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Comprehensive utilization of palm kernel cake for producing mannose and manno-oligosaccharide mixture and yeast culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1045-1056. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Gomez-Osorio LM, Nielsen JU, Martens HJ, Wimmer R. Upgrading the Nutritional Value of PKC Using a Bacillus subtilis Derived Monocomponent β-Mannanase. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020563. [PMID: 35056877 PMCID: PMC8781566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Palm kernel cake (PKC) is an abundant side stream that can only be added to non-ruminant feed in small concentrations due to its content of antinutritional factors, mainly galactomannan, which cannot be digested by non-ruminants. β-mannanases can be added to partially hydrolyze galactomannan to form mannose oligosaccharides, which are known to be prebiotic. We here investigate the action of a β-mannanase from B. subtilis on PKC by colorimetry, NMR and fluorescence microscopy. The amount of mannan oligosaccharides in solution was significantly increased by the β-mannanase and their degree of polymerization (DP) was significantly reduced. There was a dose-response behavior in that larger β-mannanase concentrations increased the amount of soluble mannose oligosaccharides while reducing their average DP. Using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, solubilization of galactomannan in PKC was clearly visualized. Images show a clear disruption of the cellulose and galactomannan structures of the PKC cell walls. We thus show in this study that using commercial dosages of β-mannanase on PKC can lead to formation of prebiotic compounds. Thus, this study suggests that utilization of PKC in poultry feed formulation might be increased by addition of a β-mannanase and would improve the return on investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Miguel Gomez-Osorio
- Alura Animal Health and Nutrition, Medellín 110921, Colombia;
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050034, Colombia
| | - Janni Ulnits Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Helle Jakobe Martens
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
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Santrač A, Batinić B, Stamenić TT, Aranđelović J, Sharmin D, Knutson DE, Cook JM, Savić MM. Positive modulation of α5GABAA receptors leads to dichotomous effects in rats on memory pattern and GABRA5 expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113578. [PMID: 34508769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of α5GABAA receptors (α5GABAARs) are emerging as potential therapeutics for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, their role in memory processing of healthy animals is not sufficiently examined. We tested the effects of MP-III-022 (1 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg), a PAM known to be selective for α5GABAARs and devoid of prominent side-effects, in different behavioral paradigms (Morris water maze, novel object recognition test and social novelty discrimination) and on GABRA5 expression in Wistar rats, 30 min and 24 h after intraperitoneal treatment administration. The lowest dose tested worsened short-term object memory. The same dose, administered two times in a span of 24 h, improved spatial and impaired object and, at a trend level, social memory. The highest dose had a detrimental effect on all types of long-term memory (object memory at a trend level) and short-term spatial memory, but improved short-term object and social memory. Distinct sets of expression changes were detected in both prefrontal cortex and two regions of the hippocampus, but the latter ones could be assessed as more consequential. An increase of GABRA5 mRNA in CA2 occurred in parallel with improvement of object and social, but impairment of spatial memory, while the opposite happened with a trend level change in CA1. Our study demonstrates the variability of the roles of the α5GABAAR based on its level of expression and localization, in dependence on the type and protocol of cognitive tasks, as well as the respective timing of pharmacological modulation and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Santrač
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Batinić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Timić Stamenić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Aranđelović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, P.O.Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, P.O.Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, P.O.Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Assar DH, Mokhbatly AAA, Ghazy EW, Ragab AE, Abou Asa S, Abdo W, Elbialy ZI, Mohamed NE, El-Far AH. Ameliorative Effects of Aspergillus awamori against the Initiation of Hepatocarcinogenesis Induced by Diethylnitrosamine in a Rat Model: Regulation of Cyp19 and p53 Gene Expression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:922. [PMID: 34200190 PMCID: PMC8228954 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common cancer in humans. Despite advances in its treatment, liver cancer remains one of the most difficult cancers to treat. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative action and potential mechanism of Aspergillus awamori (ASP) administration against the initiation process of liver carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in male Wistar rats. Seventy-two male rats were divided equally into eight groups as follows, Group 1: untreated control; Group 2: DEN (200 mg/kg bw) intra-peritoneally for the initiation of HCC; Groups 3-5: DEN + ASP at a dose of 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/kg bw and groups 6-8: ASP at a dose of 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/kg bw. Supplementation of A. awamori significantly lightened the adverse impacts induced by DEN via restoring the leukogram to normal, lowering the elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Furthermore, it enhanced the hepatic antioxidant capacity through increasing the reduced glutathione (GSH) level and catalase (CAT) activity with a marked reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. In addition, it decreased the positive GST-P foci. Likewise, a significant alteration of DEN-associated hepatocarcinogenesis occurred through inhibiting cytochrome P450 (Cyp19) and activating p53 gene expression. In conclusion, supplementation of A. awamori counteracts the negative effects of DEN, inhibits the early development of GST-P-positive foci and could be used as a new alternative strategy for its chemo-preventive effect in liver cancer. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report the hepato-protective effect of A. awamori in induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa H. Assar
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (A.-A.A.M.); (E.W.G.); (N.E.M.)
| | - Abd-Allah A. Mokhbatly
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (A.-A.A.M.); (E.W.G.); (N.E.M.)
| | - Emad W. Ghazy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (A.-A.A.M.); (E.W.G.); (N.E.M.)
| | - Amany E. Ragab
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 32527, Egypt;
| | - Samah Abou Asa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (S.A.A.); (W.A.)
| | - Walied Abdo
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (S.A.A.); (W.A.)
| | - Zizy I. Elbialy
- Department of Fish Processing and Biotechnology, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Nora Elbialy Mohamed
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (A.-A.A.M.); (E.W.G.); (N.E.M.)
| | - Ali H. El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
- Scientific Chair of Yousef Abdullatif Jameel of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Mechanism of Intestinal Flora and Proteomics on Regulating Immune Function of Durio zibethinus Rind Polysaccharide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6614028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally to establish an immunosuppressive mouse model to study the immune regulating effects of Durio zibethinus Murr rind polysaccharide (DZMP) through proteomics and intestinal flora. The results showed that the thymus and spleen indexes of the high-dose DZMP (200 mg/kg) group were significantly increased, and the tissue structure of the spleen was improved compared with the model group (
). The contents of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in the high-dose group of DZMP were significantly increased (
). Activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were increased in serum (
). In the liver, catalase (CAT) activity was increased (
) while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased and immune activity was increased (
). Proteomics studies showed that the drug group could significantly increase the low-affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor III (FcγRIII) protein and protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) compared with the model group (
). In addition, the result showed that those proteins were likely involved in the regulation of the metabolic pathways of autoimmune thyroid disease, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and NF-κB signaling pathway. Intestinal microbial studies showed that short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content was increased as well as the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia, Bacteroides, and Paraprevotella, while the relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Oscillospira was decreased compared with the model group (
). The results showed that DZMP might play a beneficial role in immune regulation by improving intestinal flora.
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Azizi MN, Loh TC, Foo HL, Teik Chung EL. Is Palm Kernel Cake a Suitable Alternative Feed Ingredient for Poultry? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:338. [PMID: 33572711 PMCID: PMC7911022 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of oil extracted from palm nuts through expeller press or solvent extraction procedures is one of the highest quantities of locally available and potentially inexpensive agricultural product. PKC provides approximately 14-18% of crude protein (CP), 12-20% crude fiber (CF), 3-9% ether extract (EE), and different amounts of various minerals that feasible to be used as a partial substitute of soybean meal (SBM) and corn in poultry nutrition. Poultry's digestibility is reported to be compromised due to the indigestion of the high fiber content, making PKC potentially low for poultry feeding. Nevertheless, solid-state fermentation (SSF) can be applied to improve the nutritional quality of PKC by improving the CP and reducing CF content. PKC also contains β-mannan polysaccharide, which works as a prebiotic. However, there is a wide variation for the inclusion level of PKC in the broiler diet. These variations may be due to the quality of PKC, its sources, processing methods and value-added treatment. It has been documented that 10-15% of treated PKC could be included in the broiler's diets. The inclusion levels will not contribute to a negative impact on the growth performances and carcass yield. Furthermore, it will not compromise intestinal microflora, morphology, nutrient digestibility, and immune system. PKC with a proper SSF process (FPKC) can be offered up to 10-15% in the diets without affecting broilers' production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naeem Azizi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.); (E.L.T.C.)
- Department of Pre-Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University, Kandahar 3801, Afghanistan
| | - Teck Chwen Loh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.); (E.L.T.C.)
- Institutes of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Ling Foo
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eric Lim Teik Chung
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.); (E.L.T.C.)
- Institutes of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zhang R, Li XY, Cen XL, Gao QH, Zhang M, Li KY, Wu Q, Mu YL, Tang XH, Zhou JP, Huang ZX. Enzymatic preparation of manno-oligosaccharides from locust bean gum and palm kernel cake, and investigations into its prebiotic activity. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Foo RQ, Ahmad S, Lai KS, Idrus Z, Yusoff K, Liang JB. Palm Kernel Cake Oligosaccharides Acute Toxicity and Effects on Nitric Oxide Levels Using a Zebrafish Larvae Model. Front Physiol 2020; 11:555122. [PMID: 33071816 PMCID: PMC7541901 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.555122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the beneficial effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) is their anti-inflammatory effects on host animals. While conventional animal studies require that analysis be done after samples have been taken from the host, zebrafish larvae are optically transparent upon hatching and this provides an opportunity for observations to be made within the living zebrafish larvae. This study aimed to take advantage of the optical transparency of zebrafish larvae to study the nitric oxide (NO) reducing effects of NDOs through the use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella enterica serovar (ser.) Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) to induce cardiac NO production. Prior to running the above experiment, an acute toxicity assay was conducted in order to determine the appropriate concentration of oligosaccharides to be used. The oligosaccharides tested consisted of oligosaccharides which were extracted from palm kernel cake with a degree of polymerization (DP) equal to or less than six (OligoPKC), commercial mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and commercial fructooligosaccharide (FOS). Acute toxicity test results revealed that the OligoPKC has a LC50 of 488.1 μg/ml while both MOS and FOS were non-toxic up to 1,000 μg/ml. Results of the in vivo NO measurements revealed that all three NDOs were capable of significantly reducing NO levels in LPS stimulated zebrafish embryos. In summary, at 250 μg/ml, OligoPKC was comparable to MOS and better than FOS at lowering NO in LPS induced zebrafish larvae. However, at higher doses, OligoPKC appears toxic to zebrafish larvae. This implies that the therapeutic potential of OligoPKC is limited by its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qing Foo
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syahida Ahmad
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zulkifli Idrus
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research & Innovation), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juan Boo Liang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Foo RQ, Jahromi MF, Chen WL, Ahmad S, Lai KS, Idrus Z, Liang JB. Oligosaccharides from Palm Kernel Cake Enhances Adherence Inhibition and Intracellular Clearance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis In Vitro. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E255. [PMID: 32075189 PMCID: PMC7074813 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar (ser.) Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a foodborne pathogen often associated with contaminated poultry products. This study evaluated the anti-adherence and intracellular clearance capability of oligosaccharides extracted from palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of the palm oil industry, and compared its efficacy with commercial prebiotics- fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and mannanoligosaccharide (MOS)-against S. Enteritidis in vitro. Based on the degree of polymerization (DP), PKC oligosaccharides were further divided into 'Small' (DP ≤ 6) and 'Big' (DP > 6) fractions. Results showed that the Small and Big PKC fractions were able to reduce (p < 0.05) S. Enteritidis adherence to Cancer coli-2 (Caco-2) cells at 0.1 mg/ mL while MOS and FOS showed significant reduction at 1.0 mg/mL and 10.0 mg/mL, respectively. In terms of S. Enteritidis clearance, oligosaccharide-treated macrophages showed better S. Enteritidis clearance over time at 50 µg/mL for Small, Big and MOS, while FOS required a concentration of 500 µg/mL for a similar effect. This data highlights that oligosaccharides from PKC, particularly those of lower DP, were more effective than MOS and FOS at reducing S. Enteritidis adherence and enhancing S. Enteritidis clearance in a cell culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qing Foo
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (R.Q.F.); (M.F.J.); (W.L.C.); (Z.I.)
| | - Mohammad Faseleh Jahromi
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (R.Q.F.); (M.F.J.); (W.L.C.); (Z.I.)
- Arianabiotech co. No 118, Parsian Industrial Zone, Mashad 9354195366, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Wei Li Chen
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (R.Q.F.); (M.F.J.); (W.L.C.); (Z.I.)
| | - Syahida Ahmad
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Kok Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, UAE;
| | - Zulkifli Idrus
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (R.Q.F.); (M.F.J.); (W.L.C.); (Z.I.)
- Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research & Innovation), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Juan Boo Liang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (R.Q.F.); (M.F.J.); (W.L.C.); (Z.I.)
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Pansai N, Chakree K, Takahashi Yupanqui C, Raungrut P, Yanyiam N, Wichienchot S. Gut microbiota modulation and immune boosting properties of prebiotic dragon fruit oligosaccharides. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattha Pansai
- Faculty of Agro‐Industry Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Korawan Chakree
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Nutraceutical and Functional Food (IGS‐NFF) Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Chutha Takahashi Yupanqui
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Nutraceutical and Functional Food (IGS‐NFF) Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
| | - Pritsana Raungrut
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Prince of Songkla University Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Niracha Yanyiam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Santad Wichienchot
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Nutraceutical and Functional Food (IGS‐NFF) Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112 Thailand
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