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Pagano G, Lyakhovich A, Pallardó FV, Tiano L, Zatterale A, Trifuoggi M. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Fragile X syndrome and Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: prospect use of antioxidants and mitochondrial nutrients. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:480. [PMID: 38578387 PMCID: PMC10997711 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder characterized by mutation in the FMR1 gene, leading to the absence or reduced levels of fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMRP). This results in neurodevelopmental deficits, including autistic spectrum conditions. On the other hand, Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a distinct disorder caused by the premutation in the FMR1 gene. FXTAS is associated with elevated levels of FMR1 mRNA, leading to neurodegenerative manifestations such as tremors and ataxia.Mounting evidence suggests a link between both syndromes and mitochondrial dysfunction (MDF). In this minireview, we critically examine the intricate relationship between FXS, FXTAS, and MDF, focusing on potential therapeutic avenues to counteract or mitigate their adverse effects. Specifically, we explore the role of mitochondrial cofactors and antioxidants, with a particular emphasis on alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), carnitine (CARN) and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Findings from this review will contribute to a deeper understanding of these disorders and foster novel therapeutic strategies to enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, via Cintia, Naples, I-80126, Italy.
| | | | - Federico V Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, CIBERER, Valencia, E-46010, Spain
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnical University of Marche, Ancona, I-60121, Italy
| | | | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, via Cintia, Naples, I-80126, Italy
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Gao MM, Shi H, Yan HJ, Long YS. Proteome profiling of the prefrontal cortex of Fmr1 knockout mouse reveals enhancement of complement and coagulation cascades. J Proteomics 2023; 274:104822. [PMID: 36646274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) deficit resulted from mutations in its encoded fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) gene is a common inherited cause of Fragile X syndrome (FXS) characterized by intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The FMRP absence-induced altered gene expression in prefrontal cortex (PFC) are associated with autistic behaviors. However, there lacks a large-scale protein profiling in the PFC upon loss of FMRP. This study used a TMT-labeled proteomic analysis to identify a protein profile of the PFC in the Fmr1 knockout mouse. A total of 5886 proteins were identified in the PFC with 100 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in response to FMRP deficiency. Bioinformatical analyses showed that these DAPs were mostly enriched in immune system, extracellular part and complement and coagulation cascades. The complement and coagulation cascades include 6 upregulated proteins (SERPING1, C1QA, C3, FGA, FGB and FGG), which are associated with fibrin degradation, cell lysis, degranulation chemotaxis and phagocytosis linked to activation of immune and inflammatory responses. Thus, our data provide an altered protein profile upon loss of FMRP in the PFC, and suggest that the enhancement of complement and coagulation cascades might contribute to etiological and pathogenic roles of ASD in FXS. SIGNIFICANCE: The etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a group of neurobiological disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction barriers and other abnormal behaviors, is still elusive. Autistic-like phenotypes are present in both Fragile X syndrome (FXS) patients and FMRP-deficiency FXS models. Given that prefrontal cortex is a critical brain area for social interaction, the FMRP absence induced-changes of a subset of proteins might contribute to ASD in FXS. Using a comprehensive proteomic analysis, this study provides a prefrontal protein profile of the FMRP-absent mouse with a total of 100 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). Bioinformatic analyses suggest that these DAPs are mainly involved in the regulations of immune system and complement and coagulation cascades. We also show that 6 upregulated proteins (SERPING1, C1QA, C3, FGA, FGB and FGG) in the complement and coagulation cascades are associated with fibrin degradation, cell lysis, degranulation chemotaxis and phagocytosis regarding dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses in the prefrontal cortex. Therefore, this study suggests that these FMRP-deficient DAPs in the prefrontal cortex might contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Gao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Hua-Juan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yue-Sheng Long
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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Apam-Castillejos DJ, Tendilla-Beltrán H, Vázquez-Roque RA, Vázquez-Hernández AJ, Fuentes-Medel E, García-Dolores F, Díaz A, Flores G. Second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine attenuates behavioral and prefrontal cortex synaptic plasticity deficits in a neurodevelopmental schizophrenia-related rat model. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 125:102166. [PMID: 36156295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotics are the drugs of choice for the treatment of neurodevelopmental-related mental diseases such as schizophrenia. Despite the effectiveness of these drugs to ameliorate some of the symptoms of schizophrenia, specifically the positive ones, the mechanisms beyond their antipsychotic effect are still poorly understood. Specifically, second-generation antipsychotics are reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroplastic properties. Using the neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion (nVHL) in the rat, an accepted schizophrenia-related model, we evaluated the effect of the second-generation antipsychotic olanzapine (OLZ) in the behavioral, neuroplastic, and neuroinflammatory alterations exhibited in the nVHL animals. OLZ corrected the hyperlocomotion and impaired working memory of the nVHL animals but failed to enhance social disturbances of these animals. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC), OLZ restored the pyramidal cell structural plasticity in the nVHL rats, enhancing the dendritic arbor length, the spinogenesis and the proportion of mature spines. Moreover, OLZ attenuated astrogliosis as well as some pro-inflammatory, oxidative stress, and apoptosis-related molecules in the PFC. These findings reinforce the evidence of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neurotrophic mechanisms of second-generation antipsychotics in the nVHL schizophrenia-related model, which allows for the possibility of developing more specific drugs for this disorder and thus avoiding the side effects of current schizophrenia treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Estefania Fuentes-Medel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico
| | - Fernando García-Dolores
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Ciudad de México (TSJCDMX), Mexico
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (FCQ), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico.
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Jeon SJ, Kwon H, Bae HJ, Gonzales EL, Kim J, Chung HJ, Kim DH, Ryu JH, Shin CY. Agmatine relieves behavioral impairments in Fragile X mice model. Neuropharmacology 2022; 219:109234. [PMID: 36057317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common heritable form of neurodevelopmental disorder, which is caused by the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. Despite the unceasing efforts to develop therapeutic agents against FXS based on the pathophysiological changes observed in animal models of FXS and human patients, therapeutic candidates including mGluR signaling modulators have failed to provide sufficient effects. Based on the recent successful demonstration of an endogenous polyamine, agmatine, to improve the autism-like symptoms in the valproic acid animal model of autism, we investigated the effects of agmatine against FXS symptoms using Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice. METHODS We used male Fmr1 KO mice for behavioral tests such as marble burying, open-field test, memory tasks, social interaction tests and startle response to confirm the symptoms of FXS. We also checked the electrophysiological profile of neural activity in agmatine-treated Fmr1 KO mice. RESULTS Agmatine reversed the compulsion, learning and memory deficits, hyperactivity, aberrant social interaction, and communication deficit in Fmr1 KO mice while it normalized the aberrant LTP and LTD in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the potential of agmatine's novel disease-ameliorating effects in FXS, which warrants further studies to ascertain whether these findings translate into clinical effects in FXS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Sahmyook University, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiyoung Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jung Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck Gonzales
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Sarkar A, Mahendran TS, Meenakshisundaram A, Christopher RV, Dan P, Sundararajan V, Jana N, Venkatasubbu D, Sheik Mohideen S. Role of cerium oxide nanoparticles in improving oxidative stress and developmental delays in Drosophila melanogaster as an in-vivo model for bisphenol a toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131363. [PMID: 34225110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical used commonly in the manufacture of plastic bottles, beverage cans, consumer products, and medical devices. It has a high risk of disrupting hormone-mediated processes which are critical for the growth and development of an infant. In the present study, the flies are exposed to different concentrations of BPA (0.05 and 0.5 mM), which represented the federally regulated LOAEL (50 mg/kg bw/day) and a higher dose of 1 mM, to study the change in cell death, nuclear instability oxidative stress, and behavioral anomalies leading to complex behavioral disorders like Autism. Effects of BPA doses (0.05, 0.5, 1 mM) were studied and the flies showed deficits in social interaction, locomotion, and enhanced oxidative stress that was found to be deteriorating among the flies. Automated tracking and robust MATLAB analysis of behavioral paradigms like position, movement, velocity, and courtship have given us an insight into a detrimental change in development and behavior when exposed to BPA. The flies were also co-treated with Cerium Oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NP), well known for its antioxidant properties due to their antioxidant enzyme biomimetic nature, resulted in low oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and an improvement in behavior. In this work, we have tested our hypothesis of oxidative stress and nuclear instability as a potent cause for improper development in Drosophila when exposed to EDCs like BPA which is a potential hazard for both health and environment and might lead to various developmental disorders in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajyoti Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tharun Selvam Mahendran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aasha Meenakshisundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rushenka Vashti Christopher
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pallavi Dan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vignesh Sundararajan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nishant Jana
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devanand Venkatasubbu
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sahabudeen Sheik Mohideen
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Hsu PJ, Yeh HL, Tsai CL, Chu CH, Chen FC, Pan CY. Effects of a Floor Hockey Intervention on Motor Proficiency, Physical Fitness, and Adaptive Development in Youths with Mild Intellectual Disabilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137059. [PMID: 34280994 PMCID: PMC8297291 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a 12-week floor hockey training program on the motor proficiency, physical fitness, and adaptive development of youths with mild intellectual disabilities (IDs). A total of 54 youths with IDs were divided into two groups: a floor hockey exercise group (EG; n = 27; age, 16.59 ± 0.56 years) and a control group (CG; n = 27; age, 16.65 ± 0.63 years). The participants in the EG attended sessions of a floor hockey training program 3 times per week over a 12-week period. The CG group maintained their standard activities of daily living. The participants' scores on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition, Brockport Physical Fitness Test, and traditional Chinese version of the teacher form of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition, were obtained before and after the intervention. The results of the study indicate that the 12-week floor hockey training program significantly increased the participants' scores for most indicators of motor proficiency (p < 0.01), physical fitness (p < 0.01), and adaptive development (p < 0.01). The findings provide evidence that physical activity interventions focusing on floor hockey training are a viable therapeutic option for treating youths with IDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Physical Education, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Ling Yeh
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung City 802, Taiwan; (H.-L.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (F.-C.C.)
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Hua Chu
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung City 802, Taiwan; (H.-L.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (F.-C.C.)
| | - Fu-Chen Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung City 802, Taiwan; (H.-L.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (F.-C.C.)
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung City 802, Taiwan; (H.-L.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (F.-C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7172930
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7
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How Robust is the Evidence for a Role of Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disabilities? J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:1428-1445. [PMID: 32929662 PMCID: PMC8084796 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growing interest in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and other intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) has led to emerging evidence implicating a role for oxidative stress. However, understanding the strength of this association is made challenging by the use of a variety of purported biomarkers of oxidative stress, many of which have either uncertain specificity or flawed methods of analysis. This review aims to address this issue, which is widespread in the ASD and IDD literature, by providing readers with information concerning the strengths and limitations of the choice and analysis of biomarkers of oxidative stress. We highlight that biomarkers and assays should be specific, sensitive, reproducible, precise, robust, and chosen with careful consideration. Future studies should be sufficiently powered and address sample collection, processing, and storage which are, additionally, poorly considered, sources of bad practice, and potential errors. Only with these issues considered, will the data lead to conclusions as to the precise role of oxidative stress in ASDs and IDD.
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Ijomone OM, Aluko OM, Okoh COA, Ebokaiwe AP. N ω-nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, attenuates nickel-induced neurotoxicity. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2202-2211. [PMID: 34013798 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1917382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The various mediums of exposure to nickel (Ni) compounds have raised enormous public health concerns, as it has been illustrated to exert toxic effects in biological organs, including the brain. We have previously implicated the involvement of elevated nitric oxide (NO) in Ni-induced oxidative stress in the brain. Hence, the present study investigated the ameliorative potential of Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), a NO synthase inhibitor, following Ni-induced neurotoxicity. Adult male rats were divided into four groups; control (normal saline), 10 mg/kg Ni chloride (NiCl2) only, 1 mg/kg L-NA, or 2 mg/kg L-NA co-administered with NiCl2. The administration was via daily intraperitoneal injections for three weeks. Neurobehavioural assessments performed thereafter ascertained short-term spatial memory and anxiety. Furthermore, histological evaluations of the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum were carried out using routine hematoxylin and eosin technique, while the phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin method was used to express the degree of astrogliosis. Biochemical analysis of NO levels was examined along with other oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione S transferase, glutathione peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and lipid peroxidation). The results illustrated altered behavioral responses, a higher population of degenerating neurons, and astrocytes in the NiCl2 group. There was also an elevation in the NO level and a corresponding reduction in antioxidant activities. However, these debilitating changes were ameliorated in the L-NA treated groups. These results demonstrate an association between alterations in NO synthesis pathway and Ni neurotoxicity, which may render neuronal cells susceptible to damage by oxidative stress. This may yet be another mechanism and useful therapeutic marker in deciphering Ni-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Oritoke M Aluko
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Comfort O A Okoh
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Azubuike P Ebokaiwe
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
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Sharma S, Saini A, Nehru B. Neuroprotective effects of carbenoxolone against amyloid-beta 1-42 oligomer-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in rats. Neurotoxicology 2021; 83:89-105. [PMID: 33412218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of Aβ plays a major role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and induces neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Recent studies have shown that the soluble aggregates of Aβ are the major culprits in the development of these aberrations inside the brain. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective potential of carbenoxolone (Cbx), which has been found to possess anti-inflammatory and nootropic properties. Male SD rats (250-300 g) were divided into the four groups (n = 8 per group): (1) sham control rats injected with vehicles, (2) Aβ 1-42 group rats injected i.c.v. with Aβ 42 oligomers (10 μl/rat), (3) Aβ 1-42+Cbx group rats injected i.c.v. with Aβ 42 oligomers (10 μl/rat) and i.p. with carbenoxolone disodium (20 mg/kg body weight) for six-weeks and (4) Cbx group rats injected i.p. with carbenoxolone disodium (20 mg/kg body weight) for six-weeks. Progressive learning and memory deficits were seen through a battery of behavioral tests and a significant increase in the expressions of GFAP and Iba-1 was observed which resulted in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines post Aβ oligomer injection. The levels of BDNF, Bcl-2 and pCREB were decreased while Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome c levels were induced. Also, neurotransmitter levels were altered and neuronal damage was observed through histopathological studies. After Cbx supplementation, the expressions of GFAP, IBA-1, pro-inflammatory cytokines, iNOS, nNOS and nitric oxide levels were normalized. The expression levels of pro-apoptotic markers were decreased and neurotrophin levels were restored. Also, neurotransmitter levels and neuronal profile were improved and progressive improvements in behavioural performance were observed. Our results demonstrated that Cbx might have prevented the Aβ induced neurodegeneration and cognitive decline by inhibiting the neuroinflammation and inducing BDNF/CREB signalling. These findings suggest that Cbx can be explored as a potential therapeutic agent against the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Avneet Saini
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Bimla Nehru
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Ha BG, Heo JY, Jang YJ, Park TS, Choi JY, Jang WY, Jeong SJ. Depletion of Mitochondrial Components from Extracellular Vesicles Secreted from Astrocytes in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E410. [PMID: 33401721 PMCID: PMC7794859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative diseases and developmental disorders such as Fragile X syndrome (FXS). The cross-talk between mitochondria and extracellular vesicles (EVs) suggests that EVs may transfer mitochondrial components as intermediators for intracellular communication under physiological and pathological conditions. In the present study, the ability of EVs to transfer mitochondrial components and their role in mitochondrial dysfunction in astrocytes were examined in the brains of Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice, a model of FXS. The amounts of mitochondrial transcription factor NRF-1, ATP synthases ATP5A and ATPB, and the mitochondrial membrane protein VDAC1 in EVs were reduced in cerebral cortex samples and astrocytes from Fmr1 KO mice. These reductions correspond to decreased mitochondrial biogenesis and transcriptional activities in Fmr1 KO brain, along with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) with abnormal localization of vimentin intermediate filament (VIF) in Fmr1 KO astrocytes. Our results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction in astrocytes is associated with the pathogenesis of FXS and can be monitored by depletion of components in EVs. These findings may improve the ability to diagnose developmental diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, such as FXS and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Geun Ha
- Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea; (B.G.H.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-J.J.); (T.-S.P.); (J.-Y.C.); (W.Y.J.)
| | - Jung-Yoon Heo
- Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea; (B.G.H.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-J.J.); (T.-S.P.); (J.-Y.C.); (W.Y.J.)
| | - Yu-Jin Jang
- Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea; (B.G.H.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-J.J.); (T.-S.P.); (J.-Y.C.); (W.Y.J.)
| | - Tae-Shin Park
- Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea; (B.G.H.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-J.J.); (T.-S.P.); (J.-Y.C.); (W.Y.J.)
| | - Ju-Yeon Choi
- Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea; (B.G.H.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-J.J.); (T.-S.P.); (J.-Y.C.); (W.Y.J.)
| | - Woo Young Jang
- Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea; (B.G.H.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-J.J.); (T.-S.P.); (J.-Y.C.); (W.Y.J.)
| | - Sung-Jin Jeong
- Research Group of Developmental Disorders and Rare Diseases, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea; (B.G.H.); (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-J.J.); (T.-S.P.); (J.-Y.C.); (W.Y.J.)
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
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Alghadir AH, Gabr SA. Physical activity impact on motor development and oxidative stress biomarkers in school children with intellectual disability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:600-606. [PMID: 32638970 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.5.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lower physical fitness and poor motor performance were shown to be linked with higher levels of oxidative stress in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, a moderate aerobic exercise for 12-weeks was performed to evaluate the effects of physical activity scores on motor functions, oxidative stress, and intelligence quotients (IQ) in school children with intellectual disability. METHODS A total of 65 school children aged (12-18 Yrs) were randomly included in this study. Intellectual disability (ID),motor skills,physical fitness(VO2max), total energy expenditure (TEE), MDA, 8-OHdG, TAC, NO, and total oxidative stress(OS)were assessed using pre-validated WISC-IQ score test, BOT-2 test, PA questionnaire, and immunoassay techniques respectively. RESULTS WISC-IQ and BOT-2 set scores of intellectual and motor skills performance showed a significant correlation with physical activity status and the regulation of oxidative stress-free radicals in school children with mild and moderate ID following 12 weeks of moderate exercise. The intellectual and motor skills performance of the participants correlated positively with the increase in TAC activity and physical fitness scores and negatively with MDA, 8-OHdG, NO, and Total-OS, respectively. Stepwise multiple regression analysis of the demographic, physical status and oxidative stress parameters explained around78.0 to 93.4 % of intellectual disability variation among schoolchildren. CONCLUSION Moderate aerobic training for12 weeks has a positive impact on improving intellectual ability of schoolchildren with ID via modulating redox status, improves physical fitness, and motor skills proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Alghadir
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Sami A Gabr
- Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
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12
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Kandlur A, Satyamoorthy K, Gangadharan G. Oxidative Stress in Cognitive and Epigenetic Aging: A Retrospective Glance. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:41. [PMID: 32256315 PMCID: PMC7093495 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is the critical and common factor among several neurodegenerative disorders and dementia. Cellular, biochemical and molecular studies have shown intimate links between oxidative stress and cognitive dysfunction during aging and age-associated neuronal diseases. Brain aging is accompanied by oxidative damage of nuclear as well as mitochondrial DNA, and diminished repair. Recent studies have reported epigenetic alterations during aging of the brain which involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) that regulates various systems through distinct mechanisms. However, there are studies which depict differing roles of reactive oxidant species as a major factor during aging. In this review, we describe the evidence to show how oxidative stress is intricately linked to age-associated cognitive decline. The review will primarily focus on implications of age-associated oxidative damage on learning and memory, and the cellular events, with special emphasis on associated epigenetic machinery. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms may provide a perspective on the development of potential therapeutic targets within the oxidative system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gireesh Gangadharan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Nikam V, Ranade S, Shaik Mohammad N, Kulkarni M. A pilot study on machine learning approach to delineate metabolic signatures in intellectual disability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 67:94-100. [PMID: 34141402 PMCID: PMC8115603 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2019.1599168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by cognitive delays. Inborn errors of metabolism constitute an important subgroup of ID for which various treatments options are available. We aimed to identify potential biomarkers of inherited metabolic disorders from the children with ID using tandem mass spectrometry and develop a novel machine learning algorithm to differentiate between the cases and the controls. All of the cases were having IQ score <70, gross motor delay, speech disorder and no recognizable symptoms of the condition. Metabolite profiling of ID individuals exhibited low tyrosine/large neutral amino acids, high citrulline/arginine ratios; elevated proline, alanine, phenylalanine, and ornithine, while a significant decrease in the level of amino acid arginine, and elevated C4 (butyrylcarnitine) and C4OH/C3DC (3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine/malonylcarnitine). Machine learning algorithm differentiated cases and controls efficiently using specific thresholds of ornithine, arginine and C4OH/C3DC. Furthermore, ID cases were distinguished into mild, moderate, and severe based on specific thresholds of methionine, arginine, and C5OH/C4DC (3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine/methylmalonylcarnitine). The machine learning algorithm could successfully identify specific metabolite markers in ID and correlate the same with neurological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Nikam
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Suvidya Ranade
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | | | - Mohan Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Reduced mitochondrial fusion and Huntingtin levels contribute to impaired dendritic maturation and behavioral deficits in Fmr1-mutant mice. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:386-400. [PMID: 30742117 PMCID: PMC6556892 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome results from a loss of the RNA-binding protein fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). How FMRP regulates neuronal development and function remains unclear. Here we show that FMRP-deficient immature neurons exhibit impaired dendritic maturation, altered expression of mitochondrial genes, fragmented mitochondria, impaired mitochondrial function, and increased oxidative stress. Enhancing mitochondrial fusion partially rescued dendritic abnormalities in FMRP-deficient immature neurons. We show that FMRP deficiency leads to reduced Htt mRNA and protein levels and that HTT mediates FMRP regulation of mitochondrial fusion and dendritic maturation. Mice with hippocampal Htt knockdown and Fmr1-knockout mice showed similar behavioral deficits that could be rescued by treatment with a mitochondrial fusion compound. Our data unveil mitochondrial dysfunction as a contributor to the impaired dendritic maturation of FMRP-deficient neurons and suggest a role for interactions between FMRP and HTT in the pathogenesis of fragile X syndrome.
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Impaired oxidative stress response characterizes HUWE1-promoted X-linked intellectual disability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15050. [PMID: 29118367 PMCID: PMC5678168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the HECT, UBA and WWE domain-containing 1 (HUWE1) E3 ubiquitin ligase cause neurodevelopmental disorder X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). HUWE1 regulates essential processes such as genome integrity maintenance. Alterations in the genome integrity and accumulation of mutations have been tightly associated with the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders. Though HUWE1 mutations are clearly implicated in XLID and HUWE1 regulatory functions well explored, currently much is unknown about the molecular basis of HUWE1-promoted XLID. Here we showed that the HUWE1 expression is altered and mutation frequency increased in three different XLID individual (HUWE1 p.R2981H, p.R4187C and HUWE1 duplication) cell lines. The effect was most prominent in HUWE1 p.R4187C XLID cells and was accompanied with decreased DNA repair capacity and hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Analysis of HUWE1 substrates revealed XLID-specific down-regulation of oxidative stress response DNA polymerase (Pol) λ caused by hyperactive HUWE1 p.R4187C. The subsequent restoration of Polλ levels counteracted the oxidative hypersensitivity. The observed alterations in the genome integrity maintenance may be particularly relevant in the cortical progenitor zones of human brain, as suggested by HUWE1 immunofluorescence analysis of cerebral organoids. These results provide evidence that impairments of the fundamental cellular processes, like genome integrity maintenance, characterize HUWE1-promoted XLID.
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Kennedy T, Broadie K. Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Restricts Small Dye Iontophoresis Entry into Central Neurons. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9844-9858. [PMID: 28887386 PMCID: PMC5637114 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0723-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) loss causes Fragile X syndrome (FXS), a major disorder characterized by autism, intellectual disability, hyperactivity, and seizures. FMRP is both an RNA- and channel-binding regulator, with critical roles in neural circuit formation and function. However, it remains unclear how these FMRP activities relate to each other and how dysfunction in their absence underlies FXS neurological symptoms. In testing circuit level defects in the Drosophila FXS model, we discovered a completely unexpected and highly robust neuronal dye iontophoresis phenotype in the well mapped giant fiber (GF) circuit. Controlled dye injection into the GF interneuron results in a dramatic increase in dye uptake in neurons lacking FMRP. Transgenic wild-type FMRP reintroduction rescues the mutant defect, demonstrating a specific FMRP requirement. This phenotype affects only small dyes, but is independent of dye charge polarity. Surprisingly, the elevated dye iontophoresis persists in shaking B mutants that eliminate gap junctions and dye coupling among GF circuit neurons. We therefore used a wide range of manipulations to investigate the dye uptake defect, including timed injection series, pharmacology and ion replacement, and optogenetic activity studies. The results show that FMRP strongly limits the rate of dye entry via a cytosolic mechanism. This study reveals an unexpected new phenotype in a physical property of central neurons lacking FMRP that could underlie aspects of FXS disruption of neural function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT FXS is a leading heritable cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. Although researchers established the causal link with FMRP loss >;25 years ago, studies continue to reveal diverse FMRP functions. The Drosophila FXS model is key to discovering new FMRP roles, because of its genetic malleability and individually identified neuron maps. Taking advantage of a well characterized Drosophila neural circuit, we discovered that neurons lacking FMRP take up dramatically more current-injected small dye. After examining many neuronal properties, we determined that this dye defect is cytoplasmic and occurs due to a highly elevated dye iontophoresis rate. We also report several new factors affecting neuron dye uptake. Understanding how FMRP regulates iontophoresis should reveal new molecular factors underpinning FXS dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kendal Broadie
- Department of Biological Sciences,
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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