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Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Diseases Research Using Animal Models and PET Radioisotope Tracers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010353. [PMID: 36613797 PMCID: PMC9820417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a collective term describing a range of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. Due to the varied nature of the disorders, distinguishing between their causes and monitoring their progress is crucial for finding an effective treatment. Molecular imaging enables non-invasive visualisation and quantification of biological pathways, even at the molecular and subcellular levels, what is essential for understanding the causes and development of CVD. Positron emission tomography imaging is so far recognized as the best method for in vivo studies of the CVD related phenomena. The imaging is based on the use of radioisotope-labelled markers, which have been successfully used in both pre-clinical research and clinical studies. Current research on CVD with the use of such radioconjugates constantly increases our knowledge and understanding of the causes, and brings us closer to effective monitoring and treatment. This review outlines recent advances in the use of the so-far available radioisotope markers in the research on cardiovascular diseases in rodent models, points out the problems and provides a perspective for future applications of PET imaging in CVD studies.
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Sweetening Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry by 18F-Fluoroglycosylation: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111175. [PMID: 34832957 PMCID: PMC8621802 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of 18F-chemistry for the development of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), various labeling strategies by the use of prosthetic groups have been implemented, including chemoselective 18F-labeling of biomolecules. Among those, chemoselective 18F-fluoroglycosylation methods focus on the sweetening of pharmaceutical radiochemistry by offering a highly valuable tool for the synthesis of 18F-glycoconjugates with suitable in vivo properties for PET imaging studies. A previous review covered the various 18F-fluoroglycosylation methods that were developed and applied as of 2014 (Maschauer and Prante, BioMed. Res. Int. 2014, 214748). This paper is an updated review, providing the recent progress in 18F-fluoroglycosylation reactions and the preclinical application of 18F-glycoconjugates, including small molecules, peptides, and high-molecular-weight proteins.
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Viitanen R, Moisio O, Lankinen P, Li XG, Koivumäki M, Suilamo S, Tolvanen T, Taimen K, Mali M, Kohonen I, Koskivirta I, Oikonen V, Virtanen H, Santalahti K, Autio A, Saraste A, Pirilä L, Nuutila P, Knuuti J, Jalkanen S, Roivainen A. First-in-Humans Study of 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9, a PET Ligand Targeting Vascular Adhesion Protein 1. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:577-583. [PMID: 32817143 PMCID: PMC8049366 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.250696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid–binding immunoglubulinlike lectin 9 (Siglec-9) is a ligand of vascular adhesion protein 1. A 68Ga-labeled peptide of Siglec-9, 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9, holds promise as a novel PET tracer for imaging of inflammation. This first-in-humans study investigated the safety, tolerability, biodistribution, and radiation dosimetry of this radiopharmaceutical. Methods: Six healthy men underwent dynamic whole-body PET/CT. Serial venous blood samples were drawn from 1 to 240 min after intravenous injection of 162 ± 4 MBq of 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9. In addition to γ-counting, the plasma samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to detect intact tracer and radioactive metabolites. Radiation doses were calculated using the OLINDA/EXM software, version 2.2. In addition, a patient with early rheumatoid arthritis was studied with both 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 and 18F-FDG PET/CT to determine the ability of the new tracer to detect arthritis. Results:68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 was well tolerated by all subjects. 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 was rapidly cleared from the blood circulation, and several radioactive metabolites were detected. The organs with the highest absorbed doses were the urinary bladder wall (0.38 mSv/MBq) and kidneys (0.054 mSv/MBq). The mean effective dose was 0.022 mSv/MBq (range, 0.020–0.024 mSv/MBq). Most importantly, however, 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 was comparable to 18F-FDG in detecting arthritis. Conclusion: Intravenous injection of 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 was safe and biodistribution was favorable for testing of the tracer in larger group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as is planned for the next phase of clinical trials. The effective radiation dose of 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 was within the same range as the effective radiation doses of other 68Ga-labeled tracers. Injection of 150 MBq of 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 would expose a subject to 3.3 mSv. These findings support the possible repeated clinical use of 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9, such as in trials to elucidate the treatment efficacy of novel drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olli Moisio
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Lankinen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Xiang-Guo Li
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Sami Suilamo
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Tolvanen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Taimen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Mali
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ia Kohonen
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilpo Koskivirta
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Oikonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Anu Autio
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Antti Saraste
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Pirilä
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland .,Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Jødal L, Roivainen A, Oikonen V, Jalkanen S, Hansen SB, Afzelius P, Alstrup AKO, Nielsen OL, Jensen SB. Kinetic Modelling of [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 in Porcine Osteomyelitis and Soft Tissue Infections. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224094. [PMID: 31766140 PMCID: PMC6891593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 is a positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1), a protein involved in leukocyte trafficking. The tracer facilitates the imaging of inflammation and infection. Here, we studied the pharmacokinetic modelling of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 in osteomyelitis and soft tissue infections in pigs. METHODS Eight pigs with osteomyelitis and soft tissue infections in the right hind limb were dynamically PET scanned for 60 min along with arterial blood sampling. The fraction of radioactivity in the blood accounted for by the parent tracer was evaluated with radio-high-performance liquid chromatography. One- and two-tissue compartment models were used for pharmacokinetic evaluation. Post-mortem soft tissue samples from one pig were analysed with anti-VAP-1 immunofluorescence. In each analysis, the animal's non-infected left hind limb was used as a control. RESULTS Tracer uptake was elevated in soft tissue infections but remained low in osteomyelitis. The kinetics of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 followed a reversible 2-tissue compartment model. The tracer metabolized quickly; however, taking this into account, produced more ambiguous results. Infected soft tissue samples showed endothelial cell surface expression of the Siglec-9 receptor VAP-1. CONCLUSION The kinetics of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 uptake in porcine soft tissue infections are best described by the 2-tissue compartment model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jødal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-9766-5500
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.R.); (V.O.)
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Oikonen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.R.); (V.O.)
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Søren B. Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (S.B.H.); (A.K.O.A.)
| | - Pia Afzelius
- North Zealand Hospital, Hillerød, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark;
| | - Aage K. O. Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (S.B.H.); (A.K.O.A.)
| | - Ole L. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Svend B. Jensen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Aalborg University, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark
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Chrusciel P, Yatkin E, Li XG, Jaakkola UM, Knuuti J, Jalkanen S, Roivainen A. Safety Study of Single-Dose Intravenously Administered DOTA-Siglec-9 Peptide in Sprague Dawley Rats. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:4-11. [PMID: 30663453 PMCID: PMC6357174 DOI: 10.1177/1091581818821606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The peptide-based radioactive compound [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 is a novel agent for imaging of inflammation with positron emission tomography. The drug target of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 is vascular adhesion protein 1. Previous studies have obtained promising results with [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 in experimental animals. However, before taking this novel imaging agent into clinical trials, safety and toxicological studies need to be performed with the nonradioactive precursor compound DOTA-Siglec-9. This extended single-dose toxicity study was designed to provide information on the major toxic effects of DOTA-Siglec-9 and to indicate possible target organs after a single intravenous (iv) injection in rats. The study was performed using 60 adult Hsd: Sprague Dawley rats and included a control group and a treatment group to investigate the toxicity of DOTA-Siglec-9 solution at a final concentration of 0.2 mg/mL after a single iv injection of 582 µg/kg. The maximum dose tested was 1,000-fold the clinical dose on a mg/kg basis as indicated in European Medicines Agency International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guideline M3(R2). The planned human clinical dose is approximately 0.582 µg of DOTA-Siglec-9 per kg of body mass. This study demonstrates that iv administration of DOTA-Siglec-9 at a dose of 582 µg/kg was well tolerated in rats and did not produce toxicologically significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emrah Yatkin
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Xiang-Guo Li
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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