Investigation of Vitamin D-Binding Protein Polymorphism Impact on Coronary Artery Disease and Relationship with Longevity: Own Data and a Review

VDBP and VDR Mutations May Cause In-Stent Restenosis

Objective: In-stent restenosis (ISR) is the narrowing of a stented coronary artery lesion. A considerable number of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are affected by ISR. The predominant mechanism in the development of ISR is an inflammatory response to vessel wall injury during PCI. Vitamin D is reported to have anti-inflammatory properties, so it may also be related with ISR. Therefore, in this study the relationship between vitamin D receptor (VDR), vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) gene variations and ISR were investigated. Methods: Fifty-eight ISR patients who have chest pain, underwent angiography and were found to have restenosis in the previously inserted stent were included in the patient group and thirty-five patients who have chest pain and were not found to have restenosis in their previous stent in coronary angiography were included in the control group. rs7041 and rs4588 variations in VDBP; rs1544410 and rs2228570 variations in VDR were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results were evaluated statistically. Results: The CC genotype of rs2228570 variation of VDR and the CA genotype of rs4588 variation of VDBP were found statistically high in patient group. rs7041 variation was found statistically high in patients who had myocardial infarction history before stent implantation. Additionally, it was demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency (vitamin D level

Group-specific component exon 11 haplotypes (D432E and T436K) and risk of albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

BACKGROUND

Emerging evidence indicates group-specific component (GC) variants are associated with ethnicity. We aimed to investigate the association of GC variants and protein expression level with T2DM and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Saudi patients.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A total of 200 participants (120 T2DM/80 controls) were genotyped for GC-rs7041/GC-rs4588 by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum GC was assessed by ELISA and in silico analysis was executed.

RESULTS

GC-rs7041 frequency distribution showed no difference between the study groups, while GC-rs4588 showed association with T2DM under all genetic models. rs4588*AA variant was correlated with higher serum GC globulin, albuminuria, and poor glycaemic control. A higher frequency of rs7041*TT and rs4588*AA was evident in macroalbuminuria vs. normoalbuminuria group. Carrying GC-2 haplotype was 2.5 more likely to develop diabetes and correlated with the levels of albuminuria.

CONCLUSIONS

GC variants could have independent effects on the risk of T2DM and DN in the study population.

Vitamin D-binding protein as a biomarker to confirm specific clinical diagnoses

Introduction: Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) performs a variety of functions as a transporter for various ligands and takes part in a number of systemic and local physiological and pathological processes. The knowledge about the pathomechanisms of this protein involvement justifies its use as a biomarker to confirm specific clinical diagnoses suggested by nonspecific signs and symptoms.Areas covered: DBP has properties of both systemic laboratory parameters measured in the blood plasma and specific parameters measured in variety of physiological fluids to assess local changes in specific body organs. Articles published in English between 1993 and 2019 were searched for in PubMed using terms DBP, vitamin D, and metabolites, inflammation. DBP is a transport protein and a regulator of immune and inflammatory processes.Expert opinion: DBP capacity for transporting numerous ligands and co-involvement of DBP in immune and inflammatory processes suggest that DBP may be used in laboratory diagnostics as a specific parameter to confirm pathomechanisms of several systemic diseases and local conditions. Changes in the concentration of DBP present in a variety of clinical material may provide valuable information for use in assessing the severity and treatment of pathological processes.

Diminished 25-OH vitamin D3 levels and vitamin D receptor variants are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes with coronary artery diseases

Background

Role of plasma vitamin D and genetic variants of its receptor (VDR) in susceptibility to different diseases has been documented. Various studies in different populations have been highlighted strong associations with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Vitamin D deficiency has been linked with the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the onset of coronary artery diseases (CAD). However, the role of vitamin D in predisposition to CAD in patients with T2D is ill‐defined.

Materials and Methods

We enrolled 674 Chinese T2D patients, and based on clinical phenotype, patients were further categorized into patients with (n = 138) or without coronary artery disease (n = 536). Five hundred twenty‐one healthy subjects from similar geographical areas, free from diabetic or coronary disorders, were enrolled as controls. Serum levels of 25‐OH vitamin D were quantified by ELISA. Common VDR (FokI, TaqI, BsmI, and ApaI) polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP).

Results

Patients with T2D displayed lower levels of 25‐OH vitamin D compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, T2D patients with CAD clinical phenotype had the lowest levels of vitamin D. Prevalence of FokI and TaqI mutants was significantly higher in diabetic patients when compared to controls. Interestingly, Tt genotype was more frequent in the artery disease group in comparison with T2D patients without heart involvement. Combined analysis of VDR polymorphisms and serum levels of vitamin D revealed a significant role in predisposition to T2D with or without CAD.

Conclusions

Lower vitamin D levels and variants of VDR polymorphisms (FokI and TaqI) are associated with susceptibility to T2D and clinical manifestation.

Vitamin D-binding protein (rs4588) T/T genotype is associated with anteroseptal myocardial infarction in coronary artery disease patients

Background

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among leading causes of death worldwide and amongst CVD, coronary artery disease (CAD) accounts for almost half of all cardiovascular deaths as the most common cause of death in the developed world. Vitamin D and the vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) have been studied as possible CAD pathogenesis factors but literature data provide opposing evidence on their role in CAD. Herein we aimed to present novel evidence on the association of two VDBP polymorphisms (rs4588) and (rs7041) with CAD in patients after acute myocardial infarction and study possible correlations of these polymorphisms with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] serum levels.

Methods

The cross-section genotyping study included 155 subjects with CAD upon acute myocardial infarct and 104 control subjects. All patients and control group were Caucasians of European descent. VDBP polymorphisms (rs4588) and (rs7041) were studied by use of RT-PCR. Liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used for measurement of vitamin D in the serum.

Results

Association of the VDBP (rs4588) T/T genotype with CAD patients after acute MI and correlation of VDBP (rs4588) genotype G/G with higher levels of total vitamin D were found. No correlation of 25(OH)D serum levels with CAD were established but the multivariate logistic regression modelling enabled association of total vitamin D level and VDBP (rs4588) T/T genotype with CAD and anteroseptal myocardial infarction (ASMI) CAD occurrence.

Conclusions

Obtained data speak in favor to the VDBP (rs4588) T/T genotype as a susceptibility factor for anteroseptal myocardial infarction where the same genotype showed to be generally more prevalent in smokers.

Vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D receptor genotypes and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with development of aortic and mitral valve calcification and coronary artery diseases

To assess the association between vitamin D-Binding Protein (VDBP rs7041T>G) and vitamin D receptor (VDR rs1544410G>A) gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases in population from west of Iran. Two hundred forty-nine individuals with cardiovascular disease (92 with aortic and Mitral Valves Calcification (AMVC) and 157 with Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD) that their diseases were confirmed by echocardiography and angiography and unrelated 182 healthy controls (gender and age-matched) were selected for this case-control study. The VDR 1544410G>A, and VDBP 7041T>G genotyping were detected by PCR-RFLP, serum vitamin D and lipid concentrations were measured by ELISA and enzyme assay, respectively. The VDR rs1544410G>A gene is a strong risk factor for CAD (OR = 1.28, p = 0.002) and the dominant genotype (T/G+G/G) of VDBP 7041 T>G SNP plays a protective role (OR = 0.67, p = 0.003) in AMVC development in studied population. In addition, lower level of vitamin D strongly increased the risk of CAD (15 ± 11.02 vs. 21.3 ± 18 μg/L, p = 0.043) and AMVC (12.1 ± 13.1 vs.21.3 ± 18 μg/L, p = 0.014) development in individuals carrying T/T genotype of VDBP 7041 T>G gene polymorphism. There was a strong interaction between A allele VDR rs1544410 and G allele of VDBP rs7041 genes in a protective role (OR = 0.74, p = 0.044) in AMVC patients). CAD and AMVC patients were deficient in vitamin D, i.e. their level of vitamin D was strongly lower than that in the control group. Our findings for the first time indicated that there is a strong association between vitamin D deficiency, lipid profile and the VDR rs1544410G>A and rs7T41>G VDBP genes polymorphisms. These interactions may be one of the important factors for CAD and AMVC incidence.

ABO blood group polymorphism has an impact on prostate, kidney and bladder cancer in association with longevity

The aim of the present study was to assess the ABO blood group polymorphism association with prostate, bladder and kidney cancer, and longevity. The following data groups were analyzed: Prostate cancer (n=2,200), bladder cancer (n=1,530), renal cell cancer (n=2,650), oldest-old (n=166) and blood donors (n=994) groups. The data on the ABO blood type frequency and odds ratio in prostate cancer patients revealed a significantly higher blood group B frequency (P<0.05); the pooled men and women, separate men bladder cancer risk was significantly associated with the blood group B (P<0.04); however, no such association was identified in the female patients. The blood group O was observed to have a significantly decreased risk of bladder cancer for females (P<0.05). No significance for the ABO blood group type in the studied kidney cancer patients was identified. A comparison of the oldest-old and blood donor groups revealed that blood group A was significantly more frequent and blood type B was significantly rarer in the oldest-olds (P<0.05). The results of the present study indicated that blood type B was associated with the risk of prostate and bladder cancer, and could be evaluated as a determinant in the negative assocation with longevity. Blood types O and A may be positive factors for increasing the oldest-old age likelihood. The clustering analysis by the ABO type frequency demonstrated that the oldest-olds comprised a separate cluster of the studied groups.

Association of vitamin D deficiency and VDBP gene polymorphism with the risk of AMI in a Pakistani population

Objective

To investigate the relationship of vitamin D deficiency and risk of AMI in a Pakistani population, and to find out any association between vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) genotypes and risk of AMI in this population.

Methods

In a comparative cross-sectional study, 246 patients (age: 20-70 years; 171 males and 75 females) with first AMI were enrolled with informed consent. Similarly, 345 healthy adults (230 males and 115 females) were enrolled as controls. Their fasting serum samples were analyzed for 25 (OH) vitamin D, lipids and other biomarkers using kit methods, while DNA was analyzed for VDBP genotypes using PCR-RFLP based methods. Chi-squared test and logistic regression were used for association of vitamin D deficiency and VDBP genotypes with AMI.

Results

Mean serum concentration of 25(OH) vitamin D was significantly lower in AMI patients compared to healthy subjects (p=0.015) and percent vitamin D deficiency was higher in AMI patients compared to healthy subjects (p=0.003). VDBP IF-IF genotype was positively associated with the risk of AMI in subject above 45 years after adjusting for potential confounders [OR = 9.86; 95% CI=1.16 to 83.43].

Conclusion

Vitamin D deficiency and VDBP IF-IF genotype are associated with AMI in Pakistani adults.

Role of Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases

Vitamin D is critical in mineral homeostasis and skeletal health and plays a regulatory role in nonskeletal tissues. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, including diabetes and obesity, both strong risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis, heart failure, aneurysm, peripheral arterial disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, are major causes of morbidity and mortality. The association of these diseases with vitamin D deficiency and improvement with vitamin D supplementation suggest its therapeutic benefit. The authors review the findings on the association of vitamin D deficiency and CVDs.

Impact of polymorphism rs7041 and rs4588 of Vitamin D Binding Protein on the extent of coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM

25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency represents a widespread social problem but also an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Genetic variants of the Vitamin D Binding Protein (VDBP), the main transporter of vitamin D in the bloodstream, have been shown to account for a significant variability in the levels and systemic effects of vitamin D. We investigated whether the single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs7041 and rs4588, of VDBP are associated to the prevalence and extent of coronary artery disease.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A consecutive cohort of patients undergoing coronary angiography in a single centre were included. Significant CAD was defined as at least 1 stenosis >50%, severe CAD for as left main and/or three-vessel disease. VDBP genetic status was assessed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. We included 1080 patients, 57% carried the mutated G allele of rs7041, whereas 22% carried the A allele of rs4588. Higher levels of C- reactive protein were observed in the carriers of G allele of rs7041 (p = 0.02), whereas 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were similar across groups. A higher prevalence of lesions in the left anterior descending artery and a longer lesion length were observed in "A" carriers for rs4588 (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respectively). On the contrary, a higher prevalence of bifurcation lesions and chronic occlusions was observed in G carriers (p = 0.002 and p = 0.01 respectively). Both polymorphisms of VDBP did not affect the prevalence of CAD (rs7041: 79.1% TT vs 80.3% TG vs 78.5% GG, p = 0.81; rs4588 = 80.3% CC vs 78.5% AC + AA, p = 0.49) and severe CAD, (rs7041: 31.1% TT % vs 31.3% TG vs 30.6% GG, p = 0.88; rs4588: 32.2% CC vs 29.3% AC + AA, p = 0.31). Results were confirmed at multivariate analysis, for both rs7041 and rs4588. However, when including the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the multivariate model, we observed that 25(OH)D status and not genetic variants of VDBP were significantly associated with CAD (25-hydroxyvitamin D OR [95% CI] = 0.99 [0.97-1.0], p = 0.05; rs7041 TG: OR [95% CI] = 1.26 [0.73-2.19], p = 0.41; rs7041 GG: OR [95% CI] = 1.25 [0.82-1.91], p = 0.30; rs4588 AC + AA: OR [95% CI] = 0.76 [0.51-1.13], p = 0.18).

CONCLUSION

This study showed in a large cohort of patients undergoing coronary angiography, that the polymorphisms rs7041 and rs4588 of VDBP are not associated with the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D nor with the prevalence and extent of CAD. In fact, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels but not VDBP genetic status independently predicted the occurrence of coronary lesions at angiography.