Chen X, Chu C, Doebis C, von Baehr V, Hocher B. Sex-Dependent Association of Vitamin D With Insulin Resistance in Humans.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021;
106:e3739-e3747. [PMID:
34406392 DOI:
10.1210/clinem/dgab213]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Animal studies suggested that vitamin D might decrease insulin resistance. Estrogen increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in rodents. However, sex-specific association of vitamin D with insulin resistance in humans remains unclear.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the sex-dependency of the association of insulin resistance and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in a large Caucasian population.
METHODS
Cross-sectional study from out-patients' blood samples with measurements of 25(OH)D and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) drawn at exactly the same day (n = 1887). This cohort was divided into 3 groups: (1) group with vitamin D deficiency (n = 1190), (2) group with vitamin D sufficiency (n = 686), and (3) vitamin D excess groups (n = 11); the vitamin D excess group was excluded from further analysis due to the small size.
RESULTS
Analysis of the entire study population showed that serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with HOMA-IR [Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) = -0.19, P < 0.0001]. When considering the vitamin D status, this association was only seen in the vitamin D deficiency group but not in the vitamin D sufficient group. The correlation was sex-dependent: HOMA-IR was inversely correlated with vitamin D in women with vitamin D deficiency (rs = -0.26, P < 0.0001) but not in men with vitamin D deficiency (rs = 0.01, P = 0.714). After multivariate linear regression analysis considering confounding factors, this relationship was again only seen in women.
CONCLUSION
Vitamin D was inversely and independently associated with insulin resistance only in women with vitamin D deficiency. Based on our data, we suggest that in particular vitamin D deficient women might benefit from vitamin D substitution by improving insulin resistance. This, however, needs to be proven in adequately designed double-blind placebo-controlled clinical studies.
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