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Dorchies F, Ta Phuoc K, Lecherbourg L. Nonequilibrium warm dense matter investigated with laser-plasma-based XANES down to the femtosecond. Struct Dyn 2023; 10:054301. [PMID: 37720412 PMCID: PMC10505070 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of laser-plasma-based x-ray sources is discussed, with a view to carrying out time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements, down to the femtosecond timescale. A review of recent experiments performed by our team is presented. They concern the study of the nonequilibrium transition of metals from solid to the warm dense regime, which imposes specific constraints (the sample being destroyed after each shot). Particular attention is paid to the description of experimental devices and methodologies. Two main types of x-ray sources are compared, respectively, based on the emission of a hot plasma, and on the betatron radiation from relativistic electrons accelerated by laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Dorchies
- Université, Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - K. Ta Phuoc
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UMR 7639, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
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2
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Grolleau A, Dorchies F, Jourdain N, Ta Phuoc K, Gautier J, Mahieu B, Renaudin P, Recoules V, Martinez P, Lecherbourg L. Femtosecond Resolution of the Nonballistic Electron Energy Transport in Warm Dense Copper. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:275901. [PMID: 35061440 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.275901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast electron energy transport is investigated in laser-heated warm dense copper in a high flux regime (2.5±0.7×10^{13} W/cm^{2} absorbed). The dynamics of the electron temperature is retrieved from femtosecond time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy near the Cu L3 edge. A characteristic time of ∼1 ps is observed for the increase in the average temperature in a 100 nm thick sample. Data are well reproduced by two-temperature hydrodynamic simulations, which support energy transport dominated by thermal conduction rather than ballistic electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grolleau
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - F Dorchies
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - N Jourdain
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - K Ta Phuoc
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS UMR 7639, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - J Gautier
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS UMR 7639, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - B Mahieu
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS UMR 7639, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - P Martinez
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - L Lecherbourg
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- LOA, ENSTA, CNRS UMR 7639, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91761 Palaiseau, France
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3
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Jourdain N, Lecherbourg L, Recoules V, Renaudin P, Dorchies F. Ultrafast Thermal Melting in Nonequilibrium Warm Dense Copper. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:065001. [PMID: 33635705 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.065001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast dynamics of the loss of crystalline periodicity is investigated in femtosecond laser heated warm dense copper, by the original use of x-ray absorption near-edge specific structures just above the L3 edge. The characteristic time is observed near 1 ps, for specific energy density ranging from 1 to 5 MJ/kg, using ps-resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The overall experimental data are well reproduced with two-temperature hydrodynamic simulations, supporting a thermal phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jourdain
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - L Lecherbourg
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - F Dorchies
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
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Bouffetier V, Ceurvorst L, Valdivia MP, Dorchies F, Hulin S, Goudal T, Stutman D, Casner A. Proof-of-concept Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry with a high-intensity, high-repetition-rate, laser-driven K-alpha source. Appl Opt 2020; 59:8380-8387. [PMID: 32976425 DOI: 10.1364/ao.398839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry is a grating-based phase-contrast technique, which enables measurement of refractive index changes in matter with micrometric spatial resolution. The technique has been established using a variety of hard x-ray sources, including synchrotron, free-electron lasers, and x-ray tubes, and could be used in the optical range for low-density plasmas. The tremendous development of table-top high-power lasers makes the use of high-intensity, laser-driven K-alpha sources appealing for Talbot-Lau interferometer applications in both high-energy-density plasma experiments and biological imaging. To this end, we present the first, to the best of our knowledge, feasibility study of Talbot-Lau phase-contrast imaging using a high-repetition-rate laser of moderate energy (100 mJ at a repetition rate of 10 Hz) to irradiate a copper backlighter foil. The results from up to 900 laser pulses were integrated to form interferometric images. A constant fringe contrast of 20% is demonstrated over 100 accumulations, while the signal-to-noise ratio continued to increase with the number of shots. Phase retrieval is demonstrated without prior ex-situ phase stepping. Instead, correlation matrices are used to compensate for the displacement between reference acquisition and the probing of a PMMA target rod. The steps for improved measurements with more energetic laser systems are discussed. The final results are in good agreement with the theoretically predicted outcomes, demonstrating the applicability of this diagnostic to a range of laser facilities for use across several disciplines.
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Wang X, Jarnac A, Ekström JC, Bengtsson ÅUJ, Dorchies F, Enquist H, Jurgilaitis A, Pedersen MN, Tu CM, Wulff M, Larsson J. Generation of a large compressive strain wave in graphite by ultrashort-pulse laser irradiation. Struct Dyn 2019; 6:024501. [PMID: 30915389 PMCID: PMC6422787 DOI: 10.1063/1.5089291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have studied strain wave generation in graphite induced by an intense ultrashort laser pulse. The study was performed in the intensity regime above the ablation threshold of graphite. The aim was to maximize the strain and, thus, also the internal pressure (stress). Laser pulses with a 1 ps temporal duration melt the surface of graphite resulting in a molten material which initially exists at the solid density. As the molten material expands, a compressive strain wave starts propagating into the crystal below the molten layer. The strain pulse was studied with time-resolved X-ray diffraction. At a temporal delay of 100 ps after laser excitation, we observed >10% compressive strain, which corresponds to a pressure of 7.2 GPa. This strain could be reproduced by hydrodynamic simulations, which also provided a temperature map as a function of time and depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Wang
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - J. C. Ekström
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Å. U. J. Bengtsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - F. Dorchies
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - H. Enquist
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - A. Jurgilaitis
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - M. N. Pedersen
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - C.-M. Tu
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Wulff
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - J. Larsson
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Mahieu B, Jourdain N, Ta Phuoc K, Dorchies F, Goddet JP, Lifschitz A, Renaudin P, Lecherbourg L. Probing warm dense matter using femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy with a laser-produced betatron source. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3276. [PMID: 30115918 PMCID: PMC6095895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring and understanding ultrafast processes at the atomic level is a scientific challenge. Femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) arises as an essential experimental probing method, as it can simultaneously reveal both electronic and atomic structures, and thus potentially unravel their nonequilibrium dynamic interplay which is at the origin of most of the ultrafast mechanisms. However, despite considerable efforts, there is still no femtosecond X-ray source suitable for routine experiments. Here we show that betatron radiation from relativistic laser−plasma interaction combines ideal features for femtosecond XAS. It has been used to investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of a copper sample brought at extreme conditions of temperature and pressure by a femtosecond laser pulse. We measured a rise-time of the electron temperature below 100 fs. This experiment demonstrates the great potential of the table-top betatron source which makes possible the investigation of unexplored ultrafast processes in manifold fields of research. Understanding the ultrafast dynamics of materials under extreme conditions is challenging. Here the authors use a femtosecond betatron X-ray source to investigate the solid to dense plasma phase transition in copper using XAS with unprecedented time resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mahieu
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
| | - N Jourdain
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, 33400, Talence, France.,CEA-DAM-DIF, 91297, Arpajon, France
| | - K Ta Phuoc
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - F Dorchies
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, 33400, Talence, France
| | - J-P Goddet
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Lifschitz
- LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, 91120, Palaiseau, France
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Mazon D, Liegeard C, Jardin A, Barnsley R, Walsh M, O'Mullane M, Sirinelli A, Dorchies F. Polycapillary lenses for soft x-ray transmission in ITER: Model, comparison with experiments, and potential application. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11E302. [PMID: 27910573 DOI: 10.1063/1.4958942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Measuring Soft X-Ray (SXR) radiation [0.1 keV; 15 keV] in tokamaks is a standard way of extracting valuable information on the particle transport and magnetohydrodynamic activity. Generally, the analysis is performed with detectors positioned close to the plasma for a direct line of sight. A burning plasma, like the ITER deuterium-tritium phase, is too harsh an environment to permit the use of such detectors in close vicinity of the machine. We have thus investigated in this article the possibility of using polycapillary lenses in ITER to transport the SXR information several meters away from the plasma in the complex port-plug geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mazon
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - C Liegeard
- Ecole Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A Jardin
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - R Barnsley
- ITER Organization, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - M Walsh
- ITER Organization, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - M O'Mullane
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 ONG, United Kingdom
| | - A Sirinelli
- ITER Organization, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - F Dorchies
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, Talence 33405, France
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Denoeud A, Mazevet S, Guyot F, Dorchies F, Gaudin J, Ravasio A, Brambrink E, Benuzzi-Mounaix A. High-pressure structural changes in liquid silica. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:031201. [PMID: 27739803 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.031201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The structural properties of liquid silica at high pressure and moderate temperature conditions, also referred to as the warm dense matter regime, were investigated using time-resolved K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. We used a nanosecond laser beam to compress uniformly a solid SiO_{2} target and a picosecond laser beam to generate a broadband x-ray source. We obtained x-ray absorption spectra at the Si K edge over a large pressure-temperature domain to probe the liquid phase up to 3.6 times the normal solid density. Using ab initio simulations, we are able to interpret the changes in the x-ray absorption near-edge structure with increasing densities as an increase in the coordination number of silicon by oxygen atoms from 4 to 9. This indicates that, up to significant temperatures, the liquid structure becomes akin to what is found in the solid SiO_{2} phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Denoeud
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - S Mazevet
- LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 92195 Meudon, France
- Département de Physique Théorique et Appliquée, CEA, 91680 Bruyère-le-Chatel, France
| | - F Guyot
- Institut de Minéralogie de Physique des Matériaux (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC, IRD, Paris, France
| | - F Dorchies
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, Talence F-33405, France
| | - J Gaudin
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, Talence F-33405, France
| | - A Ravasio
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - E Brambrink
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - A Benuzzi-Mounaix
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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Dorchies F, Fedorov N, Lecherbourg L. Experimental station for laser-based picosecond time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:073106. [PMID: 26233355 DOI: 10.1063/1.4926348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental station designed for time-resolved X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES). It is based on ultrashort laser-plasma x-ray pulses generated from a table-top 100 mJ-class laser at 10 Hz repetition rate. A high transmission (10%-20%) x-ray beam line transport using polycapillary optics allows us to set the sample in an independent vacuum chamber, providing high flexibility over a wide spectral range from 0.5 up to 4 keV. Some XANES spectra are presented, demonstrating 1% noise level in only ∼1 mn and ∼100 cumulated laser shots. Time-resolved measurements are reported, indicating that the time resolution of the entire experimental station is 3.3 ± 0.6 ps rms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dorchies
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, Talence F-33405, France
| | - N Fedorov
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, Talence F-33405, France
| | - L Lecherbourg
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, Talence F-33405, France
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Denoeud A, Benuzzi-Mounaix A, Ravasio A, Dorchies F, Leguay PM, Gaudin J, Guyot F, Brambrink E, Koenig M, Le Pape S, Mazevet S. Metallization of warm dense SiO(2) studied by XANES spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:116404. [PMID: 25259992 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.116404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the evolution of the electronic structure of fused silica in a dense plasma regime using time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy. We use a nanosecond (ns) laser beam to generate a strong uniform shock wave in the sample and a picosecond (ps) pulse to produce a broadband x-ray source near the Si K edge. By varying the delay between the two laser beams and the intensity of the ns beam, we explore a large thermodynamical domain with densities varying from 1 to 5 g/cm^{3} and temperatures up to 5 eV. In contrast to normal conditions where silica is a well-known insulator with a wide band gap of 8.9 eV, we find that shocked silica exhibits a pseudogap as a semimetal throughout this thermodynamical domain. This is in quantitative agreement with density functional theory predictions performed using the generalized gradient approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Denoeud
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Benuzzi-Mounaix
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France and LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - A Ravasio
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France and LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - F Dorchies
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), CNRS, CEA, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
| | - P M Leguay
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), CNRS, CEA, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
| | - J Gaudin
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), CNRS, CEA, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France
| | - F Guyot
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés (IMPMC), MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, IRD, Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E Brambrink
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - M Koenig
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses (LULI), Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Le Pape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Mazevet
- LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 92195 Meudon, France and Département de Physique Théorique et Appliquée, CEA, 91680 Bruyère-le-Chatel, France
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Leguay PM, Lévy A, Chimier B, Deneuville F, Descamps D, Fourment C, Goyon C, Hulin S, Petit S, Peyrusse O, Santos JJ, Combis P, Holst B, Recoules V, Renaudin P, Videau L, Dorchies F. Ultrafast short-range disordering of femtosecond-laser-heated warm dense aluminum. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:245004. [PMID: 24483671 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.245004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have probed, with time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), a femtosecond-laser-heated aluminum foil with fluences up to 1 J/cm2. The spectra reveal a loss of the short-range order in a few picoseconds. This time scale is compared with the electron-ion equilibration time, calculated with a two-temperature model. Hydrodynamic simulations shed light on complex features that affect the foil dynamics, including progressive density change from solid to liquid (∼10 ps). In this density range, quantum molecular dynamics simulations indicate that XANES is a relevant probe of the ionic temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Leguay
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - A Lévy
- Ecole Polytechnique, LULI (Laboratoire d'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses), UMR 7605, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - B Chimier
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - F Deneuville
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - D Descamps
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - C Fourment
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - C Goyon
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - S Hulin
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - S Petit
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - O Peyrusse
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - J J Santos
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - P Combis
- CEA-DAM-DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - B Holst
- CEA-DAM-DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | | | - L Videau
- CEA-DAM-DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - F Dorchies
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33400 Talence, France
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Vauzour B, Santos JJ, Debayle A, Hulin S, Schlenvoigt HP, Vaisseau X, Batani D, Baton SD, Honrubia JJ, Nicolaï P, Beg FN, Benocci R, Chawla S, Coury M, Dorchies F, Fourment C, d'Humières E, Jarrot LC, McKenna P, Rhee YJ, Tikhonchuk VT, Volpe L, Yahia V. Relativistic high-current electron-beam stopping-power characterization in solids and plasmas: collisional versus resistive effects. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:255002. [PMID: 23368474 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.255002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental and numerical results on intense-laser-pulse-produced fast electron beams transport through aluminum samples, either solid or compressed and heated by laser-induced planar shock propagation. Thanks to absolute K(α) yield measurements and its very good agreement with results from numerical simulations, we quantify the collisional and resistive fast electron stopping powers: for electron current densities of ≈ 8 × 10(10) A/cm(2) they reach 1.5 keV/μm and 0.8 keV/μm, respectively. For higher current densities up to 10(12)A/cm(2), numerical simulations show resistive and collisional energy losses at comparable levels. Analytical estimations predict the resistive stopping power will be kept on the level of 1 keV/μm for electron current densities of 10(14)A/cm(2), representative of the full-scale conditions in the fast ignition of inertially confined fusion targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vauzour
- Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, UMR 5107, F-33405 Talence, France
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13
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Lévy A, Dorchies F, Benuzzi-Mounaix A, Ravasio A, Festa F, Recoules V, Peyrusse O, Amadou N, Brambrink E, Hall T, Koenig M, Mazevet S. X-ray diagnosis of the pressure induced Mott nonmetal-metal transition. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:055002. [PMID: 22400937 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the K-edge x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) spectrum is investigated for an aluminum plasma expanding from the solid density down to 0.5 g/cm{3}, with temperatures lying from 5 down to 2 eV. The dense plasma is generated by nanosecond laser-induced shock compression. These conditions correspond to the density-temperature region where a metal-nonmetal transition occurs as the density decreases. This transition is directly observed in XANES spectra measurements through the progressive formation of a preedge structure for densities around 1.6 g/cm{3}. Ab initio calculations based on density functional theory and a jellium model have been efficiently tested through direct comparison with the experimental measurements and show that this preedge corresponds to the relocalization of the 3p atomic orbital as the system evolves from a dense plasma toward a partially ionized atomic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lévy
- LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France.
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14
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Dorchies F, Lévy A, Goyon C, Combis P, Descamps D, Fourment C, Harmand M, Hulin S, Leguay PM, Petit S, Peyrusse O, Santos JJ. Unraveling the solid-liquid-vapor phase transition dynamics at the atomic level with ultrafast x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:245006. [PMID: 22243009 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.245006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) is a powerful probe of electronic and atomic structures in various media, ranging from molecules to condensed matter. We show how ultrafast time resolution opens new possibilities to investigate highly nonequilibrium states of matter including phase transitions. Based on a tabletop laser-plasma ultrafast x-ray source, we have performed a time-resolved (∼3 ps) XANES experiment that reveals the evolution of an aluminum foil at the atomic level, when undergoing ultrafast laser heating and ablation. X-ray absorption spectra highlight an ultrafast transition from the crystalline solid to the disordered liquid followed by a progressive transition of the delocalized valence electronic structure (metal) down to localized atomic orbitals (nonmetal-vapor), as the average distance between atoms increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dorchies
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Talence, F-33405, France.
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15
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Benuzzi-Mounaix A, Dorchies F, Recoules V, Festa F, Peyrusse O, Levy A, Ravasio A, Hall T, Koenig M, Amadou N, Brambrink E, Mazevet S. Electronic structure investigation of highly compressed aluminum with K edge absorption spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:165006. [PMID: 22107398 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.165006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structure evolution of highly compressed aluminum has been investigated using time resolved K edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. A long laser pulse (500 ps, I(L)≈8×10(13) W/cm(2)) was used to create a uniform shock. A second ps pulse (I(L)≈10(17) W/cm(2)) generated an ultrashort broadband x-ray source near the Al K edge. The main target was designed to probe aluminum at reshocked conditions up to now unexplored (3 times the solid density and temperatures around 8 eV). The hydrodynamical conditions were obtained using rear side visible diagnostics. Data were compared to ab initio and dense plasma calculations, indicating potential improvements in either description. This comparison shows that x-ray-absorption near-edge structure measurements provide a unique capability to probe matter at these extreme conditions and severally constrains theoretical approaches currently used.
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16
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Pérez F, Debayle A, Honrubia J, Koenig M, Batani D, Baton SD, Beg FN, Benedetti C, Brambrink E, Chawla S, Dorchies F, Fourment C, Galimberti M, Gizzi LA, Gremillet L, Heathcote R, Higginson DP, Hulin S, Jafer R, Koester P, Labate L, Lancaster KL, MacKinnon AJ, MacPhee AG, Nazarov W, Nicolai P, Pasley J, Ramis R, Richetta M, Santos JJ, Sgattoni A, Spindloe C, Vauzour B, Vinci T, Volpe L. Magnetically guided fast electrons in cylindrically compressed matter. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:065004. [PMID: 21902333 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.065004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fast electrons produced by a 10 ps, 160 J laser pulse through laser-compressed plastic cylinders are studied experimentally and numerically in the context of fast ignition. K(α)-emission images reveal a collimated or scattered electron beam depending on the initial density and the compression timing. A numerical transport model shows that implosion-driven electrical resistivity gradients induce strong magnetic fields able to guide the electrons. The good agreement with measured beam sizes provides the first experimental evidence for fast-electron magnetic collimation in laser-compressed matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pérez
- LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, Palaiseau, France.
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17
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Santos JJ, Batani D, McKenna P, Baton SD, Dorchies F, Dubrouil A, Fourment C, Hulin S, d'Humières E, Nicolaï PH, Gremillet L, Debayle A, Honrubia JJ, Carpeggiani P, Veltcheva M, Quinn MN, Brambrink E, Tikhonchuk V. Fast electron propagation in high-density plasmas created by 1D shock wave compression: Experiments and simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/244/2/022060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Levy A, Dorchies F, Fourment C, Harmand M, Hulin S, Santos JJ, Descamps D, Petit S, Bouillaud R. Double conical crystal x-ray spectrometer for high resolution ultrafast x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy of Al K edge. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:063107. [PMID: 20590225 DOI: 10.1063/1.3441983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An x-ray spectrometer devoted to dynamical studies of transient systems using the x-ray absorption fine spectroscopy technique is presented in this article. Using an ultrafast laser-induced x-ray source, this optical device based on a set of two potassium acid phthalate conical crystals allows the extraction of x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy structures following the Al absorption K edge. The proposed experimental protocol leads to a measurement of the absorption spectra free from any crystal reflectivity defaults and shot-to-shot x-ray spectral fluctuation. According to the detailed analysis of the experimental results, a spectral resolution of 0.7 eV rms and relative fluctuation lower than 1% rms are achieved, demonstrated to be limited by the statistics of photon counting on the x-ray detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Levy
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, Talence F-33405, France
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19
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Mancić A, Lévy A, Harmand M, Nakatsutsumi M, Antici P, Audebert P, Combis P, Fourmaux S, Mazevet S, Peyrusse O, Recoules V, Renaudin P, Robiche J, Dorchies F, Fuchs J. Picosecond short-range disordering in isochorically heated aluminum at solid density. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:035002. [PMID: 20366651 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Using ultrafast x-ray probing, we experimentally observed a progressive loss of ordering within solid-density aluminum as the temperature raises from 300 K to >10{4} K. The Al sample was isochorically heated by a short ( approximately ps), laser-accelerated proton beam and probed by a short broadband x-ray source around the Al K edge. The loss of short-range ordering is detected through the progressive smoothing of the time-resolved x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) structure. The results are compared with two different theoretical models of warm dense matter and allow us to put an upper bound on the onset of ion lattice disorder within the heated solid-density medium of approximately 10 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mancić
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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20
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Fourment C, Arazam N, Bonte C, Caillaud T, Descamps D, Dorchies F, Harmand M, Hulin S, Petit S, Santos JJ. Broadband, high dynamics and high resolution charge coupled device-based spectrometer in dynamic mode for multi-keV repetitive x-ray sources. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:083505. [PMID: 19725653 DOI: 10.1063/1.3189004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a new operating mode, using a charged coupled device as dispersionless spectrometer dedicated to repetitive x-ray sources in the multi-keV domain. This enables to get spectra with high statistics in a short acquisition time and a way compatible with the operation of other diagnostics requiring accumulation. Several reconstruction algorithms for the spreading events are discussed, and a near Fano-limited resolution is demonstrated by using single pixel events. In this case, a method to take into account partial canceling of the events is presented. Experimental characterization and detailed modeling of the detector are performed, which allow to determine absolute number of photon with +/-35% accuracy. Characterization of the 5-25 keV x rays emitted by a short pulse laser-produced plasma is reported, as well as their dependency with the atomic number, the laser duration, and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fourment
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, Talence F-33405, France.
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21
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Rassuchine J, d'Humières E, Baton SD, Guillou P, Koenig M, Chahid M, Perez F, Fuchs J, Audebert P, Kodama R, Nakatsutsumi M, Ozaki N, Batani D, Morace A, Redaelli R, Gremillet L, Rousseaux C, Dorchies F, Fourment C, Santos JJ, Adams J, Korgan G, Malekos S, Hansen SB, Shepherd R, Flippo K, Gaillard S, Sentoku Y, Cowan TE. Enhanced hot-electron localization and heating in high-contrast ultraintense laser irradiation of microcone targets. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2009; 79:036408. [PMID: 19392065 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.036408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report experiments demonstrating enhanced coupling efficiencies of high-contrast laser irradiation to nanofabricated conical targets. Peak temperatures near 200 eV are observed with modest laser energy (10 J), revealing similar hot-electron localization and material heating to reduced mass targets (RMTs), despite having a significantly larger mass. Collisional particle-in-cell simulations attribute the enhancement to self-generated resistive (approximately 10 MG) magnetic fields forming within the curvature of the cone wall, which confine energetic electrons to heat a reduced volume at the tip. This represents a different electron confinement mechanism (magnetic, as opposed to electrostatic sheath confinement in RMTs) controllable by target shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rassuchine
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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22
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Rassuchine J, d'Humières E, Baton S, Fuchs J, Guillou P, Koenig M, Kodama R, Nakatsutsumi M, Norimatsu T, Batani D, Morace A, Redaelli R, Gremillet L, Rousseaux C, Dorchies F, Fourment C, Santos JJ, Adams J, Korgan G, Malekos S, Sentoku Y, Cowan TE. Enhanced energy localization and heating in high contrast ultra-intense laser produced plasmas via novel conical micro-target design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/112/2/022050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Dorchies F, Blasco F, Bonté C, Caillaud T, Fourment C, Peyrusse O. Observation of subpicosecond x-ray emission from laser-cluster interaction. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:205002. [PMID: 18518543 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.205002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present the first experimental evidence of the subpicosecond duration of x-ray pulses emitted from laser-irradiated clusters, demonstrating the suitability of such a debris free target for ultrafast x-ray science applications. The K-shell emission (approximately 3 keV) from large Ar clusters (6 x 10(5) to 4 x 10(6) atoms) is time resolved, when irradiated by ultrashort (40 fs to 5 ps) and intense laser pulses (10(15-17) W/cm2). The observations are supported by hydrodynamical and collisional-radiative calculations, that reproduce the extremely short x-ray pulse duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dorchies
- Université Bordeaux I; CNRS; CEA; CELIA UMR 5107, 351 cours de la Libération, Talence, F-33405 France.
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24
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Bonté C, Harmand M, Dorchies F, Magnan S, Pitre V, Kieffer JC, Audebert P, Geindre JP. High dynamic range streak camera for subpicosecond time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2007; 78:043503. [PMID: 17477656 DOI: 10.1063/1.2720718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The full characterization of a time resolved x-ray spectrometer is presented. It is based on the coupling of a conical crystal with a subpicosecond x-ray streak camera. The detector is designed to operate in accumulation mode at high repetition rate (up to 1 kHz) allowing signal to noise ratio as high as 10(4):1. Optical switches have been used to limit the jitter induced in the subpicosecond range, demonstrating the very long term stability (a few hours) of the entire device. The data analysis have been developed to get the spectral and temporal resolution of an ultrashort laser-plasma-based x-ray source.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bonté
- Université Bordeaux I, CNRS, CEA, CELIA UMR 5107, 351 Cours de la Libération, Talence, France
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25
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Dorchies F, Caillaud T, Blasco F, Bonté C, Jouin H, Micheau S, Pons B, Stevefelt J. Investigation of laser-irradiated Ar cluster dynamics from K-shell x-ray emission measurements. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2005; 71:066410. [PMID: 16089883 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.71.066410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intense (up to a few 10(17) W/ cm2) femtosecond (down to 40 fs) laser pulses are focused onto a partially clusterized argon gas jet. The target was previously characterized and optimized in order to get a homogeneous and dense jet of clusters with a well controlled size. The interaction leads to x-ray emission that is absolutely calibrated and spectrally resolved using a high resolution time-integrated spectrometer in the K-shell range (from 2.9 to 4.3 keV). X-ray spectra are investigated as a function of different laser temporal parameters such as the nanosecond prepulse contrast, the laser pulse duration, and the femtosecond delay between two different laser pulses. The cluster size ranges from 180 to 350 angstroms and irradiation by laser pulses with both linear and circular polarization is investigated. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the laser-cluster interaction dynamics. They are compared with the predictions of collision-dominated nanoplasma models. However, further interaction processes are required in order to explain the observed characteristic lines demonstrating highly charged ions up to Ar16+.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dorchies
- CELIA, UMR 5107, CNRS, CEA, Université Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France.
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26
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Chenais-Popovics C, Dorchies F, Audebert P, Nagels V, Geindre JP, Gauthier JC, Peyrusse O, Gary S, Girard F. Mesure de la durée d'émission X de différents éléments irradies par un laser de puissance subpicoseconde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:20030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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27
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Hansen SB, Shlyaptseva AS, Faenov AY, Skobelev IY, Magunov AI, Pikuz TA, Blasco F, Dorchies F, Stenz C, Salin F, Auguste T, Dobosz S, Monot P, D' Oliveira P, Hulin S, Safronova UI, Fournier KB. Hot-electron influence on L-shell spectra of multicharged Kr ions generated in clusters irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2002; 66:046412. [PMID: 12443335 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.046412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strong L-shell x-ray emission has been obtained from Kr clusters formed in gas jets and irradiated by 60-500-fs laser pulses. Spectral lines from the F-, Ne- Na-, and Mg-like charge states of Kr have been identified from highly resolved x-ray spectra. Spectral line intensities are used in conjunction with a detailed time-dependent collisional-radiative model to diagnose the electron distribution functions of plasmas formed in various gas jet nozzles with various laser pulse durations. It is shown that L-shell spectra formed by relatively long nanosecond-laser pulses can be well described by a steady-state model without hot electrons when opacity effects are included. In contrast, adequate modeling of L-shell spectra from highly transient and inhomogeneous femtosecond-laser plasmas requires including the influence of hot electrons. It is shown that femtosecond-laser interaction with gas jets from conical nozzles produces plasmas with higher ionization balances than plasmas formed by gas jets from Laval nozzles, in agreement with previous work for femtosecond laser interaction with Ar clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hansen
- Physics Department/220, University of Nevada, Reno 89557, USA
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28
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Chenais-Popovics C, Fajardo M, Gilleron F, Teubner U, Gauthier JC, Bauche-Arnoult C, Bachelier A, Bauche J, Blenski T, Thais F, Perrot F, Benuzzi A, Turck-Chièze S, Chièze JP, Dorchies F, Andiel U, Foelsner W, Eidmann K. L-band x-ray absorption of radiatively heated nickel. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2002; 65:016413. [PMID: 11800796 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.016413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2001] [Accepted: 01/18/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Absorption of L-M and L-N transitions of nickel has been measured using point projection spectroscopy. The x-ray radiation from laser-irradiated gold cavities was used to heat volumetrically nickel foils "tamped with carbon" up to 20 eV. Experimental spectra have been analyzed with calculations based on the spin-orbit split arrays statistical approach and performed for each ionic species Ni5+ to Ni11+. Using a least-squares fit, this method provides an ion distribution broader than at local thermodynamic equilibrium, which is explained by spatial and temporal temperature gradients. A major improvement in the simulation of the absolute value of transmission is obtained with a resolved transition array statistical calculation that reproduces the experimental spectrum with the nominal areal mass density by taking into account the saturation of narrow lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chenais-Popovics
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, UMR 7605 CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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29
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De Wispelaere E, Malka V, Hüller S, Amiranoff F, Baton S, Bonadio R, Casanova M, Dorchies F, Haroutunian R, Modena A. Formation of plasma channels in the interaction of a nanosecond laser pulse at moderate intensities with helium gas jets. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1999; 59:7110-20. [PMID: 11969699 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.59.7110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/1998] [Revised: 01/28/1999] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report on a detailed study of channel formation in the interaction of a nanosecond laser pulse with a He gas jet. A complete set of diagnostics is used in order to characterize the plasma precisely. The evolution of the plasma radius and of the electron density and temperature are measured by Thomson scattering, Schlieren imaging, and Mach-Zehnder interferometry. In gas jets, one observes the formation of a channel with a deep density depletion on axis. Because of ionization-induced defocusing which increases the size of the focal spot and decreases the maximum laser intensity, no channel is observed in the case of a gas-filled chamber. The results obtained in various gas-jet and laser conditions show that the channel radius, as well as the density along the propagation axis, can be adjusted by changing the laser energy and gas-jet pressure. This is a crucial issue when one wants to adapt the channel parameters in order to guide a subsequent high-intensity laser pulse. The experimental results and their comparison with one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations show that the main mechanism for channel formation is the hydrodynamic evolution behind a supersonic electron heat wave propagating radially in the plasma. It is also shown from 2D simulations that a fraction of the long pulse can be self-guided in the channel it creates. The preliminary results and analyses on this subject have been published before [V. Malka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2979 (1997)].
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Wispelaere
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, Unité mixte No. 7605, CNRS-CEA-Ecole, Polytechnique-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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30
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Raoult F, Boscheron AC, Husson D, Sauteret C, Modena A, Malka V, Dorchies F, Migus A. Efficient generation of narrow-bandwidth picosecond pulses by frequency doubling of femtosecond chirped pulses. Opt Lett 1998; 23:1117-1119. [PMID: 18087446 DOI: 10.1364/ol.23.001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate efficient generation of picosecond narrow-bandwidth pulses by frequency mixing of broadband opposite chirped pulses in a type I doubling crystal. This procedure allows us to produce picosecond pulses that are perfectly synchronized with femtosecond pulses. The experiment shows a decrease of the initial bandwidth by a factor of more than 30, while a high conversion efficiency is maintained.
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31
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Dorchies F, Marchand F, Mézac M. [Bladder catheterization]. Soins 1994:57-8. [PMID: 8009302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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32
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Andjelkovic M, Dorchies F. [Electrocardiography: errors and artifacts]. Soins 1993:65-66. [PMID: 8108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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33
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Andjelkovic M, Dorchies F, Epis M. [Electrocardiography: how to get a good recording]. Soins 1993:61-2. [PMID: 8303419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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34
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Boucard F, Mayereau MJ, Dorchies F, Vergnet P. [Oxygen therapy]. Soins 1993:61-2. [PMID: 8303392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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