed several interventions to be effective for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, greater caution is required in interpreting the results as the estimates are likely to change with the advent of results from future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Sridharan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
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7
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Husein‐ElAhmed H, Gieler U, Steinhoff M. Evidence supporting the enhanced efficacy of pentavalent antimonials with adjuvant therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:2216-2228. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Husein‐ElAhmed
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology Hospital de Baza Granada Spain
- Translational Research Institute Academic Health System Medical School Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - U. Gieler
- Translational Research Institute Academic Health System Medical School Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
| | - M. Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute Academic Health System Medical School Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- College of Medicine Weill Cornell Medicine‐Qatar Doha Qatar
- Medical School Qatar University Doha Qatar
- College of Medicine Weill Cornell University New York NY USA
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8
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Siadat AH, Zolfaghari A, Shahmoradi Z, Shariat S, Sohrabi K. Application of laser for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review of literature. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 35:1451-1457. [PMID: 32333334 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major health problem in developing countries with high economic and health impact. Despite suggested treatment for CL, there is still no definite therapy for this infection, and many of these treatments are associated with serious local and systemic side effects. In the current paper, use of different laser types including continuous and fractional CO2, argon, PDL, erbium glass, and Nd:YAG have been reviewed. Based on our review, given the high reported efficacy and low side-effect profile, use of laser can be considered as a good alternative to standard treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Performing more studies using different types of lasers is recommended to evaluate the efficacy of this method for treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Siadat
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azadeh Zolfaghari
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Zabiholah Shahmoradi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sheila Shariat
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Karim Sohrabi
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Lakhmiri M, Meziane M, Znati K, Ismaïli N, Benzekri L, Senouci K. [Verrucous leishmaniasis]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2020; 147:398-399. [PMID: 32220475 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Lakhmiri
- Service de dermatologie, CHU Ibn Sina, Rabat, Maroc.
| | - M Meziane
- Service de dermatologie, CHU Ibn Sina, Rabat, Maroc
| | - K Znati
- Service d'anatomie pathologie, CHU Ibn Sina, Rabat, Maroc
| | - N Ismaïli
- Service de dermatologie, CHU Ibn Sina, Rabat, Maroc
| | - L Benzekri
- Service de dermatologie, CHU Ibn Sina, Rabat, Maroc
| | - K Senouci
- Service de dermatologie, CHU Ibn Sina, Rabat, Maroc
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10
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Iraji F, Asilian A, Heidari A, Shariat S, Bokaie Jazi S, Siadat AH. Combination of continuous wave CO
2
laser and topical application of trichloroacetic acid 50% vs CO
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laser alone the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (A case series of 6 patients). J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:1367-1370. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Iraji
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Department of Dermatology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Ali Asilian
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Department of Dermatology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Asieh Heidari
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Department of Dermatology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Sheila Shariat
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Department of Dermatology Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Safura Bokaie Jazi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
- School of Pharmacy Isfahan university of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Siadat
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
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Oryan A, Bemani E, Bahrami S. Emerging role of amiodarone and dronedarone, as antiarrhythmic drugs, in treatment of leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2018; 185:34-41. [PMID: 29689189 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of human and animal diseases causing 20,000-40,000 annual deaths and its etiological agents belong to the Leishmania genus. The most current treatment against leishmaniasis is chemotherapy. Pentavalent antimonials such as glucantime and pentostam have been administrated as the first-line drugs in treatment of various forms of leishmaniasis. The second-line drugs such as amphotericin B, liposomal amphotericin B, miltefosine, pentamidine, azole drugs and paromomycin are used in resistant cases to pentavalent antimonials. Because of drawbacks of the first-line and second-line drugs including adverse side effects on different organs, increasing resistance, high cost, need to hospitalization and long-term treatment, it is necessary to find an alternative drug for leishmaniasis treatment. Several investigations have reported the effectiveness of amiodarone, the most commonly used antiarrhythmic drug, against fungi, Trypanosomes and Leishmania spp. in vitro, in vivo and clinical conditions. Moreover, the beneficial effects of dronedarone, amiodarone analogues, against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania mexicana have recently been demonstrated and such treatment regimens resulted in lower side effects. The anti- leishmanial and anti- trypanosomal effectiveness of amiodarone and dronedarone has been attributed to destabilization of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, inhibition of sterol biosynthesis and collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential. Because of relative low cost, excellent pharmacokinetic properties, easy accessibility and beneficial effects of amiodarone and dronedarone on leishmaniasis, they are proper candidates to replace the current drugs used in leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - E Bemani
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S Bahrami
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Heras‐Mosteiro J, Monge‐Maillo B, Pinart M, Lopez Pereira P, Reveiz L, Garcia‐Carrasco E, Campuzano Cuadrado P, Royuela A, Mendez Roman I, López‐Vélez R. Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 12:CD005067. [PMID: 29192424 PMCID: PMC6485999 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005067.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by a parasitic infection, is considered one of the most serious skin diseases in many low- and middle-income countries. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL) is caused by species found in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and India. The most commonly prescribed treatments are antimonials, but other drugs have been used with varying success. As OWCL tends to heal spontaneously, it is necessary to justify the use of systemic and topical treatments. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2008. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of therapeutic interventions for the localised form of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the following databases to November 2016: the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS. We also searched five trials registers and checked the reference lists of included studies for further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We wrote to national programme managers, general co-ordinators, directors, clinicians, WHO-EMRO regional officers of endemic countries, pharmaceutical companies, tropical medicine centres, and authors of relevant papers for further information about relevant unpublished and ongoing trials. We undertook a separate search for adverse effects of interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in September 2015 using MEDLINE. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of either single or combination treatments in immunocompetent people with OWCL confirmed by smear, histology, culture, or polymerase chain reaction. The comparators were either no treatment, placebo/vehicle, and/or another active compound. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias and extracted data. We only synthesised data when we were able to identify at least two studies investigating similar treatments and reporting data amenable to pooling. We also recorded data about adverse effects from the corresponding search. MAIN RESULTS We included 89 studies (of which 40 were new to this update) in 10,583 people with OWCL. The studies included were conducted mainly in the Far or Middle East at regional hospitals, local healthcare clinics, and skin disease research centres. Women accounted for 41.5% of the participants (range: 23% to 80%). The overall mean age of participants was 25 years (range 12 to 56). Most studies lasted between two to six months, with the longest lasting two years; average duration was four months. Most studies were at unclear or high risk for most bias domains. A lack of blinding and reporting bias were present in almost 40% of studies. Two trials were at low risk of bias for all domains. Trials reported the causative species poorly.Here we provide results for the two main comparisons identified: itraconazole (200 mg for six to eight weeks) versus placebo; and paromomycin ointment (15% plus 10% urea, twice daily for 14 days) versus vehicle.In the comparison of oral itraconazole versus placebo, at 2.5 months' follow up, 85/125 participants in the itraconazole group achieved complete cure compared to 54/119 in the placebo group (RR 3.70, 95% CI 0.35 to 38.99; 3 studies; 244 participants). In one study, microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions only occurred in the itraconazole group after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 17.00, 95% CI 0.47 to 612.21; 20 participants). However, although the analyses favour oral itraconazole for these outcomes, we cannot be confident in the results due to the very low certainty evidence. More side effects of mild abdominal pain and nausea (RR 2.36, 95% CI 0.74 to 7.47; 3 studies; 204 participants) and mild abnormal liver function (RR 3.08, 95% CI 0.53 to 17.98; 3 studies; 84 participants) occurred in the itraconazole group (as well as reports of headaches and dizziness), compared with the placebo group, but again we rated the certainty of evidence as very low so are unsure of the results.When comparing paromomycin with vehicle, there was no difference in the number of participants who achieved complete cure (RR of 1.00, 95% CI 0.86, 1.17; 383 participants, 2 studies) and microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 1.03, CI 0.88 to 1.20; 383 participants, 2 studies), but the paromomycin group had more skin/local reactions (such as inflammation, vesiculation, pain, redness, or itch) (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.67 to 3.01; 4 studies; 713 participants). For all of these outcomes, the certainty of evidence was very low, meaning we are unsure about these results.Trial authors did not report the percentage of lesions cured after the end of treatment or speed of healing for either of these key comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was very low-certainty evidence to support the effectiveness of itraconazole and paromomycin ointment for OWCL in terms of cure (i.e. microbiological or histopathological cure and percentage of participants completely cured). Both of these interventions incited more adverse effects, which were mild in nature, than their comparisons, but we could draw no conclusions regarding safety due to the very low certainty of the evidence for this outcome.We downgraded the key outcomes in these two comparisons due to high risk of bias, inconsistency between the results, and imprecision. There is a need for large, well-designed international studies that evaluate long-term effects of current therapies and enable a reliable conclusion about treatments. Future trials should specify the species of leishmaniasis; trials on types caused by Leishmania infantum, L aethiopica, andL donovani are lacking. Research into the effects of treating women of childbearing age, children, people with comorbid conditions, and those who are immunocompromised would also be helpful.It was difficult to evaluate the overall efficacy of any of the numerous treatments due to the variable treatment regimens examined and because RCTs evaluated different Leishmania species and took place in different geographical areas. Some outcomes we looked for but did not find were degree of functional and aesthetic impairment, change in ability to detect Leishmania, quality of life, and emergence of resistance. There were only limited data on prevention of scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Heras‐Mosteiro
- Rey Juan Carlos UniversityDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health & Immunology and MicrobiologyAvda. Atenas s/nAlcorcónMadridSpain28922
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthMadridSpain
| | - Begoña Monge‐Maillo
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
| | - Mariona Pinart
- c/o Cochrane Skin Group, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UKNottinghamUK
| | - Patricia Lopez Pereira
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthMadridSpain
| | | | - Emely Garcia‐Carrasco
- National Referral Centre for Tropical DiseasesInfectious Diseases DepartmentCtra Colmenar, Km 9,100.MadridSpain28034
| | - Pedro Campuzano Cuadrado
- Rey Juan Carlos UniversityDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health & Immunology and MicrobiologyAvda. Atenas s/nAlcorcónMadridSpain28922
| | - Ana Royuela
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute,Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaDepartment of BiostatisticsMajadahondaSpain28222
| | - Irene Mendez Roman
- The University of Nottinghamc/o Cochrane Skin GroupA103, King's Meadow CampusLenton LaneNottinghamSpainNG7 2NR
| | - Rogelio López‐Vélez
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
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Heras‐Mosteiro J, Monge‐Maillo B, Pinart M, Lopez Pereira P, Garcia‐Carrasco E, Campuzano Cuadrado P, Royuela A, Mendez Roman I, López‐Vélez R. Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 11:CD005067. [PMID: 29149474 PMCID: PMC6486265 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005067.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by a parasitic infection, is considered one of the most serious skin diseases in many low- and middle-income countries. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (OWCL) is caused by species found in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and India. The most commonly prescribed treatments are antimonials, but other drugs have been used with varying success. As OWCL tends to heal spontaneously, it is necessary to justify the use of systemic and topical treatments. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2008. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of therapeutic interventions for the localised form of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the following databases to November 2016: the Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS. We also searched five trials registers and checked the reference lists of included studies for further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We wrote to national programme managers, general co-ordinators, directors, clinicians, WHO-EMRO regional officers of endemic countries, pharmaceutical companies, tropical medicine centres, and authors of relevant papers for further information about relevant unpublished and ongoing trials. We undertook a separate search for adverse effects of interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in September 2015 using MEDLINE. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of either single or combination treatments in immunocompetent people with OWCL confirmed by smear, histology, culture, or polymerase chain reaction. The comparators were either no treatment, placebo/vehicle, and/or another active compound. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias and extracted data. We only synthesised data when we were able to identify at least two studies investigating similar treatments and reporting data amenable to pooling. We also recorded data about adverse effects from the corresponding search. MAIN RESULTS We included 89 studies (of which 40 were new to this update) in 10,583 people with OWCL. The studies included were conducted mainly in the Far or Middle East at regional hospitals, local healthcare clinics, and skin disease research centres. Women accounted for 41.5% of the participants (range: 23% to 80%). The overall mean age of participants was 25 years (range 12 to 56). Most studies lasted between two to six months, with the longest lasting two years; average duration was four months. Most studies were at unclear or high risk for most bias domains. A lack of blinding and reporting bias were present in almost 40% of studies. Two trials were at low risk of bias for all domains. Trials reported the causative species poorly.Here we provide results for the two main comparisons identified: itraconazole (200 mg for six to eight weeks) versus placebo; and paromomycin ointment (15% plus 10% urea, twice daily for 14 days) versus vehicle.In the comparison of oral itraconazole versus placebo, at 2.5 months' follow up, 85/125 participants in the itraconazole group achieved complete cure compared to 54/119 in the placebo group (RR 3.70, 95% CI 0.35 to 38.99; 3 studies; 244 participants). In one study, microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions only occurred in the itraconazole group after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 17.00, 95% CI 0.47 to 612.21; 20 participants). However, although the analyses favour oral itraconazole for these outcomes, we cannot be confident in the results due to the very low certainty evidence. More side effects of mild abdominal pain and nausea (RR 2.36, 95% CI 0.74 to 7.47; 3 studies; 204 participants) and mild abnormal liver function (RR 3.08, 95% CI 0.53 to 17.98; 3 studies; 84 participants) occurred in the itraconazole group (as well as reports of headaches and dizziness), compared with the placebo group, but again we rated the certainty of evidence as very low so are unsure of the results.When comparing paromomycin with vehicle, there was no difference in the number of participants who achieved complete cure (RR of 1.00, 95% CI 0.86, 1.17; 383 participants, 2 studies) and microbiological or histopathological cure of skin lesions after a mean follow-up of 2.5 months (RR 1.03, CI 0.88 to 1.20; 383 participants, 2 studies), but the paromomycin group had more skin/local reactions (such as inflammation, vesiculation, pain, redness, or itch) (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.67 to 3.01; 4 studies; 713 participants). For all of these outcomes, the certainty of evidence was very low, meaning we are unsure about these results.Trial authors did not report the percentage of lesions cured after the end of treatment or speed of healing for either of these key comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was very low-certainty evidence to support the effectiveness of itraconazole and paromomycin ointment for OWCL in terms of cure (i.e. microbiological or histopathological cure and percentage of participants completely cured). Both of these interventions incited more adverse effects, which were mild in nature, than their comparisons, but we could draw no conclusions regarding safety due to the very low certainty of the evidence for this outcome.We downgraded the key outcomes in these two comparisons due to high risk of bias, inconsistency between the results, and imprecision. There is a need for large, well-designed international studies that evaluate long-term effects of current therapies and enable a reliable conclusion about treatments. Future trials should specify the species of leishmaniasis; trials on types caused by Leishmania infantum, L aethiopica, andL donovani are lacking. Research into the effects of treating women of childbearing age, children, people with comorbid conditions, and those who are immunocompromised would also be helpful.It was difficult to evaluate the overall efficacy of any of the numerous treatments due to the variable treatment regimens examined and because RCTs evaluated different Leishmania species and took place in different geographical areas. Some outcomes we looked for but did not find were degree of functional and aesthetic impairment, change in ability to detect Leishmania, quality of life, and emergence of resistance. There were only limited data on prevention of scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Begoña Monge‐Maillo
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
| | - Mariona Pinart
- c/o Cochrane Skin Group, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UKNottinghamUK
| | - Patricia Lopez Pereira
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthMadridSpain
| | - Emely Garcia‐Carrasco
- National Referral Centre for Tropical DiseasesInfectious Diseases DepartmentCtra Colmenar, Km 9,100.MadridSpain28034
| | - Pedro Campuzano Cuadrado
- Rey Juan Carlos UniversityDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health & Immunology and MicrobiologyAvda. Atenas s/nAlcorcónMadridSpain28922
| | - Ana Royuela
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute,Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro‐MajadahondaDepartment of BiostatisticsMajadahondaSpain28222
| | - Irene Mendez Roman
- The University of Nottinghamc/o Cochrane Skin GroupA103, King's Meadow CampusLenton LaneNottinghamSpainNG7 2NR
| | - Rogelio López‐Vélez
- Ramón y Cajal University HospitalTropical Medicine & Clinical Parasitology, Infectious Diseases DepartmentCarretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100MadridSpain28034
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Brito NC, Rabello A, Cota GF. Efficacy of pentavalent antimoniate intralesional infiltration therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis: A systematic review. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184777. [PMID: 28926630 PMCID: PMC5604971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mainstays of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment, in several world regions, are pentavalent antimony (Sbv) compounds administered parenterally, despite their recognized toxicity, which requires frequent laboratory monitoring and complicates their use in areas with scarce infrastructure. As result of these drawbacks, the WHO Expert Committee on leishmaniasis has expanded the recommendations for the use of local therapies, including Sbv intralesional infiltration (IL-Sbv), as CL therapy alternatives even in the New World. However, the efficacy of these approaches has never been compiled. The aim of this study was to critically and systematically assess the efficacy of IL-Sbv for CL treatment. Methodology The PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and the Cochrane manual were followed. The sources used were the MEDLINE and LILACS databases and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of the World Health Organization. The outcome of interest was a clinical cure, defined as complete re-epithelialization of all lesions. The IL-Sbv pooled cure rate was estimated for several subgroups and direct comparisons were performed when possible. Results Thirty nine articles (40 studies) involving 5679 patients treated with IL-Sbv infiltration were included. In direct comparison, only three studies involving 229 patients compared IL-Sbv infiltration versus placebo and no difference was observed (OR: 1,9; 95%IC 0,93 to 3,82) based on cure rate 69.6% (95%CI 17.6–96.1%) and 83,2% (95%CI 66–92.7%) for placebo and IL-Sbv, respectively. In an alternative and non-comparative analysis, gathering all study arms using the intervention, the pooled IL-Sbv efficacy rate was 75% (95%CI 68–81%). In the Old World, the observed overall IL-Sbv efficacy rate was 75% (95%CI 66–82%), and the cure rates were significantly higher with sodium stibogluconate (SSG) than with meglumine antimoniate (MA): 83% (95%CI 75–90%) versus 68% (95%CI 54–79%), p = 0.03. Studies directly comparing IL-Sbv with topical 15% paromomycin ointment, IL hypertonic saline, radiofrequency-induced heat therapy, topical trichloroacetic acid and cryotherapy showed no significant difference in efficacy between the interventions. The analyses suggested a higher efficacy of IL-Sbv combined with cryotherapy (81.8%, 95%IC 62.4–92.4%) when compared with IL-Sbv alone (53.3%, 95%IC 46.1–66%), OR: 3.14 (95%CI 1.1–8.9), p = 0.03. In the New World, the global IL-Sbv efficacy was 77%(95%CI 66–85%). In contrast with the Old World, a significant difference favoring MA in relation to SSG was observed: 61% (95%CI 49–73%) versus 82% (95%CI 70–89%).By comparing IL infiltration schedules, it was determined that patients submitted to IL-Sbv treatments longer than 14 days had higher cure rates. Conclusions Despite the high heterogeneity and low methodological quality of studies, an indirect comparison shows that the antimony infiltration efficacy rate is similar to that reported for antimony systemic use. The evidence gathered thus far is insufficient to identify the ideal IL therapeutic regime or estimate the rates of adverse events and mucosal late complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Castelano Brito
- Pesquisas Clínicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Rabello
- Pesquisas Clínicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Fernandes Cota
- Pesquisas Clínicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias–Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Vazini H. Anti- Trichomonas vaginalis activity of nano Micana cordifolia and Metronidazole: an in vitro study. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:1034-1039. [PMID: 29114138 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellate parasite living in the genital tract and it is accounted as a sexually transmitted disease. The clinical symptoms vary from the asymptomatic to the severe form which is usually associated with the irritation, itching and infertility in some severe cases. Many drugs have been applied to treat this disease and Metronidazole is the gold standard for treatment; however, it has also detected that this medicine has many side-effects which it has been motivated the researchers to find an appropriate alternative for this medicine. One of the treatment options is the use of the herbal medicines and natural compounds. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the in vitro anti-T. vaginalis activity of nano-emulsion of Micana cordifolia and Metronidazole. In this study, T. vaginalis was isolated from the clinical samples and were cultured on a modified Dorsate medium. The nano-emulsion of M. cordifolia was prepared by heating technique. The effect of nano-emulsion of M. cordifolia was separately investigated on the T. vaginalis at the times of 12, 24 and 72 h and the obtained data were analyzed by the Spss 20 using the ANOVA test. The results indicated that the concentration of 100 ppm of nano-emulsion of M. cordifolia at the times of 12, 24 and 72 h has the anti-T. vaginalis activity of 44 ± 1.66, 37 ± 1 and 25 ± 2, respectively. It is also observed that the concentration of 500 ppm of the extract has the best effect and was able to eliminate the 85% of T. vaginalis. Furthermore, the anti-T. vaginalis activity of nano M. cordifolia was observed to be 100% in the concentrations of 1000 ppm. It can be concluded, based on the results, that the nano M. cordifolia has acceptable efficacy on the elimination of T. vaginalis and it can be a suitable alternative for Metronidazole after implementation of complementary tests on laboratory animals and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Vazini
- Nursing Department, Basic Sciences Faculty, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
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