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Song L, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yan X, He J, Nie J, Zhang F, Han R, Yin H, Li J, Liu H, Huang L, Li Y. Association Between Human Metabolomics and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2024; 55:102907. [PMID: 38029644 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be attributed to the various clinical manifestations presented by patients. To address this concern, we conducted an extensive review and meta-analysis, focusing on RA-related metabolites. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase to identify relevant studies published up to October 5, 2022. The quality of the included articles was evaluated and, subsequently, a meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager software to analyze the association between metabolites and RA. RESULTS Forty nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, and six of these studies were meta-analyzed to evaluate the association between 28 reproducible metabolites and RA. The results indicated that, compared to controls, the levels of histidine (RoM = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.79-0.88, I2 = 0%), asparagine (RoM = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.75-0.91, I2 = 0%), methionine (RoM = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.69-0.98, I2 = 85%), and glycine (RoM = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.67-0.97, I2 = 68%) were significantly lower in RA patients, while hypoxanthine levels (RoM = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.09-1.19, I2 = 0%) were significantly higher. CONCLUSION This study identified histidine, methionine, asparagine, hypoxanthine, and glycine as significantly correlated with RA, thus offering the potential for the advancement of biomarker discovery and the elucidation of disease mechanisms in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Song
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingxu Yan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Junjie He
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaxuan Nie
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Han
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongqing Yin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingfang Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China
| | - Yubo Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, West zone, Tuanbo New-City, Jinghai-District, Tianjin, China.
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Tateishi Y, Toyoda S, Murakami H, Uchida R, Ichikawa R, Kikuchi T, Sato W, Suzuki K. A short-term intervention of ingesting iron along with methionine and threonine leads to a higher hemoglobin level than that with iron alone in young healthy women: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, comparative study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:3009-3019. [PMID: 37480367 PMCID: PMC10468430 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enhancing iron absorption and utilization is important for amelioration iron status faster and thereby, for improving quality of life. Dietary protein and amino acids, including methionine and threonine, have been reported to facilitate the absorption and utilization of dietary iron. Here, we investigated the effect of combined ingestion of methionine, threonine, and iron on the improvement of iron status during a short-term intervention, by comparing that with iron ingestion alone in healthy young women. METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, comparative study with 45 participants (aged 20-39) randomly assigned to three groups (n = 15 each): one group was administered 200 mg methionine, 400 mg threonine, and 6 mg iron once daily (FEMT); another ingested 6 mg iron alone (FE); and the third group ingested a placebo (PCG). Blood samples and dietary nutrient data were collected before the intervention (week 0) and after 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Serum iron, hemoglobin, transferrin, and ferritin levels were measured. RESULTS Blood hemoglobin levels were significantly higher in the FEMT than in the FE group (P < 0.05) at week 4. Serum iron, transferrin, and ferritin levels were not changed across groups. In addition, our analyses showed that the observed increase in hemoglobin levels was affected by the intervention rather than changes in dietary nutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of methionine and threonine with low doses of iron leads to a higher hemoglobin levels than that with iron alone in a short period of 4 weeks. TRIAL REGISTRATION University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN000046621).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tateishi
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Sakiko Toyoda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murakami
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ryo Uchida
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Reiko Ichikawa
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Takuya Kikuchi
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Wataru Sato
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, 210-8681, Japan
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Balakrishnan B, Luckey D, Wright K, Davis JM, Chen J, Taneja V. Eggerthella lenta augments preclinical autoantibody production and metabolic shift mimicking senescence in arthritis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1129. [PMID: 37656793 PMCID: PMC10854426 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unknown, a strong genetic predisposition and the presence of preclinical antibodies before the onset of symptoms is documented. An expansion of Eggerthella lenta is associated with severe disease in RA. Here, using a humanized mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis, we determined the impact of E. lenta abundance on RA severity. Naïve mice gavaged with E. lenta produce preclinical rheumatoid factor and, when induced for arthritis, develop severe disease. The augmented antibody response was much higher in female mice, and among patients with RA, women had higher average load of E. lenta. Expansion of E. lenta increased CXCL5 and CD4 T cells, and both interleukin-17- and interferon-γ-producing B cells. Further, E. lenta gavage caused gut dysbiosis and decline in amino acids and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with an increase in microbe-dependent bile acids and succinyl carnitine causing systemic senescent-like inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Luckey
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kerry Wright
- Department of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John M. Davis
- Department of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Veena Taneja
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Angus SA, Henderson WR, Banoei MM, Molgat‐Seon Y, Peters CM, Parmar HR, Griesdale DEG, Sekhon M, Sheel AW, Winston BW, Dominelli PB. Therapeutic hypothermia attenuates physiologic, histologic, and metabolomic markers of injury in a porcine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15286. [PMID: 35510328 PMCID: PMC9069168 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a lung injury characterized by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and hypoxic respiratory failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of therapeutic hypothermia on short-term experimental ARDS. Twenty adult female Yorkshire pigs were divided into four groups (n = 5 each): normothermic control (C), normothermic injured (I), hypothermic control (HC), and hypothermic injured (HI). Acute respiratory distress syndrome was induced experimentally via intrapulmonary injection of oleic acid. Target core temperature was achieved in the HI group within 1 h of injury induction. Cardiorespiratory, histologic, cytokine, and metabolomic data were collected on all animals prior to and following injury/sham. All data were collected for approximately 12 h from the beginning of the study until euthanasia. Therapeutic hypothermia reduced injury in the HI compared to the I group (histological injury score = 0.51 ± 0.18 vs. 0.76 ± 0.06; p = 0.02) with no change in gas exchange. All groups expressed distinct phenotypes, with a reduction in pro-inflammatory metabolites, an increase in anti-inflammatory metabolites, and a reduction in inflammatory cytokines observed in the HI group compared to the I group. Changes to respiratory system mechanics in the injured groups were due to increases in lung elastance (E) and resistance (R) (ΔE from pre-injury = 46 ± 14 cmH2 O L-1 , p < 0.0001; ΔR from pre-injury: 3 ± 2 cmH2 O L-1 s- , p = 0.30) rather than changes to the chest wall (ΔE from pre-injury: 0.7 ± 1.6 cmH2 O L-1 , p = 0.99; ΔR from pre-injury: 0.6 ± 0.1 cmH2 O L-1 s- , p = 0.01). Both control groups had no change in respiratory mechanics. In conclusion, therapeutic hypothermia can reduce markers of injury and inflammation associated with experimentally induced short-term ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Angus
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - William R. Henderson
- Division of Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Mohammad M. Banoei
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Yannick Molgat‐Seon
- Department Kinesiology and Applied HealthUniversity of WinnipegWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Carli M. Peters
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Hanna R. Parmar
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Donald E. G. Griesdale
- Division of Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of AnesthesiologyPharmacology & TherapeuticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Mypinder Sekhon
- Division of Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Andrew William Sheel
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Brent W. Winston
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Navik U, Sheth VG, Khurana A, Jawalekar SS, Allawadhi P, Gaddam RR, Bhatti JS, Tikoo K. Methionine as a double-edged sword in health and disease: Current perspective and future challenges. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101500. [PMID: 34700006 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methionine is one of the essential amino acids and plays a vital role in various cellular processes. Reports advocate that methionine restriction and supplementation provide promising outcomes, and its regulation is critical for maintaining a healthy life. Dietary methionine restriction in houseflies and rodents has been proven to extend lifespan. Contrary to these findings, long-term dietary restriction of methionine leads to adverse events such as bone-related disorders, stunted growth, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Conversely, dietary supplementation of methionine improves hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, inflammation, fibrosis, and bone health. However, a high level of methionine intake shows adverse effects such as hyperhomocysteinemia, reduced body weight, and increased cholesterol levels. Therefore, dietary methionine in a safe dose could have medicinal values. Hence, this review is aimed to provide a snapshot of the dietary role and regulation of methionine in the modulation of health and age-related diseases.
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Gupta VK, Cunningham KY, Hur B, Bakshi U, Huang H, Warrington KJ, Taneja V, Myasoedova E, Davis JM, Sung J. Gut microbial determinants of clinically important improvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Genome Med 2021; 13:149. [PMID: 34517888 PMCID: PMC8439035 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid advances in the past decade have shown that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is a key hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Yet, the relationship between the gut microbiome and clinical improvement in RA disease activity remains unclear. In this study, we explored the gut microbiome of patients with RA to identify features that are associated with, as well as predictive of, minimum clinically important improvement (MCII) in disease activity. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study on patients diagnosed with RA between 1988 and 2014. Whole metagenome shotgun sequencing was performed on 64 stool samples, which were collected from 32 patients with RA at two separate time-points approximately 6-12 months apart. The Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) of each patient was measured at both time-points to assess achievement of MCII; depending on this clinical status, patients were distinguished into two groups: MCII+ (who achieved MCII; n = 12) and MCII- (who did not achieve MCII; n = 20). Multiple linear regression models were used to identify microbial taxa and biochemical pathways associated with MCII while controlling for potentially confounding factors. Lastly, a deep-learning neural network was trained upon gut microbiome, clinical, and demographic data at baseline to classify patients according to MCII status, thereby enabling the prediction of whether a patient will achieve MCII at follow-up. RESULTS We found age to be the largest determinant of the overall compositional variance in the gut microbiome (R2 = 7.7%, P = 0.001, PERMANOVA). Interestingly, the next factor identified to explain the most variance in the gut microbiome was MCII status (R2 = 3.8%, P = 0.005). Additionally, by looking at patients' baseline gut microbiome profiles, we observed significantly different microbiome traits between patients who eventually showed MCII and those who did not. Taxonomic features include alpha- and beta-diversity measures, as well as several microbial taxa, such as Coprococcus, Bilophila sp. 4_1_30, and Eubacterium sp. 3_1_31. Notably, patients who achieved clinical improvement had higher alpha-diversity in their gut microbiomes at both baseline and follow-up visits. Functional profiling identified fifteen biochemical pathways, most of which were involved in the biosynthesis of L-arginine, L-methionine, and tetrahydrofolate, to be differentially abundant between the MCII patient groups. Moreover, MCII+ and MCII- groups showed significantly different fold-changes (from baseline to follow-up) in eight microbial taxa and in seven biochemical pathways. These results could suggest that, depending on the clinical course, gut microbiomes not only start at different ecological states, but also are on separate trajectories. Finally, the neural network proved to be highly effective in predicting which patients will achieve MCII (balanced accuracy = 90.0%, leave-one-out cross-validation), demonstrating potential clinical utility of gut microbiome profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the presence of taxonomic and functional signatures of the gut microbiome associated with MCII in RA patients. Ultimately, modifying the gut microbiome to enhance clinical outcome may hold promise as a future treatment for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Gupta
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin Y Cunningham
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin Hur
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Utpal Bakshi
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Harvey Huang
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth J Warrington
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Veena Taneja
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elena Myasoedova
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John M Davis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jaeyun Sung
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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7
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Cassotta M, Forbes-Hernandez TY, Cianciosi D, Elexpuru Zabaleta M, Sumalla Cano S, Dominguez I, Bullon B, Regolo L, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Giampieri F, Battino M. Nutrition and Rheumatoid Arthritis in the 'Omics' Era. Nutrients 2021; 13:763. [PMID: 33652915 PMCID: PMC7996781 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern high-throughput 'omics' science tools (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and microbiomics) are currently being applied to nutritional sciences to unravel the fundamental processes of health effects ascribed to particular nutrients in humans and to contribute to more precise nutritional advice. Diet and food components are key environmental factors that interact with the genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and the microbiota, and this life-long interplay defines health and diseases state of the individual. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease featured by a systemic immune-inflammatory response, in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to environmental triggers, including diet. In recent years increasing evidences suggested that nutritional factors and gut microbiome have a central role in RA risk and progression. The aim of this review is to summarize the main and most recent applications of 'omics' technologies in human nutrition and in RA research, examining the possible influences of some nutrients and nutritional patterns on RA pathogenesis, following a nutrigenomics approach. The opportunities and challenges of novel 'omics technologies' in the exploration of new avenues in RA and nutritional research to prevent and manage RA will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cassotta
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (M.E.Z.); (S.S.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Tamara Y. Forbes-Hernandez
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Danila Cianciosi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (D.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Maria Elexpuru Zabaleta
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (M.E.Z.); (S.S.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Sandra Sumalla Cano
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (M.E.Z.); (S.S.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Irma Dominguez
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (M.E.Z.); (S.S.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Beatriz Bullon
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Lucia Regolo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (D.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Josè Miguel Alvarez-Suarez
- AgroScience & Food Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador;
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jedda 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (D.C.); (L.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (D.C.); (L.R.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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8
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Sharma D, Chaubey P, Suvarna V. Role of natural products in alleviation of rheumatoid arthritis-A review. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13673. [PMID: 33624882 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RHA) is one of the most prevalent complex, chronic, inflammatory diseases, manifested by elevated oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. Prolonged administration of NSAIDs, steroids, and DMARDs, used in the treatment of RHA, is associated with deleterious side effects. This necessitates the urge of new and safe approaches for RHA management, based on the complementary and alternative system of medicine. Documented evidences have suggested that supplementation with nutritional, dietary, and herbal components; can play a crucial role as an adjuvant, in the alleviation of the RHA symptoms, through their influence on the pathological inflammatory processes. Dietary phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, and alkaloids with their ability to modulate prooxidant and pro-inflammatory pathways, have been effective in delaying the arthritic disease progression. Moreover, in scientific explorations, herbs containing phenolic compounds, alkaloids, carotenoids flavonoids, spices such as ginger, turmeric, Ayurvedic formulations, different diets such as Mediterranean diet, vegan diet, beverages, and oils such as sesame oil, rice bran oil, vitamins, and probiotics are proven to modulate the action of inflammatory molecules, involved in RHA pathology. Subsequently, the purpose of this review article is to summarize various in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies in RHA, which have documented remarkable insights into the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and immunomodulatory, bone erosion preventing properties of dietary, nutritional, and herbal components with the focus on their molecular level mechanisms involved in RHA. Even though major findings were derived from in vitro studies, several in vivo and clinical studies have established the use of diet, herbal, and nutritional management in RHA treatment. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Thickening of the synovial membrane, bone erosion, and cartilage destruction is known to trigger rheumatoid arthritis causing inflammation and pain in bone joints. Continuous intake of NSAIDs, steroids, and DMARD therapy are associated with detrimental side effects. These side effects can be overcome by the use of dietary, nutritional, and herbal interventions based on the complementary and alternative therapy. This concept portrays the food components and other natural components having the potential to promote health, improve general well-being, and reduce the risk of RHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhvani Sharma
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Pramila Chaubey
- College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vasanti Suvarna
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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Xu L, Hanigan MD, Lin X, Li X, Li M, Liu W, Hu Z, Hou Q, Wang Y, Wang Z. Interactions of amino acids and hormones regulate the balance between growth and milk protein synthesis in lactating rats fed diets differing in protein content. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6124561. [PMID: 33515450 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) play important roles in milk protein synthesis, and their plasma concentrations were reported to be affected by dietary protein intake. To investigate the relationship between circulating amino acid (AA) and concentrations of these hormones, 18 Wistar rats aged 14 wk were assigned to a low (LP; 9% protein), standard (SP; 21% protein), or high-protein (HP; 35% protein) diet from parturition through day 15 of lactation. Plasma, liver, pituitary gland, skeletal muscle, and mammary gland samples were collected at the end of treatment. Circulating and hepatic IGF-I concentrations increased linearly with elevated dietary protein concentrations (P < 0.0001). Rats receiving the HP diet had higher circulating GH (P < 0.01) and pituitary PRL concentrations (P < 0.0001) but lower pituitary GH concentration (P < 0.0001) relative to those in rats receiving the LP and SP diets. Pearson correlation test performed on composed data across treatments showed that several circulating AAs were correlated with circulating and tissue concentrations of IGF-I, GH, and PRL. Multiple linear regression analyses identified Leu, Gln, Ala, Gly, and Arg as the main AAs associated with hormone responses (R2 = 0.37 ~ 0.80; P < 0.05). Rats fed the LP and HP diets had greater Igf1 and Ghr gene expression in skeletal muscle than those fed the SP diets (P < 0.01). However, LP treatment decreased Prlr mRNA abundance in mammary glands as compared with the SP and HP treatments (P < 0.05). The HP diets increased AA transporter expression (P < 0.01) but decreased mammalian target of rapamycin (P < 0.05) and 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (P < 0.01) phosphorylation in mammary glands as compared with the LP and SP diets. The results of the present study suggested that several circulating AAs mediated the effects of dietary protein supply on concentrations of IGF-I, GH, and PRL, which in turn altered the metabolism status in peripheral tissues including the lactating mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Mark D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Xueyan Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Qiuling Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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10
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Li YQ, Xi YM, Wang ZD, Zeng HF, Han Z. Combined signature of rumen microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows with different feed intake levels. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5788440. [PMID: 32141506 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed intake is a major factor in maintaining the balance between ruminal fermentation and the microbial community of dairy cows. To explore the relationship among feed intake, microbial metabolism, and ruminal fermentation, we examined the combined signatures of the microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows with different feed intake levels. Eighteen dairy cows were allocated to high feed intake (HFI), medium feed intake (MFI), and low feed intake (LFI) groups according to their average daily feed intake. 16S rDNA sequencing results revealed that the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the HFI group was significantly higher than that in the MFI and LFI groups (P < 0.05). The ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes was significantly lower in the HFI group than in the MFI and LFI groups (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_unclassified, Veillonellaceae_unclassified, and Saccharofermentants was significantly higher in the HFI group than in the LFI and MFI groups (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae_unclassified and Butyrivibrio was significantly higher in the HFI group than in the MFI and LFI groups (P < 0.05). Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed five key pathways, including the linoleic acid metabolism pathway, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, which are closely related to energy and amino acid metabolism. Linoleic acid, glutamate, alpha-linolenic acid, l-methionine, and l-valine levels were significantly lower in the HFI group than in the MFI and LFI groups (q < 0.05), while the relative content of glutamate was significantly lower in the MFI group than in the LFI group (q < 0.05). Stearic acid content was significantly higher in the HFI group than in the LFI group (q < 0.05). Our findings provide insight into the rumen microbiome of dairy cows with different feed intake and the metabolic pathways closely associated with feed intake in early-lactating cows. The candidates involved in these metabolic pathways may be useful for identifying variations in feed intake. The signatures of the rumen microbiome and metabolome in dairy cows may help make decisions regarding feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Q Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yumeng M Xi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zedong D Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanfang F Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyu Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Kumar A, Pathak R, Palfrey HA, Stone KP, Gettys TW, Murthy SN. High levels of dietary methionine improves sitagliptin-induced hepatotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:2. [PMID: 31921324 PMCID: PMC6945706 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both cholesterol (Cho) and methionine (Met, a precursor for homocysteine) are risk factors for fatty liver disease. Since Western diets are rich in Cho and Met, we investigated the hepatic effects of feeding a diet enriched in Met and Cho. Further, based on the reported anti-oxidative and lipid lowering properties of sitagliptin (an antidiabetic drug), we tested whether it could counteract the negative effects of high Cho and Met. We therefore hypothesized that sitagliptin would ameliorate the development of liver pathology that is produced by feeding diets rich in either Cho, Met, or both. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed ad libitum a) control diet, or b) high Met or c) high Cho, or d) high Met + high Cho diets for 35 days. From day 10 to 35, 50% of rats in each dietary group were gavaged with either vehicle or an aqueous suspension of sitagliptin (100 mg/kg/day). Liver samples were harvested for histological, molecular, and biochemical analyses. Results The high Cho diet produced significant hepatic steatosis which was unaffected by sitagliptin. Contrary to expectation, sitagliptin exacerbated expression of hepatic markers of oxidative stress and fibrosis in rats fed high Cho. Corresponding increases in 4-hydroxynonenal adducts and collagen deposition were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and sirius red staining. These hepatic changes were absent in rats on the high Met diet and they were comparable to controls. The inclusion of Met in the high Cho diet resulted in significant reduction of the hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and fibrosis produced by high Cho alone. Conclusion Sitagliptin exacerbated the effects of high Cho on both oxidative stress and fibrosis, resulting in NASH like symptoms that were significantly reversed by the inclusion of Met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- 1Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Rashmi Pathak
- 1Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Henry A Palfrey
- 1Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Kirsten P Stone
- 2Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - Thomas W Gettys
- 2Laboratory of Nutrient Sensing and Adipocyte Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - Subramanyam N Murthy
- 1Environmental Toxicology Department, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
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12
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Royzman D, Andreev D, Stich L, Rauh M, Bäuerle T, Ellmann S, Boon L, Kindermann M, Peckert K, Bozec A, Schett G, Steinkasserer A, Zinser E. Soluble CD83 Triggers Resolution of Arthritis and Sustained Inflammation Control in IDO Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2019; 10:633. [PMID: 31001257 PMCID: PMC6455294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interference with autoimmune-mediated cytokine production is a key yet poorly developed approach to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Herein, we show that soluble CD83 (sCD83) enhances the resolution of autoimmune antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) by strongly reducing the expression levels of cytokines such as IL-17A, IFNγ, IL-6, and TNFα within the joints. Noteworthy, also the expression of RANKL, osteoclast differentiation, and joint destruction was significantly inhibited by sCD83. In addition, osteoclasts which were cultured in the presence of synovial T cells, derived from sCD83 treated AIA mice, showed a strongly reduced number of multinuclear large osteoclasts compared to mock controls. Enhanced resolution of arthritis by sCD83 was mechanistically based on IDO, since inhibition of IDO by 1-methyltryptophan completely abrogated sCD83 effects on AIA. Blocking experiments, using anti-TGF-β antibodies further revealed that also TGF-β is mechanistically involved in the sCD83 induced reduction of bone destruction and cartilage damage as well as enhanced resolution of inflammation. Resolution of arthritis was associated with increased numbers of regulatory T cells, which are induced in a sCD83-IDO-TGF-β dependent manner. Taken together, sCD83 represents an interesting approach for downregulating cytokine production, inducing regulatory T cells and inducing resolution of autoimmune arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Female
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Tryptophan/analogs & derivatives
- Tryptophan/pharmacology
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Royzman
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Darja Andreev
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Stich
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Institute of Radiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ellmann
- Institute of Radiology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Markus Kindermann
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Peckert
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Zinser
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Skoczyńska M, Świerkot J. The role of diet in rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatologia 2018; 56:259-267. [PMID: 30237632 PMCID: PMC6142028 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2018.77979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic connective tissue disease which develops in the course of an autoimmune inflammatory process triggered by environmental factors in a genetically predisposed person. One of the environmental factors is the diet. RA patients' adherence to a healthy diet remains low, despite plentiful data confirming positive effects of some foods, e.g. fish rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as well as the negative influence of unhealthy eating patterns, such as high consumption of fats and sugars, on RA incidence, activity and treatment response. In this review, we present current knowledge on the role of diet in rheumatoid arthritis, including dietary factors' preventive/promoting influence on RA development, as well as their impact on RA activity. We hope this article will aid and encourage clinicians to recommend a relevant dietary intervention to their RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Skoczyńska
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Wrocław Medical Hospital, Wrocław Medical University, Poland
| | - Jerzy Świerkot
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Wrocław Medical Hospital, Wrocław Medical University, Poland
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14
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Kong Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Gang Y, Bai L. Carnosine Prevents Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Osteoarthritis Through the ROS/NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:598. [PMID: 29928231 PMCID: PMC5997783 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity of carnosine (CAR) has been investigated in autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effects of oral CAR supplements to ameliorate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced osteoarthritis (OA) in rats and its mechanism. Methods: Seventy male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group (CG, n = 10) and the T2DM group (n = 60). A rat model of T2DM was established using a high fat diet and streptozotocin (30 mg/kg, i.p.). The 41 rats that developed T2DM were chosen and randomly divided into four groups: T2DM-induced OA group (OAG, n = 11), and the T2DM-induced OA with low, moderate, and high-doses of CAR for 8 weeks group (CAR-L, CAR-M, and CAR-H, n = 10). After 13 weeks, all rats were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), histology, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) were obtained from the knee joints of all rats. The effects of CAR on the inflammatory response in interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated FLSs under a high glucose environment were evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Results: The results of ELISA (IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α), the histological evaluation (Mankin and OARSI score), western blotting [COL2A1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, IL-1β, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65], and immunohistochemistry (COL2A1, MMP-3, and MMP-13) indicated that oral CAR attenuated the development of T2DM-induced OA and suppressed the inflammatory response. Moreover, CAR alleviated MMP-3 and MMP-13 expression levels by decreasing reactive oxygen species content and suppressing nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 on IL-1β-induced FLSs in a high glucose environment. Conclusion: These findings indicate that oral CAR had chondroprotective effects on T2DM-induced OA through the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yawei Kong
- International Patient Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Gang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lunhao Bai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Liver X Receptor Inverse Agonist SR9243 Suppresses Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Intrahepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8071093. [PMID: 29670908 PMCID: PMC5835296 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal metabolism of cholesterol may be a contributing factor in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence has shown that liver X receptor (LXR) is closely related to intrahepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a novel liver-specific LXR inverse agonist, SR9243, on antifibrosis in NASH mice. A high-cholesterol diet was employed to induce NASH in BALB/c mice by either carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) administration or bile-duct ligation (BDL). Once NASH was induced, mice were treated with SR9243 for one month by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Liver tissues were collected to determine the degree of fibrosis and intrahepatic inflammation via pathological examination and QPCR; serum was collected to analyze the plasma lipid levels and liver function by clinical biochemistry. The mice developed hepatic steatosis, severe hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis by BDL or CCL4. Treatment with SR9243 significantly reduced the severity of hepatic inflammation and ameliorated hepatic fibrosis; simultaneously, body weight, serum glucose, and plasma lipid levels were controlled effectively. Our data demonstrate that SR9243 exerts an antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effect in NASH mice; hence these findings highly suggest that LXR inverse agonist could be therapeutically important in NASH treatment.
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