Spondylodiscitis Caused by Enterobacter agglomerans

Pantoea agglomerans: An Elusive Contributor to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation

The ubiquitously present gram-negative bacteria Pantoea agglomerans is not a commonly known human pathogen. Recently, increasing recognition of the species as a human pathogen has led to controversy as limited documented cases of P.agglomerans bacteremia and infections have been reported in the literature, with most cases reported among immunocompromised patients or the pediatric population. Here, we present the case of a 54-year-old female with P. agglomerans and Enterococcus faecium bacteremia along with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Enterobacter spp.: Update on Taxonomy, Clinical Aspects, and Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance

The genus Enterobacter is a member of the ESKAPE group, which contains the major resistant bacterial pathogens. First described in 1960, this group member has proven to be more complex as a result of the exponential evolution of phenotypic and genotypic methods. Today, 22 species belong to the Enterobacter genus. These species are described in the environment and have been reported as opportunistic pathogens in plants, animals, and humans. The pathogenicity/virulence of this bacterium remains rather unclear due to the limited amount of work performed to date in this field. In contrast, its resistance against antibacterial agents has been extensively studied. In the face of antibiotic treatment, it is able to manage different mechanisms of resistance via various local and global regulator genes and the modulation of the expression of different proteins, including enzymes (β-lactamases, etc.) or membrane transporters, such as porins and efflux pumps. During various hospital outbreaks, the Enterobacter aerogenes and E. cloacae complex exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype, which has stimulated questions about the role of cascade regulation in the emergence of these well-adapted clones.