1
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Datta R, Chandler K, Myers CE, Chittenden JP, Crilly AJ, Aragon C, Ampleford DJ, Banasek JT, Edens A, Fox WR, Hansen SB, Harding EC, Jennings CA, Ji H, Kuranz CC, Lebedev SV, Looker Q, Patel SG, Porwitzky A, Shipley GA, Uzdensky DA, Yager-Elorriaga DA, Hare JD. Plasmoid Formation and Strong Radiative Cooling in a Driven Magnetic Reconnection Experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:155102. [PMID: 38683000 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.155102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
We present the first experimental study of plasmoid formation in a magnetic reconnection layer undergoing rapid radiative cooling, a regime relevant to extreme astrophysical plasmas. Two exploding aluminum wire arrays, driven by the Z machine, generate a reconnection layer (S_{L}≈120) in which the cooling rate far exceeds the hydrodynamic transit rate (τ_{hydro}/τ_{cool}>100). The reconnection layer generates a transient burst of >1 keV x-ray emission, consistent with the formation and subsequent rapid cooling of the layer. Time-gated x-ray images show fast-moving (up to 50 km s^{-1}) hotspots in the layer, consistent with the presence of plasmoids in 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations. X-ray spectroscopy shows that these hotspots generate the majority of Al K-shell emission (around 1.6 keV) prior to the onset of cooling, and exhibit temperatures (170 eV) much greater than that of the plasma inflows and the rest of the reconnection layer, thus providing insight into the generation of high-energy radiation in radiatively cooled reconnection events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Datta
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts 02139, Cambridge, USA
| | - K Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - C E Myers
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - J P Chittenden
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - A J Crilly
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - C Aragon
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - J T Banasek
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - A Edens
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - W R Fox
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - H Ji
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - C C Kuranz
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - S V Lebedev
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - Q Looker
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - S G Patel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - A Porwitzky
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - G A Shipley
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123-1106, USA
| | - D A Uzdensky
- Center for Integrated Plasma Studies, Physics Department, UCB-390, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | | | - J D Hare
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts 02139, Cambridge, USA
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2
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Brealey JC, Kodama M, Rasmussen JA, Hansen SB, Santos-Bay L, Lecaudey LA, Hansen M, Fjære E, Myrmel LS, Madsen L, Bernhard A, Sveier H, Kristiansen K, Gilbert MTP, Martin MD, Limborg MT. Host-gut microbiota interactions shape parasite infections in farmed Atlantic salmon. mSystems 2024; 9:e0104323. [PMID: 38294254 PMCID: PMC10886447 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01043-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals and their associated microbiota share long evolutionary histories. However, it is not always clear how host genotype and microbiota interact to affect phenotype. We applied a hologenomic approach to explore how host-microbiota interactions shape lifetime growth and parasite infection in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Multi-omics data sets were generated from the guts of 460 salmon, 82% of which were naturally infected with an intestinal cestode. A single Mycoplasma bacterial strain, MAG01, dominated the gut metagenome of large, non-parasitized fish, consistent with previous studies showing high levels of Mycoplasma in the gut microbiota of healthy salmon. While small and/or parasitized salmon also had high abundance of MAG01, we observed increased alpha diversity in these individuals, driven by increased frequency of low-abundance Vibrionaceae and other Mycoplasma species that carried known virulence genes. Colonization by one of these cestode-associated Mycoplasma strains was associated with host individual genomic variation in long non-coding RNAs. Integrating the multi-omic data sets revealed coordinated changes in the salmon gut mRNA transcriptome and metabolome that correlated with shifts in the microbiota of smaller, parasitized fish. Our results suggest that the gut microbiota of small and/or parasitized fish is in a state of dysbiosis that partly depends on the host genotype, highlighting the value of using a hologenomic approach to incorporate the microbiota into the study of host-parasite dynamics.IMPORTANCEStudying host-microbiota interactions through the perspective of the hologenome is gaining interest across all life sciences. Intestinal parasite infections are a huge burden on human and animal health; however, there are few studies investigating the role of the hologenome during parasite infections. We address this gap in the largest multi-omics fish microbiota study to date using natural cestode infection of farmed Atlantic salmon. We find a clear association between cestode infection, salmon lifetime growth, and perturbation of the salmon gut microbiota. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that the genetic background of the host may partly determine how the gut microbiota changes during parasite-associated dysbiosis. Our study therefore highlights the value of a hologenomic approach for gaining a more in-depth understanding of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaelle C Brealey
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miyako Kodama
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob A Rasmussen
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren B Hansen
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luisa Santos-Bay
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurène A Lecaudey
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Aquaculture Department, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Environmental Metabolomics Lab, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Even Fjære
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Lise Madsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael D Martin
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten T Limborg
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Hansen SB. Self-consistent and detailed opacities from a non-equilibrium average-atom model. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2023; 381:20220212. [PMID: 37393938 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Modern density functional theory (DFT) is a powerful tool for accurately predicting self-consistent material properties such as equations of state, transport coefficients and opacities in high energy density plasmas, but it is generally restricted to conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and produces only averaged electronic states instead of detailed configurations. We propose a simple modification to the bound-state occupation factor of a DFT-based average-atom model that captures essential non-LTE effects in plasmas-including autoionization and dielectronic recombination-thus extending DFT-based models to new regimes. We then expand the self-consistent electronic orbitals of the non-LTE DFT-AA model to generate multi-configuration electronic structure and detailed opacity spectra. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dynamic and transient processes in warm dense matter'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hansen
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
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4
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Harvey-Thompson AJ, Geissel M, Crabtree JA, Weis MR, Gomez MR, Fein JR, Lewis WE, Ampleford DJ, Awe TJ, Chandler GA, Galloway BR, Hansen SB, Hanson J, Harding EC, Jennings CA, Kimmel M, Knapp PF, Mangan MA, Maurer A, Paguio RR, Perea L, Peterson KJ, Porter JL, Rambo PK, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Ruiz DE, Shores JE, Slutz SA, Smith GE, Smith IC, Speas CS, Yager-Elorriaga DA, York A. Demonstration of improved laser preheat with a cryogenically cooled magnetized liner inertial fusion platform. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:2890454. [PMID: 37184347 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on progress implementing and testing cryogenically cooled platforms for Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments. Two cryogenically cooled experimental platforms were developed: an integrated platform fielded on the Z pulsed power generator that combines magnetization, laser preheat, and pulsed-power-driven fuel compression and a laser-only platform in a separate chamber that enables measurements of the laser preheat energy using shadowgraphy measurements. The laser-only experiments suggest that ∼89% ± 10% of the incident energy is coupled to the fuel in cooled targets across the energy range tested, significantly higher than previous warm experiments that achieved at most 67% coupling and in line with simulation predictions. The laser preheat configuration was applied to a cryogenically cooled integrated experiment that used a novel cryostat configuration that cooled the MagLIF liner from both ends. The integrated experiment, z3576, coupled 2.32 ± 0.25 kJ preheat energy to the fuel, the highest to-date, demonstrated excellent temperature control and nominal current delivery, and produced one of the highest pressure stagnations as determined by a Bayesian analysis of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Harvey-Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J A Crabtree
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Weis
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - W E Lewis
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T J Awe
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - B R Galloway
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J Hanson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Kimmel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M A Mangan
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R R Paguio
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - L Perea
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P K Rambo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G K Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D E Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Shores
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S A Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G E Smith
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C S Speas
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Yager-Elorriaga
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A York
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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5
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Nagayama T, Schaeuble MA, Fein JR, Loisel GP, Wu M, Mayes DC, Hansen SB, Knapp PF, Webb TJ, Schwarz J, Vesey RA. A generalized approach to x-ray data modeling for high-energy-density plasma experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:2887772. [PMID: 37129462 DOI: 10.1063/5.0128811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate understanding of x-ray diagnostics is crucial for both interpreting high-energy-density experiments and testing simulations through quantitative comparisons. X-ray diagnostic models are complex. Past treatments of individual x-ray diagnostics on a case-by-case basis have hindered universal diagnostic understanding. Here, we derive a general formula for modeling the absolute response of non-focusing x-ray diagnostics, such as x-ray imagers, one-dimensional space-resolved spectrometers, and x-ray power diagnostics. The present model is useful for both data modeling and data processing. It naturally accounts for the x-ray crystal broadening. The new model verifies that standard approaches for a crystal response can be good approximations, but they can underestimate the total reflectivity and overestimate spectral resolving power by more than a factor of 2 in some cases near reflectivity edge features. We also find that a frequently used, simplified-crystal-response approximation for processing spectral data can introduce an absolute error of more than an order of magnitude and the relative spectral radiance error of a factor of 3. The present model is derived with straightforward geometric arguments. It is more general and is recommended for developing a unified picture and providing consistent treatment over multiple x-ray diagnostics. Such consistency is crucial for reliable multi-objective data analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M A Schaeuble
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D C Mayes
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - T J Webb
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Schwarz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - R A Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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6
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Hansen SB, Bozzi D, Mak SST, Clausen CG, Nielsen TK, Kodama M, Hansen LH, Gilbert MTP, Limborg MT. Intestinal epigenotype of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) associates with tenacibaculosis and gut microbiota composition. Genomics 2023; 115:110629. [PMID: 37100093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
It remains a challenge to obtain the desired phenotypic traits in aquacultural production of Atlantic salmon, and part of the challenge might come from the effect that host-associated microorganisms have on the fish phenotype. To manipulate the microbiota towards the desired host traits, it is critical to understand the factors that shape it. The bacterial gut microbiota composition can vary greatly among fish, even when reared in the same closed system. While such microbiota differences can be linked to diseases, the molecular effect of disease on host-microbiota interactions and the potential involvement of epigenetic factors remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the DNA methylation differences associated with a tenacibaculosis outbreak and microbiota displacement in the gut of Atlantic salmon. Using Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS) of distal gut tissue from 20 salmon, we compared the genome-wide DNA methylation levels between uninfected individuals and sick fish suffering from tenacibaculosis and microbiota displacement. We discovered >19,000 differentially methylated cytosine sites, often located in differentially methylated regions, and aggregated around genes. The 68 genes connected to the most significant regions had functions related to the ulcerous disease such as epor and slc48a1a but also included prkcda and LOC106590732 whose orthologs are linked to microbiota changes in other species. Although the expression level was not analysed, our epigenetic analysis suggests specific genes potentially involved in host-microbiota interactions and more broadly it highlights the value off considering epigenetic factors in efforts to manipulate the microbiota of farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren B Hansen
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Davide Bozzi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah S T Mak
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie G Clausen
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tue K Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miyako Kodama
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; University Museum NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten T Limborg
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Beier NF, Allison H, Efthimion P, Flippo KA, Gao L, Hansen SB, Hill K, Hollinger R, Logantha M, Musthafa Y, Nedbailo R, Senthilkumaran V, Shepherd R, Shlyaptsev VN, Song H, Wang S, Dollar F, Rocca JJ, Hussein AE. Homogeneous, Micron-Scale High-Energy-Density Matter Generated by Relativistic Laser-Solid Interactions. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:135001. [PMID: 36206410 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.135001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Short-pulse, laser-solid interactions provide a unique platform for studying complex high-energy-density matter. We present the first demonstration of solid-density, micron-scale keV plasmas uniformly heated by a high-contrast, 400 nm wavelength laser at intensities up to 2×10^{21} W/cm^{2}. High-resolution spectral analysis of x-ray emission reveals uniform heating up to 3.0 keV over 1 μm depths. Particle-in-cell simulations indicate the production of a uniformly heated keV plasma to depths of 2 μm. The significant bulk heating and presence of highly ionized ions deep within the target are attributed to the few MeV hot electrons that become trapped and undergo refluxing within the target sheath fields. These conditions enabled the differentiation of atomic physics models of ionization potential depression in high-energy-density environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Beier
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - H Allison
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - P Efthimion
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, USA
| | - K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1163, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, USA
| | - R Hollinger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - M Logantha
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Y Musthafa
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - R Nedbailo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - V Senthilkumaran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - R Shepherd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - V N Shlyaptsev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - H Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - S Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - F Dollar
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - J J Rocca
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - A E Hussein
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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8
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Gomez MR, Slutz SA, Jennings CA, Ampleford DJ, Weis MR, Myers CE, Yager-Elorriaga DA, Hahn KD, Hansen SB, Harding EC, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Lamppa DC, Mangan M, Knapp PF, Awe TJ, Chandler GA, Cooper GW, Fein JR, Geissel M, Glinsky ME, Lewis WE, Ruiz CL, Ruiz DE, Savage ME, Schmit PF, Smith IC, Styron JD, Porter JL, Jones B, Mattsson TR, Peterson KJ, Rochau GA, Sinars DB. Performance Scaling in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion Experiments. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:155002. [PMID: 33095639 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.155002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental results from the first systematic study of performance scaling with drive parameters for a magnetoinertial fusion concept. In magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments, the burn-averaged ion temperature doubles to 3.1 keV and the primary deuterium-deuterium neutron yield increases by more than an order of magnitude to 1.1×10^{13} (2 kJ deuterium-tritium equivalent) through a simultaneous increase in the applied magnetic field (from 10.4 to 15.9 T), laser preheat energy (from 0.46 to 1.2 kJ), and current coupling (from 16 to 20 MA). Individual parametric scans of the initial magnetic field and laser preheat energy show the expected trends, demonstrating the importance of magnetic insulation and the impact of the Nernst effect for this concept. A drive-current scan shows that present experiments operate close to the point where implosion stability is a limiting factor in performance, demonstrating the need to raise fuel pressure as drive current is increased. Simulations that capture these experimental trends indicate that another order of magnitude increase in yield on the Z facility is possible with additional increases of input parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S A Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Weis
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C E Myers
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | | | - K D Hahn
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | | | - D C Lamppa
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Mangan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T J Awe
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G W Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Glinsky
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - W E Lewis
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D E Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Savage
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P F Schmit
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J D Styron
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - B Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T R Mattsson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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9
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Carpenter KR, Mancini RC, Harding EC, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Geissel M, Weis MR, Hansen SB, Peterson KJ, Rochau GA. Temperature distributions and gradients in laser-heated plasmas relevant to magnetized liner inertial fusion. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:023209. [PMID: 32942382 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.023209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present two-dimensional temperature measurements of magnetized and unmagnetized plasma experiments performed at Z relevant to the preheat stage in magnetized liner inertial fusion. The deuterium gas fill was doped with a trace amount of argon for spectroscopy purposes, and time-integrated spatially resolved spectra and narrow-band images were collected in both experiments. The spectrum and image data were included in two separate multiobjective analysis methods to extract the electron temperature spatial distribution T_{e}(r,z). The results indicate that the magnetic field increases T_{e}, the axial extent of the laser heating, and the magnitude of the radial temperature gradients. Comparisons with simulations reveal that the simulations overpredict the extent of the laser heating and underpredict the temperature. Temperature gradient scale lengths extracted from the measurements also permit an assessment of the importance of nonlocal heat transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Carpenter
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A J Harvey-Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Weis
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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10
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Ma Y, Seipt D, Hussein AE, Hakimi S, Beier NF, Hansen SB, Hinojosa J, Maksimchuk A, Nees J, Krushelnick K, Thomas AGR, Dollar F. Polarization-Dependent Self-Injection by Above Threshold Ionization Heating in a Laser Wakefield Accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:114801. [PMID: 32242688 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.114801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation of a decreased self-injection threshold by using laser pulses with circular polarization in laser wakefield acceleration experiments in a nonpreformed plasma, compared to the usually employed linear polarization. A significantly higher electron beam charge was also observed for circular polarization compared to linear polarization over a wide range of parameters. Theoretical analysis and quasi-3D particle-in-cell simulations reveal that the self-injection and hence the laser wakefield acceleration is polarization dependent and indicate a different injection mechanism for circularly polarized laser pulses, originating from larger momentum gain by electrons during above threshold ionization. This enables electrons to meet the trapping condition more easily, and the resulting higher plasma temperature was confirmed via spectroscopy of the XUV plasma emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ma
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D Seipt
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - A E Hussein
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - S Hakimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - N F Beier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J Hinojosa
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - A Maksimchuk
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J Nees
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - K Krushelnick
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - A G R Thomas
- Gérard Mourou Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - F Dollar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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11
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Gomez TA, Nagayama T, Fontes CJ, Kilcrease DP, Hansen SB, Zammit MC, Fursa DV, Kadyrov AS, Bray I. Effect of Electron Capture on Spectral Line Broadening in Hot Dense Plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:055003. [PMID: 32083926 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate calculation of spectral line broadening is important for many hot, dense plasma applications. However, calculated line widths have significantly underestimated measured widths for Δn=0 lines of Li-like ions, which is known as the isolated-line problem. In this Letter, scrutinization of the line-width derivation reveals that the commonly used expression neglects a potentially important contribution from electron-capture. Line-width calculations including this process are performed with two independent codes, both of which removed the discrepancies at temperatures below 10 eV. The revised calculations also suggest the remaining discrepancy scales more strongly with electron temperature than the atomic number as was previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D P Kilcrease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M C Zammit
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D V Fursa
- Curtin Institute of Computation and Department of Physics and Astronomy, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - A S Kadyrov
- Curtin Institute of Computation and Department of Physics and Astronomy, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - I Bray
- Curtin Institute of Computation and Department of Physics and Astronomy, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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12
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Jiang S, Lazicki AE, Hansen SB, Sterne PA, Grabowski P, Shepherd R, Scott HA, Smith RF, Eggert JH, Ping Y. Measurements of pressure-induced Kβ line shifts in ramp compressed cobalt up to 8 Mbar. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:023204. [PMID: 32168658 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.023204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report measurements of K-shell fluorescence lines induced by fast electrons in ramp-compressed Co targets. The fluorescence emission was stimulated by fast electrons generated through short-pulse laser-solid interaction with an Al target layer. Compression up to 2.1× solid density was achieved while maintaining temperatures well below the Fermi energy, effectively removing the thermal effects from consideration. We observed small but unambiguous redshifts in the Kβ fluorescence line relative to unshifted Cu Kα. Redshifts up to 2.6 eV were found to increase with compression and to be consistent with predictions from self-consistent models based on density-functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jiang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A E Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P A Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Grabowski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Shepherd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H A Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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13
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Jødal L, Roivainen A, Oikonen V, Jalkanen S, Hansen SB, Afzelius P, Alstrup AKO, Nielsen OL, Jensen SB. Kinetic Modelling of [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 in Porcine Osteomyelitis and Soft Tissue Infections. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224094. [PMID: 31766140 PMCID: PMC6891593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 is a positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1), a protein involved in leukocyte trafficking. The tracer facilitates the imaging of inflammation and infection. Here, we studied the pharmacokinetic modelling of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 in osteomyelitis and soft tissue infections in pigs. METHODS Eight pigs with osteomyelitis and soft tissue infections in the right hind limb were dynamically PET scanned for 60 min along with arterial blood sampling. The fraction of radioactivity in the blood accounted for by the parent tracer was evaluated with radio-high-performance liquid chromatography. One- and two-tissue compartment models were used for pharmacokinetic evaluation. Post-mortem soft tissue samples from one pig were analysed with anti-VAP-1 immunofluorescence. In each analysis, the animal's non-infected left hind limb was used as a control. RESULTS Tracer uptake was elevated in soft tissue infections but remained low in osteomyelitis. The kinetics of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 followed a reversible 2-tissue compartment model. The tracer metabolized quickly; however, taking this into account, produced more ambiguous results. Infected soft tissue samples showed endothelial cell surface expression of the Siglec-9 receptor VAP-1. CONCLUSION The kinetics of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 uptake in porcine soft tissue infections are best described by the 2-tissue compartment model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jødal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-9766-5500
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.R.); (V.O.)
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Oikonen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.R.); (V.O.)
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Søren B. Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (S.B.H.); (A.K.O.A.)
| | - Pia Afzelius
- North Zealand Hospital, Hillerød, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark;
| | - Aage K. O. Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (S.B.H.); (A.K.O.A.)
| | - Ole L. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Svend B. Jensen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Aalborg University, DK-9100 Aalborg, Denmark
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14
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Sayre DB, Cerjan CJ, Sepke SM, Gericke DO, Caggiano JA, Divol L, Eckart MJ, Graziani FR, Grim GP, Hansen SB, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hatchett SP, Hayes AK, Hopkins LFB, Johnson MG, Khan SF, Knauer JP, Le Pape S, MacKinnon AJ, McNaney JM, Meezan NB, Rinderknecht HG, Shaughnessy DA, Stoeffl W, Yeamans CB, Zylstra AB, Schneider DH. Neutron Time-of-Flight Measurements of Charged-Particle Energy Loss in Inertial Confinement Fusion Plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:165001. [PMID: 31702328 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.165001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutron spectra from secondary ^{3}H(d,n)α reactions produced by an implosion of a deuterium-gas capsule at the National Ignition Facility have been measured with order-of-magnitude improvements in statistics and resolution over past experiments. These new data and their sensitivity to the energy loss of fast tritons emitted from thermal ^{2}H(d,p)^{3}H reactions enable the first statistically significant investigation of charged-particle stopping via the emitted neutron spectrum. Radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, constrained to match a number of observables from the implosion, were used to predict the neutron spectra while employing two different energy loss models. This analysis represents the first test of stopping models under inertial confinement fusion conditions, covering plasma temperatures of k_{B}T≈1-4 keV and particle densities of n≈(12-2)×10^{24} cm^{-3}. Under these conditions, we find significant deviations of our data from a theory employing classical collisions whereas the theory including quantum diffraction agrees with our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C J Cerjan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S M Sepke
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - J A Caggiano
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Eckart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F R Graziani
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G P Grim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E P Hartouni
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S P Hatchett
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A K Hayes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L F Berzak Hopkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J MacKinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M McNaney
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D A Shaughnessy
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W Stoeffl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C B Yeamans
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D H Schneider
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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15
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Nagayama T, Bailey JE, Loisel GP, Dunham GS, Rochau GA, Blancard C, Colgan J, Cossé P, Faussurier G, Fontes CJ, Gilleron F, Hansen SB, Iglesias CA, Golovkin IE, Kilcrease DP, MacFarlane JJ, Mancini RC, More RM, Orban C, Pain JC, Sherrill ME, Wilson BG. Systematic Study of L-Shell Opacity at Stellar Interior Temperatures. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:235001. [PMID: 31298873 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.235001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first systematic study of opacity dependence on atomic number at stellar interior temperatures is used to evaluate discrepancies between measured and modeled iron opacity [J. E. Bailey et al., Nature (London) 517, 56 (2015)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature14048]. High-temperature (>180 eV) chromium and nickel opacities are measured with ±6%-10% uncertainty, using the same methods employed in the previous iron experiments. The 10%-20% experiment reproducibility demonstrates experiment reliability. The overall model-data disagreements are smaller than for iron. However, the systematic study reveals shortcomings in models for density effects, excited states, and open L-shell configurations. The 30%-45% underestimate in the modeled quasicontinuum opacity at short wavelengths was observed only from iron and only at temperature above 180 eV. Thus, either opacity theories are missing physics that has nonmonotonic dependence on the number of bound electrons or there is an experimental flaw unique to the iron measurement at temperatures above 180 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G S Dunham
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | | | - J Colgan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Ph Cossé
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Iglesias
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - I E Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - D P Kilcrease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J J MacFarlane
- Prism Computational Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R M More
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C Orban
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J-C Pain
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - M E Sherrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B G Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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16
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Loisel GP, Bailey JE, Liedahl DA, Fontes CJ, Kallman TR, Nagayama T, Hansen SB, Rochau GA, Mancini RC, Lee RW. Benchmark Experiment for Photoionized Plasma Emission from Accretion-Powered X-Ray Sources. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:075001. [PMID: 28949679 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.075001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of x-ray spectra emerging from x-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei accreted plasmas relies on complex physical models for radiation generation and transport in photoionized plasmas. These models have not been sufficiently experimentally validated. We have developed a highly reproducible benchmark experiment to study spectrum formation from a photoionized silicon plasma in a regime comparable to astrophysical plasmas. Ionization predictions are higher than inferred from measured absorption spectra. Self-emission measured at adjustable column densities tests radiation transport effects, demonstrating that the resonant Auger destruction assumption used to interpret black hole accretion spectra is inaccurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Loisel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J E Bailey
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T R Kallman
- Goddard Space Flight Center NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R W Lee
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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17
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Jones OS, Suter LJ, Scott HA, Barrios MA, Farmer WA, Hansen SB, Liedahl DA, Mauche CW, Moore AS, Rosen MD, Salmonson JD, Strozzi DJ, Thomas CA, Turnbull DP. Progress towards a more predictive model for hohlraum radiation drive and symmetry. Phys Plasmas 2017; 24:056312. [PMID: 28611532 PMCID: PMC5438280 DOI: 10.1063/1.4982693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For several years, we have been calculating the radiation drive in laser-heated gold hohlraums using flux-limited heat transport with a limiter of 0.15, tabulated values of local thermodynamic equilibrium gold opacity, and an approximate model for not in a local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) gold emissivity (DCA_2010). This model has been successful in predicting the radiation drive in vacuum hohlraums, but for gas-filled hohlraums used to drive capsule implosions, the model consistently predicts too much drive and capsule bang times earlier than measured. In this work, we introduce a new model that brings the calculated bang time into better agreement with the measured bang time. The new model employs (1) a numerical grid that is fully converged in space, energy, and time, (2) a modified approximate NLTE model that includes more physics and is in better agreement with more detailed offline emissivity models, and (3) a reduced flux limiter value of 0.03. We applied this model to gas-filled hohlraum experiments using high density carbon and plastic ablator capsules that had hohlraum He fill gas densities ranging from 0.06 to 1.6 mg/cc and hohlraum diameters of 5.75 or 6.72 mm. The new model predicts bang times to within ±100 ps for most experiments with low to intermediate fill densities (up to 0.85 mg/cc). This model predicts higher temperatures in the plasma than the old model and also predicts that at higher gas fill densities, a significant amount of inner beam laser energy escapes the hohlraum through the opposite laser entrance hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - L J Suter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H A Scott
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M A Barrios
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - W A Farmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D A Liedahl
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C W Mauche
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M D Rosen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J D Salmonson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D J Strozzi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C A Thomas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D P Turnbull
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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Jødal L, Nielsen OL, Afzelius P, Alstrup AKO, Hansen SB. Blood perfusion in osteomyelitis studied with [ 15O]water PET in a juvenile porcine model. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:4. [PMID: 28091979 PMCID: PMC5237436 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteomyelitis is a serious disease which can be difficult to treat despite properly instituted antibiotic therapy. This appears to be related at least partly to degraded vascularisation in the osteomyelitic (OM) lesions. Studies of perfusion in OM bones are, however, few and not quantitative. Quantitative assessment of perfusion could aid in the selection of therapy. A non-invasive, quantitative way to study perfusion is dynamic [15O]water positron emission tomography (PET). We aim to demonstrate that the method can be used for measuring perfusion in OM lesions and hypothesize that perfusion will be less elevated in OM lesions than in soft tissue (ST) infection. The study comprised 11 juvenile pigs with haematogenous osteomyelitis induced by injection of Staphylococcus aureus into the right femoral artery 1 week before scanning (in one pig, 2 weeks). The pigs were dynamically PET scanned with [15O]water to quantify blood perfusion. OM lesions (N = 17) in long bones were studied, using the left limb as reference. ST lesions (N = 8) were studied similarly. Results Perfusion was quantitatively determined. Perfusion was elevated by a factor 1.5 in OM lesions and by a factor 6 in ST lesions. Conclusions Blood perfusion was successfully determined in pathological subacute OM lesions; average perfusion was increased compared to that in a healthy bone, but as hypothesized, the increase was less than in ST lesions, indicating that the infected bone has less perfusion reserve than the infected soft tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-016-0251-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jødal
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, P.O. Box 365, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Ole L Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Afzelius
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, North Zealand Hospital, Hillerød, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aage K O Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren B Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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19
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Munk OL, Tolbod LP, Hansen SB, Bogsrud TV. Point-spread function reconstructed PET images of sub-centimeter lesions are not quantitative. EJNMMI Phys 2017; 4:5. [PMID: 28091957 PMCID: PMC5236043 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-016-0169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PET image reconstruction methods include modeling of resolution degrading phenomena, often referred to as point-spread function (PSF) reconstruction. The aim of this study was to develop a clinically relevant phantom and characterize the reproducibility and accuracy of high-resolution PSF reconstructed images of small lesions, which is a prerequisite for using PET in the prediction and evaluation of responses to treatment. Sets of small homogeneous 18F-spheres (range 3–12 mm diameter, relevant for small lesions and lymph nodes) were suspended and covered by a 11C-silicone, which provided a scattering medium and a varying sphere-to-background ratio. Repeated measurements were made on PET/CT scanners from two vendors using a wide range of reconstruction parameters. Recovery coefficients (RCs) were measured for clinically used volume-of-interest definitions. Results For non-PSF images, RCs were reproducible and fell monotonically as the sphere diameter decreased, which is the expected behavior. PSF images converged slower and had artifacts: RCs did not fall monotonically as sphere diameters decreased but had a maximum RC for sphere sizes around 8 mm, RCs could be greater than 1, and RCs were less reproducible. To some degree, post-reconstruction filters could suppress PSF artifacts. Conclusions High-resolution PSF images of small lesions showed artifacts that could lead to serious misinterpretations when used for monitoring treatment response. Thus, it could be safer to use non-PSF reconstruction for quantitative purposes unless PSF reconstruction parameters are optimized for the specific task. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40658-016-0169-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L Munk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - L P Tolbod
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S B Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T V Bogsrud
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Petrulli JR, Hansen SB, Abourbeh G, Yaqub M, Bahce I, Holden D, Huang Y, Nabulsi NB, Contessa JN, Mishani E, Lammertsma AA, Morris ED. A multi species evaluation of the radiation dosimetry of [ 11C]erlotinib, the radiolabeled analog of a clinically utilized tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 47:56-61. [PMID: 28126682 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erlotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor prescribed for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients bearing epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in the kinase domain. The objectives of this study were to (1) establish a human dosimetry profile of [11C]erlotinib and (2) assess the consistency of calculated equivalent dose across species using the same dosimetry model. METHODS Subjects examined in this multi-species study included: a stage IIIa NSCLC patient, 3 rhesus macaque monkeys, a landrace pig, and 4 athymic nude-Fox1nu mice. [11C]erlotinib PET data of the whole body were acquired dynamically for up to 120min. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn to extract PET time activity curves (TACs) from identifiable organs. TACs were used to calculate time-integrated activity coefficients (residence times) in each ROI, which were then used to calculate the equivalent dose in OLINDA. Subject data were used to predict the equivalent dose to the organs of a 73.7kg human male. RESULTS In three of four species, the liver was identified as the organ receiving the highest equivalent dose (critical organ). The mean equivalent doses per unit of injected activity to the liver based on human, monkey, and mouse data were 29.4μSv/MBq, 17.4±6.0μSv/MBq, and 5.27±0.25μSv/MBq, respectively. The critical organ based on the pig data was the gallbladder wall (20.4μSv/MBq) but the liver received a nearly identical equivalent dose (19.5μSv/MBq). CONCLUSIONS (1) When designing PET studies using [11C]erlotinib, the liver should be considered the critical organ. (2) In organs receiving the greatest equivalent dose, mouse data underestimated the dose in comparison to larger species. However, the effective dose of [11C]erlotinib to the whole body of a 73.7kg man was predicted with good consistency based on mice (3.14±0.05μSv/MBq) or the larger species (3.46±0.25μSv/MBq).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ryan Petrulli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Søren B Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Galith Abourbeh
- Hadassah Cyclotron Unit, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Idris Bahce
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Holden
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joseph N Contessa
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Eyal Mishani
- Hadassah Nuclear Medicine Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Evan D Morris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
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21
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Knapp PF, Ball C, Austin K, Hansen SB, Kernaghan MD, Lake PW, Ampleford DJ, McPherson LA, Sandoval D, Gard P, Wu M, Bourdon C, Rochau GA, McBride RD, Sinars DB. A new time and space resolved transmission spectrometer for research in inertial confinement fusion and radiation source development. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:013504. [PMID: 28147637 DOI: 10.1063/1.4973914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and function of a new time and space resolved x-ray spectrometer for use in Z-pinch inertial confinement fusion and radiation source development experiments. The spectrometer is designed to measure x-rays in the range of 0.5-1.5 Å (8-25 keV) with a spectral resolution λ/Δλ ∼ 400. The purpose of this spectrometer is to measure the time- and one-dimensional space-dependent electron temperature and density during stagnation. These relatively high photon energies are required to escape the dense plasma created at stagnation and to obtain sensitivity to electron temperatures ≳3 keV. The spectrometer is of the Cauchois type, employing a large 30 × 36 mm2, transmissive quartz optic for which a novel solid beryllium holder was designed. The performance of the crystal was verified using offline tests, and the integrated system was tested using experiments on the Z pulsed power accelerator.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C Ball
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K Austin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M D Kernaghan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P W Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - L A McPherson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D Sandoval
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P Gard
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C Bourdon
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R D McBride
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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22
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Blancard C, Colgan J, Cossé P, Faussurier G, Fontes CJ, Gilleron F, Golovkin I, Hansen SB, Iglesias CA, Kilcrease DP, MacFarlane JJ, More RM, Pain JC, Sherrill M, Wilson BG. Comment on "Large Enhancement in High-Energy Photoionization of Fe XVII and Missing Continuum Plasma Opacity". Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:249501. [PMID: 28009220 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.249501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Blancard
- Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - J Colgan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Road, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Ph Cossé
- Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - G Faussurier
- Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - C J Fontes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Road, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F Gilleron
- Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - I Golovkin
- Prism Computational Sciences, 455 Science Drive, Suite 140, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Iglesias
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D P Kilcrease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Road, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J J MacFarlane
- Prism Computational Sciences, 455 Science Drive, Suite 140, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - R M More
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J-C Pain
- Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - M Sherrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Road, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B G Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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23
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Hahn KD, Chandler GA, Ruiz CL, Cooper GW, Gomez MR, Slutz S, Sefkow AB, Sinars DB, Hansen SB, Knapp PF, Schmit PF, Harding E, Jennings CA, Awe TJ, Geissel M, Rovang DC, Torres JA, Bur JA, Cuneo ME, Glebov VY, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Herrman MC, Hess MH, Johns O, Jones B, Lamppa DC, Lash JS, Martin MR, McBride RD, Peterson KJ, Porter JL, Reneker J, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Savage ME, Smith IC, Styron JD, Vesey RA. Fusion-neutron measurements for magnetized liner inertial fusion experiments on the Z accelerator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/717/1/012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Gejl M, Gjedde A, Egefjord L, Møller A, Hansen SB, Vang K, Rodell A, Brændgaard H, Gottrup H, Schacht A, Møller N, Brock B, Rungby J. In Alzheimer's Disease, 6-Month Treatment with GLP-1 Analog Prevents Decline of Brain Glucose Metabolism: Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:108. [PMID: 27252647 PMCID: PMC4877513 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal models, the incretin hormone GLP-1 affects Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We hypothesized that treatment with GLP-1 or an analog of GLP-1 would prevent accumulation of Aβ and raise, or prevent decline of, glucose metabolism (CMRglc) in AD. In this 26-week trial, we randomized 38 patients with AD to treatment with the GLP-1 analog liraglutide (n = 18), or placebo (n = 20). We measured Aβ load in brain with tracer [11C]PIB (PIB), CMRglc with [18F]FDG (FDG), and cognition with the WMS-IV scale (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01469351). The PIB binding increased significantly in temporal lobe in placebo and treatment patients (both P = 0.04), and in occipital lobe in treatment patients (P = 0.04). Regional and global increases of PIB retention did not differ between the groups (P ≥ 0.38). In placebo treated patients CMRglc declined in all regions, significantly so by the following means in precuneus (P = 0.009, 3.2 μmol/hg/min, 95% CI: 5.45; 0.92), and in parietal (P = 0.04, 2.1 μmol/hg/min, 95% CI: 4.21; 0.081), temporal (P = 0.046, 1.54 μmol/hg/min, 95% CI: 3.05; 0.030), and occipital (P = 0.009, 2.10 μmol/hg/min, 95% CI: 3.61; 0.59) lobes, and in cerebellum (P = 0.04, 1.54 μmol/hg/min, 95% CI: 3.01; 0.064). In contrast, the GLP-1 analog treatment caused a numerical but insignificant increase of CMRglc after 6 months. Cognitive scores did not change. We conclude that the GLP-1 analog treatment prevented the decline of CMRglc that signifies cognitive impairment, synaptic dysfunction, and disease evolution. We draw no firm conclusions from the Aβ load or cognition measures, for which the study was underpowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gejl
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke Egefjord
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
| | - Arne Møller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren B Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Vang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Rodell
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Brændgaard
- Dementia Clinic, Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gottrup
- Dementia Clinic, Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Schacht
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Brock
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark; Center for Diabetes Research and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte and RigshospitaletCopenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Baczewski AD, Shulenburger L, Desjarlais MP, Hansen SB, Magyar RJ. X-ray Thomson Scattering in Warm Dense Matter without the Chihara Decomposition. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:115004. [PMID: 27035307 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
X-ray Thomson scattering is an important experimental technique used to measure the temperature, ionization state, structure, and density of warm dense matter (WDM). The fundamental property probed in these experiments is the electronic dynamic structure factor. In most models, this is decomposed into three terms [J. Chihara, J. Phys. F 17, 295 (1987)] representing the response of tightly bound, loosely bound, and free electrons. Accompanying this decomposition is the classification of electrons as either bound or free, which is useful for gapped and cold systems but becomes increasingly questionable as temperatures and pressures increase into the WDM regime. In this work we provide unambiguous first principles calculations of the dynamic structure factor of warm dense beryllium, independent of the Chihara form, by treating bound and free states under a single formalism. The computational approach is real-time finite-temperature time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) being applied here for the first time to WDM. We compare results from TDDFT to Chihara-based calculations for experimentally relevant conditions in shock-compressed beryllium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Baczewski
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - L Shulenburger
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M P Desjarlais
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R J Magyar
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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26
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Faenov AY, Colgan J, Hansen SB, Zhidkov A, Pikuz TA, Nishiuchi M, Pikuz SA, Skobelev IY, Abdallah J, Sakaki H, Sagisaka A, Pirozhkov AS, Ogura K, Fukuda Y, Kanasaki M, Hasegawa N, Nishikino M, Kando M, Watanabe Y, Kawachi T, Masuda S, Hosokai T, Kodama R, Kondo K. Nonlinear increase of X-ray intensities from thin foils irradiated with a 200 TW femtosecond laser. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13436. [PMID: 26330230 PMCID: PMC4557088 DOI: 10.1038/srep13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report, for the first time, that the energy of femtosecond optical laser pulses, E, with relativistic intensities I > 10(21) W/cm(2) is efficiently converted to X-ray radiation, which is emitted by "hot" electron component in collision-less processes and heats the solid density plasma periphery. As shown by direct high-resolution spectroscopic measurements X-ray radiation from plasma periphery exhibits unusual non-linear growth ~E(4-5) of its power. The non-linear power growth occurs far earlier than the known regime when the radiation reaction dominates particle motion (RDR). Nevertheless, the radiation is shown to dominate the kinetics of the plasma periphery, changing in this regime (now labeled RDKR) the physical picture of the laser plasma interaction. Although in the experiments reported here we demonstrated by observation of KK hollow ions that X-ray intensities in the keV range exceeds ~10(17) W/cm(2), there is no theoretical limit of the radiation power. Therefore, such powerful X-ray sources can produce and probe exotic material states with high densities and multiple inner-shell electron excitations even for higher Z elements. Femtosecond laser-produced plasmas may thus provide unique ultra-bright X-ray sources, for future studies of matter in extreme conditions, material science studies, and radiography of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ya Faenov
- Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - J Colgan
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Zhidkov
- PPC and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T A Pikuz
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia.,PPC and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Nishiuchi
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S A Pikuz
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI), Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - I Yu Skobelev
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI), Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - J Abdallah
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - H Sakaki
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A Sagisaka
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A S Pirozhkov
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K Ogura
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Fukuda
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Kanasaki
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - N Hasegawa
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Nishikino
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Kando
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Watanabe
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - T Kawachi
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S Masuda
- PPC and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Hosokai
- PPC and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - R Kodama
- Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,PPC and Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Kondo
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Peri-therapeutic (124)I-PET/CT is of interest as guidance for radioiodine therapy. Unfortunately, image quality is complicated by dead time effects and increased random coincidence rates from high (131)I-activities. A series of phantom experiments with clinically relevant (124)I/(131)I-activities were performed on a clinical PET/CT-system. Noise equivalent count rate (NECR) curves and quantitation accuracy were determined from repeated scans performed over several weeks on a decaying NEMA NU-2 1994 cylinder phantom initially filled with 25 MBq (124)I and 1250 MBq (131)I. Six spherical inserts with diameters 10-37 mm were filled with (124)I (0.45 MBq ml(-1)) and (131)I (22 MBq ml(-1)) and placed inside the background of the NEMA/IEC torso phantom. Contrast recovery, background variability and the accuracy of scatter and attenuation corrections were assessed at sphere-to-background activity ratios of 20, 10 and 5. Results were compared to pure (124)I-acquisitions. The quality of (124)I-PET images in the presence of high (131)I-activities was good and image quantification unaffected except at very high count rates. Quantitation accuracy and contrast recovery were uninfluenced at (131)I-activities below 1000 MBq, whereas image noise was slightly increased. The NECR peaked at 550 MBq of (131)I, where it was 2.8 times lower than without (131)I in the phantom. Quantitative peri-therapeutic (124)I-PET is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E N Braad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Odense University Hospital Sdr. Boulevard 29 DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Grabowski PE, Li CK, Collins GW, Fitzsimmons P, Glenzer S, Graziani F, Hansen SB, Hu SX, Johnson MG, Keiter P, Reynolds H, Rygg JR, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. Measurement of charged-particle stopping in warm dense plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:215002. [PMID: 26066441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.215002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We measured the stopping of energetic protons in an isochorically heated solid-density Be plasma with an electron temperature of ∼32 eV, corresponding to moderately coupled [(e^{2}/a)/(k_{B}T_{e}+E_{F})∼0.3] and moderately degenerate [k_{B}T_{e}/E_{F}∼2] "warm-dense matter" (WDM) conditions. We present the first high-accuracy measurements of charged-particle energy loss through dense plasma, which shows an increased loss relative to cold matter, consistent with a reduced mean ionization potential. The data agree with stopping models based on an ad hoc treatment of free and bound electrons, as well as the average-atom local-density approximation; this work is the first test of these theories in WDM plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P E Grabowski
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - S Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - F Graziani
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Keiter
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - H Reynolds
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Gomez MR, Hansen SB, Peterson KJ, Bliss DE, Carlson AL, Lamppa DC, Schroen DG, Rochau GA. Magnetic field measurements via visible spectroscopy on the Z machine. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:11E609. [PMID: 25430355 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sandia's Z Machine uses its high current to magnetically implode targets relevant to inertial confinement fusion. Since target performance is highly dependent on the applied drive field, measuring magnetic field at the target is essential for accurate simulations. Recently, the magnetic field at the target was measured through splitting of the sodium 3s-3p doublet at 5890 and 5896 Å. Spectroscopic dopants were applied to the exterior of the target, and spectral lines were observed in absorption. Magnetic fields in excess of 200 T were measured, corresponding to drive currents of approximately 5 MA early in the pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D E Bliss
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A L Carlson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D C Lamppa
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D G Schroen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Gjerløff T, Jakobsen S, Nahimi A, Munk OL, Bender D, Alstrup AKO, Vase KH, Hansen SB, Brooks DJ, Borghammer P. In vivo imaging of human acetylcholinesterase density in peripheral organs using 11C-donepezil: dosimetry, biodistribution, and kinetic analyses. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1818-24. [PMID: 25324520 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.143859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brain cholinergic function has been previously studied with PET but little effort has been devoted to imaging peripheral organs. Many disorders, including diabetes and Parkinson disease, are associated with autonomic dysfunction including parasympathetic denervation. Nonneuronal cholinergic signaling is also involved in immune responses to infections and in cancer pathogenesis. 5-(11)C-methoxy-donepezil, a noncompetitive acetylcholinesterase ligand, was previously validated for imaging cerebral levels of acetylcholinesterase. In the present study, we explored the utility of (11)C-donepezil for imaging acetylcholinesterase densities in peripheral organs, including the salivary glands, heart, stomach, intestine, pancreas, liver, and spleen. METHODS With autoradiography, we determined binding affinities and levels of nonspecific (11)C-donepezil binding to porcine tissues. Radiation dosimetry was estimated by whole-body PET of a single human volunteer. Biodistribution and kinetic analyses of (11)C-donepezil time-activity curves were assessed with dynamic PET scans of 6 healthy human volunteers. A single pig with bacterial abscesses was PET-scanned to explore (11)C-donepezil uptake in infections. RESULTS Autoradiography showed high (11)C-donepezil binding (dissociation constant, 6-39 nM) in pig peripheral organs with low nonspecific signal. Radiation dosimetry was favorable (effective dose, 5.2 μSv/MBq). Peripheral metabolization of (11)C-donepezil was low (>90% unchanged ligand at 60 min). Slow washout kinetics were seen in the salivary glands, heart, intestines, pancreas, and prostate. A linear correlation was seen between (11)C-donepezil volumes of distribution and standardized uptake values, suggesting that arterial blood sampling may not be necessary for modeling uptake kinetics in future (11)C-donepezil PET studies. High standardized uptake values and slow washout kinetics were seen in bacterial abscesses. CONCLUSION (11)C-donepezil PET is suitable for imaging acetylcholinesterase densities in peripheral organs. Its uptake may potentially be quantitated with static whole-body PET scans not requiring arterial blood sampling. We also demonstrated high (11)C-donepezil binding in bacterial abscesses. We propose that (11)C-donepezil PET imaging may be able to quantify the parasympathetic innervation of organs but also detect nonneuronal cholinergic activity in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Gjerløff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Steen Jakobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Adjmal Nahimi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Ole L Munk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Dirk Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Aage K O Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Karina H Vase
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Søren B Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - David J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and
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Schmit PF, Knapp PF, Hansen SB, Gomez MR, Hahn KD, Sinars DB, Peterson KJ, Slutz SA, Sefkow AB, Awe TJ, Harding E, Jennings CA, Chandler GA, Cooper GW, Cuneo ME, Geissel M, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Herrmann MC, Hess MH, Johns O, Lamppa DC, Martin MR, McBride RD, Porter JL, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Rovang DC, Ruiz CL, Savage ME, Smith IC, Stygar WA, Vesey RA. Understanding fuel magnetization and mix using secondary nuclear reactions in magneto-inertial fusion. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:155004. [PMID: 25375715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.155004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetizing the fuel in inertial confinement fusion relaxes ignition requirements by reducing thermal conductivity and changing the physics of burn product confinement. Diagnosing the level of fuel magnetization during burn is critical to understanding target performance in magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) implosions. In pure deuterium fusion plasma, 1.01 MeV tritons are emitted during deuterium-deuterium fusion and can undergo secondary deuterium-tritium reactions before exiting the fuel. Increasing the fuel magnetization elongates the path lengths through the fuel of some of the tritons, enhancing their probability of reaction. Based on this feature, a method to diagnose fuel magnetization using the ratio of overall deuterium-tritium to deuterium-deuterium neutron yields is developed. Analysis of anisotropies in the secondary neutron energy spectra further constrain the measurement. Secondary reactions also are shown to provide an upper bound for the volumetric fuel-pusher mix in MIF. The analysis is applied to recent MIF experiments [M. R. Gomez et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 155003 (2014)] on the Z Pulsed Power Facility, indicating that significant magnetic confinement of charged burn products was achieved and suggesting a relatively low-mix environment. Both of these are essential features of future ignition-scale MIF designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Schmit
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - S A Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - A B Sefkow
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - T J Awe
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - E Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - G W Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M E Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - A J Harvey-Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M C Herrmann
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M H Hess
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - O Johns
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - D C Lamppa
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M R Martin
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - R D McBride
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - G K Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - D C Rovang
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - M E Savage
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - W A Stygar
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
| | - R A Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1186, USA
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Gomez MR, Slutz SA, Sefkow AB, Sinars DB, Hahn KD, Hansen SB, Harding EC, Knapp PF, Schmit PF, Jennings CA, Awe TJ, Geissel M, Rovang DC, Chandler GA, Cooper GW, Cuneo ME, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Herrmann MC, Hess MH, Johns O, Lamppa DC, Martin MR, McBride RD, Peterson KJ, Porter JL, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Ruiz CL, Savage ME, Smith IC, Stygar WA, Vesey RA. Experimental demonstration of fusion-relevant conditions in magnetized liner inertial fusion. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:155003. [PMID: 25375714 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.155003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents results from the first fully integrated experiments testing the magnetized liner inertial fusion concept [S. A. Slutz et al., Phys. Plasmas 17, 056303 (2010)], in which a cylinder of deuterium gas with a preimposed 10 Taxial magnetic field is heated by Z beamlet, a 2.5 kJ, 1 TW laser, and magnetically imploded by a 19 MA, 100 ns rise time current on the Z facility. Despite a predicted peak implosion velocity of only 70 km = s, the fuel reaches a stagnation temperature of approximately 3 keV, with T(e) ≈ T(i), and produces up to 2 x 10(12) thermonuclear deuterium-deuterium neutrons. X-ray emission indicates a hot fuel region with full width at half maximum ranging from 60 to 120 μm over a 6 mm height and lasting approximately 2 ns. Greater than 10(10) secondary deuterium-tritium neutrons were observed, indicating significant fuel magnetization given that the estimated radial areal density of the plasma is only 2 mg = cm(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S A Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A B Sefkow
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K D Hahn
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - P F Schmit
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T J Awe
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D C Rovang
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Chandler
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G W Cooper
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A J Harvey-Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M C Herrmann
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M H Hess
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - O Johns
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D C Lamppa
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Martin
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R D McBride
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G K Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C L Ruiz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Savage
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - I C Smith
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - W A Stygar
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R A Vesey
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Souza AN, Perkins DJ, Starrett CE, Saumon D, Hansen SB. Predictions of x-ray scattering spectra for warm dense matter. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 89:023108. [PMID: 25353587 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.023108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present calculations of x-ray scattering spectra based on ionic and electronic structure factors that are computed from a new model for warm dense matter. In this model, which has no free parameters, the ionic structure is determined consistently with the electronic structure of the bound and free states. The x-ray scattering spectrum is thus fully determined by the plasma temperature, density and nuclear charge, and the experimental parameters. The combined model of warm dense matter and of the x-ray scattering theory is validated against an experiment on room-temperature, solid beryllium. It is then applied to experiments on warm dense beryllium and aluminum. Generally good agreement is found with the experiments. However, some significant discrepancies are revealed and appraised. Based on the strength of our model, we discuss the current state of x-ray scattering experiments on warm dense matter and their potential to determine plasma parameters, to discriminate among models, and to reveal interesting and difficult to model physics in dense plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Souza
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019, USA
| | - D J Perkins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C E Starrett
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P. O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Saumon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P. O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P. O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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35
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Awe TJ, McBride RD, Jennings CA, Lamppa DC, Martin MR, Rovang DC, Slutz SA, Cuneo ME, Owen AC, Sinars DB, Tomlinson K, Gomez MR, Hansen SB, Herrmann MC, McKenney JL, Nakhleh C, Robertson GK, Rochau GA, Savage ME, Schroen DG, Stygar WA. Observations of modified three-dimensional instability structure for imploding z-pinch liners that are premagnetized with an axial field. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:235005. [PMID: 24476283 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.235005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel experimental data are reported that reveal helical instability formation on imploding z-pinch liners that are premagnetized with an axial field. Such instabilities differ dramatically from the mostly azimuthally symmetric instabilities that form on unmagnetized liners. The helical structure persists at nearly constant pitch as the liner implodes. This is surprising since, at the liner surface, the azimuthal drive field presumably dwarfs the axial field for all but the earliest stages of the experiment. These fundamentally 3D results provide a unique and challenging test for 3D-magnetohydrodynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Awe
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R D McBride
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C A Jennings
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D C Lamppa
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Martin
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D C Rovang
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S A Slutz
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Cuneo
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A C Owen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K Tomlinson
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - M R Gomez
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M C Herrmann
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J L McKenney
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - C Nakhleh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G K Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M E Savage
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D G Schroen
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - W A Stygar
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Cristoforetti G, Anania MP, Faenov AY, Giulietti A, Giulietti D, Hansen SB, Koester P, Labate L, Levato T, Pikuz TA, Gizzi LA. Spatially resolved analysis of Kα x-ray emission from plasmas induced by a femtosecond weakly relativistic laser pulse at various polarizations. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2013; 87:023103. [PMID: 23496627 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.023103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Spatially resolved K-shell spectroscopy is used here to investigate the interaction of an ultrashort laser pulse (λ=800 nm, τ=40 fs) with a Ti foil under intense irradiation (Iλ(2)=2×10(18)Wμm(2)cm(-2)) and the following fast electron generation and transport into the target. The effect of laser pulse polarization (p, s, and circular) on the Kα yield and line shape is probed. The radial structure of intensity and width of the lines, obtained by a discretized Abel deconvolution algorithm, suggests an annular distribution of both the hot electron propagation into the target and the target temperature. An accurate modeling of Kα line shapes was performed, revealing temperature gradients, going from a few eV up to 15-20 eV, depending on the pulse polarization. Results are discussed in terms of mechanisms of hot electron generation and of their transport through the preplasma in front of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cristoforetti
- Intense Laser Irradiation Laboratory (ILIL), INO-CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Sinars DB, McBride RD, Pikuz SA, Shelkovenko TA, Wenger DF, Cuneo ME, Yu EP, Chittenden JP, Harding EC, Hansen SB, Peyton BP, Ampleford DJ, Jennings CA. Investigation of high-temperature bright plasma X-ray sources produced in 5-MA X-pinch experiments. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:155002. [PMID: 23102317 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.155002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using solid, machined X-pinch targets driven by currents rising from 0 to 5-6 MA in 60 ns, we observed bright spots of 5-9-keV continuum radiation from 5±2-μm diameter regions. The >6-keV radiation is emitted in about 0.4 ns, and the bright spots are roughly 75 times brighter than the bright spots measured at 1 MA. A total x-ray power of 10 TW peak and yields of 165±20 kJ were emitted from a 3-mm height. The 3-5-keV continuum radiation had a 50-90-GW peak power and 0.15-0.35-kJ yield. The continuum is plausibly from a 1275±75-eV blackbody or alternatively from a 3500±500-eV bremsstrahlung source.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Nagayama T, Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Hansen SB, Mancini RC, MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin I. Investigation of iron opacity experiment plasma gradients with synthetic data analyses. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E128. [PMID: 23126949 DOI: 10.1063/1.4738662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Experiments have been performed at Sandia National Laboratories Z-facility to validate iron opacity models relevant to the solar convection/radiation zone boundary. Sample conditions were measured by mixing Mg with the Fe and using Mg K-shell line transmission spectra, assuming that the plasma was uniform. We develop a spectral model that accounts for hypothetical gradients, and compute synthetic spectra to quantitatively evaluate the plasma gradient size that can be diagnosed. Two sample designs are investigated, assuming linear temperature and density gradients. First, Mg uniformly mixed with Fe enables temperature gradients greater than 10% to be detected. The second design uses Mg mixed into one side and Al mixed into the other side of the sample in an attempt to more accurately infer the sample gradient. Both temperature and density gradients as small as a few percent can be detected with this design. Experiments have successfully recorded spectra with the second design. In future research, the spectral model will be used to place bounds on gradients that exist in Z opacity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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39
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Knapp PF, Hansen SB, Pikuz SA, Shelkovenko TA, Hammer DA. Calibration and analysis of spatially resolved x-ray absorption spectra from a nonuniform plasma. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:073502. [PMID: 22852690 DOI: 10.1063/1.4731664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report here the calibration and analysis techniques used to obtain spatially resolved density and temperature measurements of a pair of imploding aluminum wires from x-ray absorption spectra. A step wedge is used to measure backlighter fluence at the film, allowing transmission through the sample to be measured with an accuracy of ±14% or better. A genetic algorithm is used to search the allowed plasma parameter space and fit synthetic spectra with 20 μm spatial resolution to the measured spectra, taking into account that the object plasma nonuniformity must be physically reasonable. The inferred plasma conditions must be allowed to vary along the absorption path in order to obtain a fit to the spectral data. The temperature is estimated to be accurate to within ±25% and the density to within a factor of two. This information is used to construct two-dimensional maps of the density and temperature of the object plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Knapp
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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40
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Gejl M, Søndergaard HM, Stecher C, Bibby BM, Møller N, Bøtker HE, Hansen SB, Gjedde A, Rungby J, Brock B. Exenatide alters myocardial glucose transport and uptake depending on insulin resistance and increases myocardial blood flow in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E1165-9. [PMID: 22544917 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and GLP-1 receptor agonists provide beneficial cardiovascular effects by protecting against ischemia and reperfusion injury. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have reduced glycolysis in the heart. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that cardioprotection by GLP-1 is achieved through increased glucose availability and utilization and aimed to assess the effect of exenatide, a synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonist, on myocardial glucose uptake (MGU), myocardial glucose transport, and myocardial blood flow (MBF). DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study in eight male, insulin-naive, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without coronary artery disease. Positron emission tomography was used to determine the effect of exenatide on MGU and MBF during a pituitary-pancreatic hyperglycemic clamp with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose and (13)N-ammonia as tracers. RESULTS Overall, exenatide did not alter MGU. However, regression analysis revealed that exenatide altered initial clearance of glucose over the membrane of cardiomyocytes and MGU, depending on the level of insulin resistance (P = 0.017 and 0.010, respectively). Exenatide increased MBF from 0.73 ± 0.094 to 0.85 ± 0.091 ml/g · min (P = 0.0056). Except for an increase in C-peptide levels, no differences in circulating hormones or metabolites were found. CONCLUSIONS The action of exenatide as an activator or inhibitor of the glucose transport and glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes is dependent on baseline activity of glucose transport and insulin resistance. Exenatide increases MBF without changing MGU.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gejl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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41
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Borghammer P, Hansen SB, Eggers C, Chakravarty M, Vang K, Aanerud J, Hilker R, Heiss WD, Rodell A, Munk OL, Keator D, Gjedde A. Glucose metabolism in small subcortical structures in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2012; 125:303-10. [PMID: 21692755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence from experimental animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggests a characteristic pattern of metabolic perturbation in discrete, very small basal ganglia structures. These structures are generally too small to allow valid investigation by conventional positron emission tomography (PET) cameras. However, the high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) PET system has a resolution of 2 mm, sufficient for the investigation of important structures such as the pallidum and thalamic subnuclei. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the HRRT, we performed [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) scans on 21 patients with PD and 11 age-matched controls. We employed three types of normalization: white matter, global mean, and data-driven normalization. We performed volume-of-interest analyses of small subcortical gray matter structures. Voxel-based comparisons were performed to investigate the extent of cortical hypometabolism. RESULTS The most significant level of relative subcortical hypermetabolism was detected in the external pallidum (GPe), irrespective of normalization strategy. Hypermetabolism was suggested also in the internal pallidum, thalamic subnuclei, and the putamen. Widespread cortical hypometabolism was seen in a pattern very similar to previously reported patterns in patients with PD. CONCLUSION The presence and extent of subcortical hypermetabolism in PD is dependent on type of normalization. However, the present findings suggest that PD, in addition to widespread cortical hypometabolism, is probably characterized by true hypermetabolism in the GPe. This finding was predicted by the animal 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography literature, in which high-magnitude hypermetabolism was also most robustly detected in the GPe.
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Jones B, Jennings CA, Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Maron Y, Coverdale CA, Yu EP, Hansen SB, Ampleford DJ, Lake PW, Dunham G, Cuneo ME, Deeney C, Fisher DV, Fisher VI, Bernshtam V, Starobinets A, Weingarten L. Doppler measurement of implosion velocity in fast Z-pinch x-ray sources. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 84:056408. [PMID: 22181529 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.056408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The observation of Doppler splitting in K-shell x-ray lines emitted from optically thin dopants is used to infer implosion velocities of up to 70 cm/μs in wire-array and gas-puff Z pinches at drive currents of 15-20 MA. These data can benchmark numerical implosion models, which produce reasonable agreement with the measured velocity in the emitting region. Doppler splitting is obscured in lines with strong opacity, but red-shifted absorption produced by the cooler halo of material backlit by the hot core assembling on axis can be used to diagnose velocity in the trailing mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.
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May MJ, Hansen SB, Scofield J, Schneider M, Wong K, Beiersdorfer P. Gold charge state distributions in highly ionized, low-density beam plasmas. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 84:046402. [PMID: 22181278 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.046402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a systematic study of Au charge state distributions (CSDs) from low density, nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium plasmas created in the Livermore electron beam ion traps (EBIT-I and EBIT-II). X-ray emission from Ni-like to Kr-like Au ions has been recorded from monoenergetic electron beam plasmas having E(beam)=2.66, 2.92, 3.53, and 4.54 keV, and the CSDs of the beam plasmas have been inferred by fitting the collisionally excited line transitions and radiative recombination emission features with synthetic spectra. We have modeled the beam plasmas using a collisional-radiative code with various treatments of the atomic structure for the complex M- and N-shell ions and find that only models with extensive doubly excited states can properly account for the dielectronic recombination (DR) channels that control the CSDs. This finding would be unremarkable for plasmas with thermal electron distributions, where many such states are sampled, and the importance of DR is well established. But in an EBIT source, the beam is resonant with only a subset of such states having spectator electrons in orbitals with high principal quantum number n (8≤n≤20). The inclusion of such states in the model was also necessary to obtain agreement with observed stabilizing transitions in the x-ray spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J May
- PO Box 808 L260, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Knapp PF, Pikuz SA, Shelkovenko TA, Hammer DA, Hansen SB. High resolution absorption spectroscopy of exploding wire plasmas using an x-pinch x-ray source and spherically bent crystal. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:063501. [PMID: 21721685 DOI: 10.1063/1.3592582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present here the use of absorption spectroscopy of the continuum radiation from x-pinch-produced point x-ray sources as a diagnostic to investigate the properties of aluminum plasmas created by pulsed power machines. This technique is being developed to determine the charge state, temperature, and density as a function of time and space under conditions that are inaccessible to x-ray emission spectroscopic diagnostics. The apparatus and its characterization are described, and the spectrometer dispersion, magnification, and resolution are calculated and compared with experimental results. Spectral resolution of about 5000 and spatial resolution of about 20 μm are demonstrated. This spectral resolution is the highest available to date in an absorption experiment. The beneficial properties of the x-pinch x-ray source as the backlighter for this diagnostic are the small source size (<5 μm), smooth continuum radiation, and short pulse duration (<0.1 ns). Results from a closely spaced (1 mm) exploding wire pair are shown and the general features are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Knapp
- Laboratory of Plasma Studies, Cornell University, 439 Rhodes Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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45
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Sinars DB, Wenger DF, Pikuz SA, Jones B, Geissel M, Hansen SB, Coverdale CA, Ampleford DJ, Cuneo ME, McPherson LA, Rochau GA. Compact, rugged in-chamber transmission spectrometers (7-28 keV) for the Sandia Z facility. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:063113. [PMID: 21721680 DOI: 10.1063/1.3600610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe a pair of time-integrated transmission spectrometers that are designed to survey 7-28 keV (1.9 to 0.43 Å) x-ray photons produced by experiments on the Sandia Z pulsed power facility. Each spectrometer uses a quartz 10-11 crystal in a Cauchois geometry with a slit to provide spatial resolution along one dimension. The spectrometers are located in the harsh environment of the Z vacuum chamber, which necessitates that their design be compact and rugged. Example data from calibration tests and Z experiments are shown that illustrate the utility of the instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sinars
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Frisch K, Bender D, Hansen SB, Keiding S, Sørensen M. Nucleophilic radiosynthesis of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-galactose from Talose triflate and biodistribution in a porcine model. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:477-83. [PMID: 21531284 PMCID: PMC3131089 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The galactose analogue 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-galactose (FDGal) is a promising positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for studies of regional differences in liver metabolic function and for clinical evaluation of patients with liver cirrhosis and patients undergoing treatment of liver diseases. However, there is an unmet need for routine production of FDGal from readily available starting material. In this study, we present the preparation of FDGal with high radiochemical purity and in amounts sufficient for clinical investigations from commercially available Talose triflate (1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-β-D-talopyranose). In addition, the biodistribution of FDGal in the pig is presented. METHODS FDGal was prepared by nucleophilic fluorination of Talose triflate followed by basic hydrolysis. The entire synthesis was performed using the GE TRACERlab MX 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) synthesizer and existing methods for quality control of FDG were applied. Biodistribution of FDGal was studied by successive whole-body PET recordings of two anaesthetized 37-kg pigs. RESULTS Up to 3.7 GBq sterile, pyrogen-free and no-carrier-added FDGal was produced with a radiochemical yield of 3.8±1.2% and a radiochemical purity of 98±1% (42 productions; yield is decay corrected). The adopted quality control methods for FDG were directly applicable for FDGal. Biodistribution studies in the pig revealed the liver and the urinary bladder as critical organs in terms of radiation dose. CONCLUSION Commercially available Talose triflate is a suitable starting material for routine productions of FDGal. The presented radiosynthesis and quality control methods allow for the production of pure, no-carrier-added FDGal in sufficient amounts for clinical PET-investigations of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Frisch
- PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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Lundquist A, Hansen SB, Nordström H, Danielson UH, Edwards K. Biotinylated lipid bilayer disks as model membranes for biosensor analyses. Anal Biochem 2010; 405:153-9. [PMID: 20599649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stabilized lipid bilayer disks as model membranes for surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor analyses. Nanosized bilayer disks that included 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[biotinyl(polyethylene glycol)(2000)] (DSPE-PEG(2000)-biotin) were prepared and structurally characterized by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) imaging. The biotinylated disks were immobilized via streptavidin to three different types of sensor chips (CM3, CM4, and CM5) varying in their degree of carboxymethylation and thickness of the dextran matrix. The bilayer disks were found to interact with and bind stably to the streptavidin-coated sensor surfaces. As a first step toward the use of these bilayer disks as model membranes in SPR-based studies of membrane proteins, initial investigations were carried out with cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 (COX 1 and COX 2). Bilayer disks were preincubated with the respective protein and thereafter allowed to interact with the sensor surface. The signal resulting from the interaction was, in both cases, significantly enhanced as compared with the signal obtained when disks alone were injected over the surface. The results of the study suggest that bilayer disks constitute a new and promising type of model membranes for SPR-based biosensor studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lundquist
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Smith DF, Stork BS, Wegener G, Ashkanian M, Jakobsen S, Bender D, Audrain H, Vase KH, Hansen SB, Videbech P, Rosenberg R. [11C]Mirtazapine binding in depressed antidepressant nonresponders studied by PET neuroimaging. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 206:133-40. [PMID: 19536526 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lack of benefit from antidepressant drug therapy is a major source of human suffering, affecting at least 25% of people with major depressive disorder. We want to know whether nonresponse to antidepressants can be linked to aberrant neuroreceptor binding. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the antidepressant binding in brain regions of depressed nonresponders compared with healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy volunteers and depressed subjects who had failed to benefit from at least 2 antidepressant treatments were recruited by newspaper advertisements. All subjects had received no antidepressant medication for at least 2 months before positron emission tomography (PET) that was carried out with [11C]mirtazapine. Kinetic parameters of [11C]mirtazapine were determined from PET data in selected brain regions by the simplified reference tissue model. RESULTS Binding potentials of [11C]mirtazapine in cerebral cortical regions were lower in depressed nonresponders than in healthy controls. Removal rates of [11C]mirtazapine were higher in diencephalic regions of depressed nonresponders than in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS PET neuroimaging with [11C]mirtazapine showed aberrant neuroreceptor binding in brain regions of depressed subjects who had failed to benefit from treatment with antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smith
- Center for Psychiatric Research, Psychiatric Hospital of Aarhus University, Risskov, 8240, Denmark.
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49
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Rassuchine J, d'Humières E, Baton SD, Guillou P, Koenig M, Chahid M, Perez F, Fuchs J, Audebert P, Kodama R, Nakatsutsumi M, Ozaki N, Batani D, Morace A, Redaelli R, Gremillet L, Rousseaux C, Dorchies F, Fourment C, Santos JJ, Adams J, Korgan G, Malekos S, Hansen SB, Shepherd R, Flippo K, Gaillard S, Sentoku Y, Cowan TE. Enhanced hot-electron localization and heating in high-contrast ultraintense laser irradiation of microcone targets. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2009; 79:036408. [PMID: 19392065 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.036408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report experiments demonstrating enhanced coupling efficiencies of high-contrast laser irradiation to nanofabricated conical targets. Peak temperatures near 200 eV are observed with modest laser energy (10 J), revealing similar hot-electron localization and material heating to reduced mass targets (RMTs), despite having a significantly larger mass. Collisional particle-in-cell simulations attribute the enhancement to self-generated resistive (approximately 10 MG) magnetic fields forming within the curvature of the cone wall, which confine energetic electrons to heat a reduced volume at the tip. This represents a different electron confinement mechanism (magnetic, as opposed to electrostatic sheath confinement in RMTs) controllable by target shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rassuchine
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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50
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Smith DF, Hansen SB, Jakobsen S, Bender D, Audrain H, Ashkanian M, Stork BS, Minuzzi L, Hall H, Rosenberg R. Neuroimaging of mirtazapine enantiomers in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 200:273-9. [PMID: 18566802 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mirtazapine is a racemic antidepressant with a multireceptor profile. Previous studies have shown that the enantiomers of mirtazapine have different pharmacologic effects in the brain of laboratory animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we used positron emission tomography (PET) and autoradiography to study effects of (R)- and (S)-[(11)C]mirtazapine in the human brain. Detailed brain imaging by PET using three methods of kinetic data analysis showed no reliable differences between regional binding potentials of (R)- and (S)-[(11)C]mirtazapine in healthy subjects. RESULTS Autoradiographic studies carried out in whole hemispheres of human brain tissue showed, however, that (R)- and (S)-mirtazapine differ markedly as inhibitors of [(3)H]clonidine binding at alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. CONCLUSION The multireceptor binding profiles of mirtazapine enantiomers, along with individual differences between subjects, may preclude PET neuroimaging from demonstrating reliable differences between the regional distribution and binding of (R)- and (S)-[(11)C]mirtazapine in the living human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smith
- Center for Psychiatric Research, Psychiatric Hospital of Aarhus University, 8240, Risskov, Denmark.
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