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Mojsak P, Maliszewska K, Klimaszewska P, Miniewska K, Godzien J, Sieminska J, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M. Optimization of a GC-MS method for the profiling of microbiota-dependent metabolites in blood samples: An application to type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:982672. [PMID: 36213115 PMCID: PMC9538375 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.982672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in serum or plasma metabolome may reflect gut microbiota dysbiosis, which is also known to occur in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Thus, developing a robust method for the analysis of microbiota-dependent metabolites (MDMs) is an important issue. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is a powerful approach enabling detection of a wide range of MDMs in biofluid samples with good repeatability and reproducibility, but requires selection of a suitable solvents and conditions. For this reason, we conducted for the first time the study in which, we demonstrated an optimisation of samples preparation steps for the measurement of 75 MDMs in two matrices. Different solvents or mixtures of solvents for MDMs extraction, various concentrations and volumes of derivatizing reagents as well as temperature programs at methoxymation and silylation step, were tested. The stability, repeatability and reproducibility of the 75 MDMs measurement were assessed by determining the relative standard deviation (RSD). Finally, we used the developed method to analyse serum samples from 18 prediabetic (PreDiab group) and 24 T2DM patients (T2DM group) from our 1000PLUS cohort. The study groups were homogeneous and did not differ in age and body mass index. To select statistically significant metabolites, T2DM vs. PreDiab comparison was performed using multivariate statistics. Our experiment revealed changes in 18 MDMs belonging to different classes of compounds, and seven of them, based on the SVM classification model, were selected as a panel of potential biomarkers, able to distinguish between patients with T2DM and prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Mojsak
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Maliszewska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Miniewska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Godzien
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Julia Sieminska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Michal Ciborowski,
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Bora S, Adole PS, Vinod KV, Pillai AA. A validated and optimized method for separation and quantification of total fatty acids by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1210:123473. [PMID: 36155260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are associated with many physiological functions of tissues, and their alteration has been linked with tissue-specific or systemic diseases. The current situation warrants us to have a sensitive and specific method for analysis of total FAs simultaneously from the biological fluid so that the risk prediction, diagnosis or prognosis of the disease can be made effectively. Because of greater sensitivity and resolution, a method of gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS) has been optimized and validated to quantify simultaneously 19 total FAs levels in plasma and compared with GC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. FAs have been transesterified by methanolic acetyl chloride to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). A 65 min GC method separated all 19 FAMEs. The calibration curve had good linearity up to 313-922 μM with a correlation coefficient between 0.9882 and 0.9998. The LODs and LOQs of FAMEs were in the range of 0.63 to 9.55 and 2.12 to 31.8 μM, respectively. The method has recovery up to 144 %, stability at 4 °C for 48 h and one freeze-thaw cycle, and good intra-day and inter-day precision. The optimized method has been used to quantify plasma total FAs in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with and without acute coronary syndrome. Though a significant difference has been found between IT/MS and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, the GC-IT/MS can help to quantify total FAs in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Bora
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
| | - Prashant S Adole
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India.
| | - Kolar V Vinod
- Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
| | - Ajith A Pillai
- Department of Cardiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
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Habte ML, Beyene EA, Feyisa TO, Admasu FT, Tilahun A, Diribsa GC. Nutritional Values of Teff ( Eragrostis tef) in Diabetic Patients: Narrative Review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2599-2606. [PMID: 36035517 PMCID: PMC9416382 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s366958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Teff (Eragrostis tef) is an indigenous crop in Ethiopia and exists in white, red, and mixed varieties. Several types of research confirmed that teff is rich in many essential amino acids, slowly digesting carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, fibers, and other components. Since teff has a low glycemic index, is enriched in essential amino acids and fatty acids, and contains nutritionally balanced minerals, vitamins, and their precursors, it could be a promising food for the prevention and management of diabetes. People with diabetes mellitus are recommended to feed on a diet having a low glycemic index and enriched in essential nutrients. Objective This review aimed to summarize the nutritional composition of teff (Eragrostis tef) and its value in diabetic patients. Methodology We searched Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar for studies on the nutritional composition of teff and its value for diabetic patients published in English since 2010. Conclusion According to available data, teff is a nutritionally valuable food type for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mezgebu Legesse Habte
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Etsegenet Assefa Beyene
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teka Obsa Feyisa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Fitalew Tadele Admasu
- Department Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Anmut Tilahun
- Department Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Chala Diribsa
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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A Preliminary Study Showing the Impact of Genetic and Dietary Factors on GC-MS-Based Plasma Metabolome of Patients with and without PROX1-Genetic Predisposition to T2DM up to 5 Years Prior to Prediabetes Appearance. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:513-528. [PMID: 34209638 PMCID: PMC8929026 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) consist of a combination of an unhealthy, imbalanced diet and genetic factors that may interact with each other. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) gene is a strong genetic susceptibility factor for this metabolic disorder and impaired β-cell function. As the role of this gene in T2DM development remains unclear, novel approaches are needed to advance the understanding of the mechanisms of T2DM development. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, postprandial changes in plasma metabolites were analysed by GC–MS in nondiabetic men with different PROX1 genotypes up to 5 years prior to prediabetes appearance. Eighteen contestants (12 with high risk (HR) and 6 with low risk (LR) genotype) participated in high-carbohydrate (HC) and normo-carbohydrate (NC) meal-challenge tests. Our study concluded that both meal-challenge tests provoked changes in 15 plasma metabolites (amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids and others) in HR, but not LR genotype carriers. Postprandial changes in the levels of some of the detected metabolites may be a source of potential specific early disturbances possibly associated with the future development of T2DM. Thus, accurate determination of these metabolites can be important for the early diagnosis of this metabolic disease.
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Evaluation of Plasma AA/DHA+EPA Ratio in Obese Romanian Children. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the plasma profile of arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as well to analyze the relationship of Omega 6/Omega 3 ratio with anthropo-metric parameters and insulin resistance markers.
Material and methods: Plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) were measured using a high-throughput LC-MS AB Sciex4600 in 202 children (127 obese and 75 non-obese), age and sex-matched. Lipid and glucose profiles were assessed with current laboratory methods, while insulin resistance and beta-cell function were evaluated using HOMA-IR and HOMA-β respectively.
Results: In obese children, AA and AA/(DHA+EPA) ratio were significantly higher regardless of age and gender. In the lowest quartile of DHA, there was a clear trend for insulin resistance, with plasma insulin level, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β significantly higher compared to the highest quartile of DHA. After adjustment for age and gender DHA remains a negative predictive factor for insulin resistance. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), a marker of visceral obesity was higher in children with a higher AA/(DHA+EPA) ratio.
Conclusions: In obese children, the AA is higher in concordance with insulin resistance. Additionally, children with a higher AA/(DHA+EPA) ratio have greater BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, and WHtR, important indicators of central adiposity, and cardio-metabolic disorders. LC/MS is a versatile tool for Omega ratio assessment, especially in children where the sample size is a limiting factor for metabolic and nutrition evaluation.
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Davanso MR, Crisma AR, Braga TT, Masi LN, do Amaral CL, Leal VNC, de Lima DS, Patente TA, Barbuto JA, Corrêa-Giannella ML, Lauterbach M, Kolbe CC, Latz E, Camara NOS, Pontillo A, Curi R. Macrophage inflammatory state in Type 1 diabetes: triggered by NLRP3/iNOS pathway and attenuated by docosahexaenoic acid. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:19-34. [PMID: 33399849 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin-producing pancreatic β-cell destruction and hyperglycemia. While monocytes and NOD-like receptor family-pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) are associated with T1D onset and development, the specific receptors and factors involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation remain unknown. Herein, we evaluated the inflammatory state of resident peritoneal macrophages (PMs) from genetically modified non-obese diabetic (NOD), NLRP3-KO, wild-type (WT) mice and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human T1D patients. We also assessed the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the inflammatory status. Macrophages from STZ-induced T1D mice exhibited increased inflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels, nitric oxide (NO) secretion, NLRP3 and iNOS protein levels, and augmented glycolytic activity compared to control animals. In PMs from NOD and STZ-induced T1D mice, DHA reduced NO production and attenuated the inflammatory state. Furthermore, iNOS and IL-1β protein expression levels and NO production were lower in the PMs from diabetic NLRP3-KO mice than from WT mice. We also observed increased IL-1β secretion in PBMCs from T1D patients and immortalized murine macrophages treated with advanced glycation end products and palmitic acid. The present study demonstrated that the resident PMs are in a proinflammatory state characterized by increased NLRP3/iNOS pathway-mediated NO production, up-regulated proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine receptor expression and altered glycolytic activity. Notably, ex vivo treatment with DHA reverted the diabetes-induced changes and attenuated the macrophage inflammatory state. It is plausible that DHA supplementation could be employed as adjuvant therapy for treating individuals with T1D.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Signal Transduction
- Streptozocin
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rodrigues Davanso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Amanda Rabello Crisma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Department of Clinical Analyses, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tárcio Teodoro Braga
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro of Sul University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cátia Lira do Amaral
- Campus of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Goias, Anapolis, Goias, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Nunes Cordeiro Leal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dhêmerson Souza de Lima
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Andrade Patente
- Laboratory of Tumour Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Barbuto
- Laboratory of Tumour Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L Corrêa-Giannella
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Radioimmunoassay, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Post-graduation Program of Medicine, UNINOVE, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Lauterbach
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carl Christian Kolbe
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory of Immunology of Transplantation, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro of Sul University, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Lipidomic profiling of plasma free fatty acids in type-1 diabetes highlights specific changes in lipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158823. [PMID: 33010452 PMCID: PMC7695620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with metabolic changes leading to alterations in glucose and lipid handling. While T1DM-associated effects on many major plasma lipids have been characterised, such effects on plasma free fatty acids (FFA) have not been fully examined. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we measured the plasma concentrations of FFA species in individuals with T1DM (n = 44) and age/sex-matched healthy controls (n = 44). Relationships between FFA species and various parameters were evaluated. Plasma concentrations of myristate (14:0), palmitoleate (16:1), palmitate (16:0), linoleate (18:2), oleate (18:1c9), cis-vaccenate (18:1c11), eicosapentaenoate (20:5), arachidonate (20:4) and docosahexanoate (22:6) were reduced in the T1DM group (p < 0.0001 for all, except p = 0.0020 for eicosapentaenoate and p = 0.0068 for arachidonate); α-linolenate (18:3) and dihomo-γ-linolenate (20:3) concentrations were unchanged. The saturated/unsaturated FFA ratio, n-3/n-6 ratio, de novo lipogenesis index (palmitate (main lipogenesis product)/linoleate (only found in diet)) and elongase index (oleate/palmitoleate) were increased in the T1DM group (p = 0.0166, p = 0.0089, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0008 respectively). The stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) index 1 (palmitoleate/palmitate) and index 2 (oleate/stearate) were reduced in T1DM (p < 0.0001 for both). The delta-(5)-desaturase (D5D) index (arachidonate/dihomo-γ-linolenate) was unchanged. Age and sex had no effect on plasma FFA concentrations in T1DM, while SCD1 index 1 was positively correlated (p = 0.098) and elongase index negatively correlated with age (p = 0.0363). HbA1c was negatively correlated with all plasma FFA concentrations measured except α-linolenate and dihomo-γ-linolenate. Correlations were observed between plasma FFA concentrations and cholesterol and HDL concentrations, but not LDL concentration or diabetes duration. Collectively, these results aid our understanding of T1DM and its effects on lipid metabolism. Plasma concentrations of major FFA species are lower in T1DM compared to controls. Plasma FFA concentrations negatively correlates with HbA1c in T1DM. The SCD1 index is reduced in T1DM. Lipogenesis, elongase, n3/n6, saturated/unsaturated indices are increased in T1DM. Collectively, the data highlight specific changes in lipid metabolism in T1DM
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Wilson NA, Mantzioris E, Middleton PF, Muhlhausler BS. Influence of clinical characteristics on maternal DHA and other polyunsaturated fatty acid status in pregnancy: A systematic review. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 154:102063. [PMID: 32058894 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Omega-3 DHA is important for the prevention of preterm birth, however there is limited knowledge of the determinants of omega-3 status during pregnancy. The primary objective of this systematic review was to synthesise data from existing studies assessing relationships between clinical factors and maternal DHA status. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Medline, Embase, Amed, and CINAHL databases were searched for studies reporting measures of maternal omega-3 status and one or more clinical characteristics. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included in the final analyses. Factors associated with a higher BMI (overweight, higher gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes), or lower parity were each associated with higher omega-3 status in the majority of studies, with mixed findings for other comparisons. DISCUSSION Inconsistent findings between studies make it difficult to draw clear conclusions about the relationship between clinical factors and maternal omega-3 DHA status. However, maternal overweight and associated metabolic conditions may increase lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Wilson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace & Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - E Mantzioris
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace & Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - P F Middleton
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute SAHMRI Women and Kids, Level 7, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - B S Muhlhausler
- Food and Nutrition Research Group, Dept of Food and Wine Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia; Nutrition and Health Program, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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