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Verma P. Decay-Associated Fluorescence for Boron Determination in Uranium-Based Nuclear Fuels. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47271-47276. [PMID: 38107959 PMCID: PMC10720028 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein is reported a novel as well as simple, sensitive, and cost-effective method for determination of boron by time-resolved fluorescence spectrometry in uranium-based nuclear fuels. Boron is complexed with fluorescent ligand chromotropic acid, and the complex formed is a measure of boron. Since the steady-state fluorescence spectra of excess ligand and complex are overlapping, the developed method emphasizes the power of time resolution. The signatory fluorescence decay times of ligand and complex are employed to derive their decay-associated spectra (DAS) and, thereby, spectroscopically eliminate the high background of ligand fluorescence. The calibration plot has a wide linear dynamic range of 5-100 ppb with r2 better than 0.998. Precision is better than 5% at the 10 ppb level and 4% at the 50 ppb level (n = 9). The detection limit is 1.5 ppb, and recovery of spiked boron (25 ppb) from the uranium samples was better than 94%. The developed method was validated by analyzing U3O8-based ILCE Standards and applied to enriched uranium fuel samples. The main advantage of the developed method is a reduction in sample size requirement due to better sensitivity and selectivity. This in turn reduces the load of uranium recovery from analytical waste, especially in the case of enriched uranium samples. Additionally, it eliminates the need of organic solvents/medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Verma
- Radioanalytical Chemistry
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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Alluhayb AH, Severance C, Hendry-Hofer T, Bebarta VS, Logue BA. Concurrent determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in human and swine antemortem and postmortem blood by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6595-6609. [PMID: 37712953 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide (in the form of cyanide anion (CN-) or hydrogen cyanide (HCN), inclusively represented as CN) can be a rapidly acting and deadly poison, but it is also a common chemical component of a variety of natural and anthropogenic substances. The main mechanism of acute CN toxicity is based on blocking terminal electron transfer by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in cellular hypoxia, cytotoxic anoxia, and potential death. Due to the well-established link between blood CN concentrations and the manifestation of symptoms, the determination of blood concentration of CN, along with the major metabolite, thiocyanate (SCN-), is critical. Because currently there is no method of analysis available for the simultaneous detection of CN and SCN- from blood, a sensitive method for the simultaneous analysis of CN and SCN- from human ante- and postmortem blood via liquid chromatography-tandem MS analysis was developed. For this method, sample preparation for CN involved active microdiffusion with subsequent chemical modification using naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and taurine (i.e., the capture solution). Preparation for SCN- was accomplished via protein precipitation and monobromobimane (MBB) modification. The method produced good sensitivity for CN with antemortem limit of detection (LODs) of 219 nM and 605 nM for CN and SCN-, respectively, and postmortem LODs of 352 nM and 509 nM. The dynamic ranges of the method were 5-500 µM and 10-500 µM in ante- and postmortem blood, respectively. In addition, the method produced good accuracy (100 ± 15%) and precision (≤ 15.2% relative standard deviation). The method was able to detect elevated levels of CN and SCN- in both antemortem (N = 5) and postmortem (N = 4) blood samples from CN-exposed swine compared to nonexposed swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah H Alluhayb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Avenue, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Carter Severance
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tara Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Center for COMBAT Research, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Avenue, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Pang J, Huang Y, Liu Y, Huang W. Applications of ion chromatography in urine analysis: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464231. [PMID: 37517316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion chromatography (IC) plays a crucial role in urine analysis for diverse medical diagnoses. This paper reviews a comprehensive investigation into urine pretreatment techniques, as well as the design and development of IC systems for the measurement of various chemicals. Prior to analysis, urine samples commonly undergo pretreatment procedures such as dilution, filtration, purification, and concentration. These steps effectively eliminate interfering factors and facilitate the accurate and sensitive analysis of ultra-trace components. To separate and quantify different chemical elements or ions present in urine, a range of homemade or commercially available columns coupled with various detectors were employed. This study focuses on the analysis of chemicals such as heavy metals, halogens, pesticides, drugs, and other essential or toxic substances by IC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Pang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China
| | - Yongming Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China.
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Zuccarello P, Carnazza G, Raffino C, Barbera N. Diagnosis of lethal cyanide poisoning. Analysis by Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1617-1623. [PMID: 35478404 PMCID: PMC9322444 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is a poison widely used in cases of suicide or homicide. Although various methods to identify and quantify this substance are reported in the literature, they are mainly validated on biological fluids (e.g., blood and urine). In the present study, the Anion‐Exchange Liquid Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (IC‐PAD) method was validated on blood and, for the first time, on gastric content, and organs (brain, lung, and liver). For each matrix, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), matrix interferences, and carryover were assessed. The samples were extracted by steam distillation in acid environment for the following analysis by IC‐PAD. Furthermore, cyanide values found in two real poisoning cases are reported. For each investigated matrix, the analytical method satisfied all acceptance criteria for validation: it showed a good precision and accuracy, selectivity, and sensitivity with no carryover and matrix interference. The extraction by steam distillation in acid environment REDUCED the interference of the matrices and ALLOWED to perform the analysis with good precision and accuracy. In case #1, analysis showed a blood cyanide concentration of 0.99 μg/ml. In case #2, cyanide concentrations were 1.3 μg/g in brain, 0.8 μg/g in lung, 1.6 μg/g in liver, and 1.2 μg/g in gastric content. The cyanide concentrations found in the two reported cases have been suitable to cause death by poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Zuccarello
- Department "G.F. Ingrassia", Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Carnazza
- Department "G.F. Ingrassia", Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Nunziata Barbera
- Department "G.F. Ingrassia", Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Sim J, Kim M, Kim S, Yang W. A novel method for cyanide quantification in human whole blood using ion chromatography with amperometric detection and its application to cyanide intoxication cases. J Forensic Sci 2021; 67:353-357. [PMID: 34585376 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is a highly toxic agent that has been frequently used for suicide in South Korea. It is also used in various industrial fields, such as metal plating, in which many accidental cyanide intoxications have occurred. To overcome the disadvantages of conventional cyanide analysis methods, a simple and fast method for the analysis of cyanide in whole blood using ion chromatography (IC) with amperometric detection was developed in this study. Whole blood samples were deproteinized, diluted, and analyzed using an IC-amperometric detection system. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. The method showed good linearity in the range of 0.2 to 50 mg/L with R2 > 0.99. The intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy values were <10%. The established method was successfully applied to analyze whole blood samples from three cyanide intoxication cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Sim
- National Forensic Service, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Minyoul Kim
- National Forensic Service, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Suncheun Kim
- National Forensic Service, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Korea
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Jaszczak-Wilke E, Kozioł K, Kiełbratowska B, Polkowska Ż. Ion Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection for Determining Cyanide in Urine and Meconium Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:4672. [PMID: 34361828 PMCID: PMC8348170 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The parents' addictions and eating habits have a significant influence on the child's growth. The first stool of a newborn baby provides a large amount of information about xenobiotics transmitted by the mother's body. The analytical technique used in the study is ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (IC-PAD). The biological samples, which were obtained from women staying in a maternity ward and their partners, revealed cyanide concentrations in urine samples spanning 1.30-25.3 μg L-1. Meanwhile, the results of the meconium samples were in the range of 1.54 μg L-1 to 24.9 μg L-1. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the IC-PAD system exhibited satisfactory repeatability (R < 3%, n = 3) and good linearity in the range of 1-100 μg L-1. Thus, it proved to be an effective tool for monitoring trace cyanide concentration in a series of human body fluid matrices, including meconium. Based on the literature review, this is the first application of the IC-PAD analytical technique for the determination of cyanide ions in meconium samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaszczak-Wilke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (E.J.-W.); (K.K.)
| | - Krystyna Kozioł
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (E.J.-W.); (K.K.)
| | - Bogumiła Kiełbratowska
- Department of Obstetrics, Medical University of Gdansk, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (E.J.-W.); (K.K.)
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Application of ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection for the determination of trace cyanide in biological samples, including breast milk. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:36-42. [PMID: 30776613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide (CN) is the biomarker of exposure to the components of tobacco smoke, although its presence in biological samples is also due to the consumption of products containing cyanogenic glycosides. In this work, we determine the concentration of the free cyanide in urine, saliva and breast milk matrices, using ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (IC-PAD). IC-PAD is an emerging method, with only few documented applications in urine and saliva, and the presented determination in breast milk is its first published report for any method. The biological samples, which were obtained from women staying in a maternity ward, showed cyanide concentrations spanning 1.82-98.47 μg L-1. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the IC-PAD system exhibited satisfactory repeatability (R < 3%, n = 3) and good linearity in the range of 1-100 μg L-1. Thus, it proved to be an effective tool for monitoring trace cyanide concentration in a series of human body fluid matrices, including breast milk. This last matrix is especially important due to the possible effect on infant health related to the mothers' smoking habits.
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