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Dong Y, Dong Y, Zhu C, Yang L, Wang H, Li J, Zheng Z, Zhao H, Xie W, Chen M, Jie Z, Li J, Zang Y, Shi J. Targeting CCL2-CCR2 signaling pathway alleviates macrophage dysfunction in COPD via PI3K-AKT axis. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:364. [PMID: 39014433 PMCID: PMC11253350 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. The involvement of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in COPD pathogenesis, particularly in macrophage regulation and activation, is poorly understood despite its recognized role in chronic inflammation. Our study aims to elucidate the regulatory role and molecular mechanisms of CCL2 in the pathogenesis of COPD, providing new insights for therapeutic strategies. METHODS This study focused on the CCL2-CCR2 signaling pathway, exploring its role in COPD pathogenesis using both Ccl2 knockout (KO) mice and pharmacological inhibitors. To dissect the underlying mechanisms, we employed various in vitro and in vivo methods to analyze the secretion patterns and pathogenic effects of CCL2 and its downstream molecular signaling through the CCL2-CCR2 axis. RESULTS Elevated Ccl2 expression was confirmed in the lungs of COPD mice and was associated with enhanced recruitment and activation of macrophages. Deletion of Ccl2 in knockout mice, as well as treatment with a Ccr2 inhibitor, resulted in protection against CS- and LPS-induced alveolar injury and airway remodeling. Mechanistically, CCL2 was predominantly secreted by bronchial epithelial cells in a process dependent on STAT1 phosphorylation and acted through the CCR2 receptor on macrophages. This interaction activated the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which was pivotal for macrophage activation and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, further influencing the progression of COPD. CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted the crucial role of CCL2 in mediating inflammatory responses and remodeling in COPD. It enhanced our understanding of COPD's molecular mechanisms, particularly how CCL2's interaction with the CCR2 activates critical signaling pathways. Targeting the CCL2-CCR2 axis emerged as a promising strategy to alleviate COPD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lingang Laboratory, 100-19 Banxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyue Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Lingang Laboratory, 100-19 Banxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqing Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixuan Zheng
- Department of General Medicine, Zhuanqiao Community Healthcare Service Center of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanwei Zhao
- Department of General Medicine, Zhuanqiao Community Healthcare Service Center of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanji Xie
- Department of General Medicine, Hongqiao Community Healthcare Service Center of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiting Chen
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zang
- Lingang Laboratory, 100-19 Banxia Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Jindong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Pries R, Plötze-Martin K, Lange C, Behn N, Werner L, Bruchhage KL, Steffen A. Improved levels of checkpoint molecule PD-L1 on peripheral blood monocyte subsets in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients upon hypoglossal nerve stimulation. J Sleep Res 2024:e14178. [PMID: 38385644 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with a low-grade systemic inflammation, immune disturbance, and increased invasion of monocytes into the endothelium. Besides continuous positive airway pressure (PAP), hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) has become a promising treatment option for patients with OSAS. We aimed to analyse the influence of HNS therapy on the cellular characteristics relevant for adhesion and immune regulation of circulating CD14/CD16 monocyte subsets. Whole blood flow cytometric measurements were performed to analyse the expression levels of different adhesion molecules and checkpoint molecule PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) in connection with pro-inflammatory plasma cytokine IL-8 and the clinical values of BMI (body mass index), AHI (apnea-hypopnea index), ODI (oxygen desaturation index), and ESS (Epworth sleepiness scale) upon HNS treatment. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation treatment significantly improved the expression of adhesion molecule CD162 (P-selectin receptor) on non-classical monocytes and significantly downregulated the expression of PD-L1 on all three monocyte subsets. We conclude that the holistic improvement of different parameters such as the oxygenation of the peripheral blood, a reduced systemic inflammation, and the individual sleeping situation upon HNS respiratory support, leads to an improved immunologic situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Pries
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Christian Lange
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Nicole Behn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Lotte Werner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Armin Steffen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Pan Z, Hu K. New insights from integrated bioinformatics analysis: the role of circadian rhythm disruption and immune infiltration in obstructive sleep apnea disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273114. [PMID: 38169659 PMCID: PMC10758485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Circadian rhythm disruption and immune infiltration are both closely associated with the development of Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) disease and a variety of cardiovascular and neurological complications, but their interactions with OSA disease are not clear. In this study, we used bioinformatics to investigate the roles of circadian rhythm disruption and immune microenvironments in OSA. Methods We analyzed differential genes and their associated functional pathways in the circadian rhythm-associated OSA dataset, then regrouped OSA samples using the differential genes and explored differences in immune cell infiltration between the two different subgroups. Meanwhile, we used two machine learning algorithms to further define circadian rhythm-related signature genes and to explore the relationship between key genes and immune cell infiltration. Finally, we searched for the transcription factors of the key differential gene JUN. Results We screened 15 circadian rhythm-related differential genes in the OSA-related dataset and further defined 3 signature genes by machine learning algorithms. Immunoassays showed a significant increase in resting mast cell infiltration and a decrease in monocyte infiltration in the OSA group. The results of our animal experiments also confirmed that the expression of these 3 key genes, as well as the immune cell infiltration, showed a trend consistent with the results of the bioinformatics analysis. Conclusions In conclusion, this study reveals the interaction between circadian rhythm disruption and immune infiltration in OSA, providing new insights into the potential pathogenesis of OSA.
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Wang C, Chang L, Wang J, Xia L, Cao L, Wang W, Xu J, Gao H. Leptin and risk factors for atherosclerosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36076. [PMID: 37986371 PMCID: PMC10659641 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone secreted primarily by adipose tissue. It regulates an organism's metabolism, energy balance, and body weight through a negative feedback mechanism. When a person or animal has low body fat and little energy, the leptin level in the body decreases, and conversely, when there is an excess of nutrients, the leptin level increases, giving a feeling of satiety. However, when leptin levels are abnormal (too high or too low) for a number of reasons, it can negatively affect your health, inducing inflammatory responses, obesity, and other problems. Many studies have shown that abnormal leptin levels, such as hyperleptinemia, are closely associated with common risk factors for atherosclerosis (AS). This review systematically states the relationship between leptin and common risk factors for AS (inflammation, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and sleep disorders) and provides some new thoughts on the future direction of research on both. Because the abnormal level of leptin will have adverse effects on multiple atherosclerotic risk factors, how to regulate the leptin level of patients with AS, and whether we can treat and prevent AS by intervening the leptin level, these may be our new research directions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liping Chang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Libo Xia
- Affiliated Hospital, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liyuan Cao
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jianwen Xu
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Huize Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Chen B, Dong L, Zhang J, Hao Y, Chi W, Song D. Exploring shared pathways and the shared biomarker ERRFI1 in Obstructive sleep apnoea and atherosclerosis using integrated bioinformatics analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15103. [PMID: 37699925 PMCID: PMC10497545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an upper airway disorder occurring during sleep and is associated with atherosclerosis (AS). AS is a cardiovascular disease caused by environmental and genetic factors, with a high global mortality rate. This study investigated common pathways and potential biomarkers of OSA and AS. Microarray data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and used to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the OSA and AS datasets. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify the co-expression modules of OSA and AS. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operators (LASSO) were used to determine critical biomarkers. Immune cell infiltration analysis was used to investigate the correlation between immune cell infiltration and common biomarkers of OSA and AS. Results revealed that differentially expressed genes may be involved in inflammatory processes, chemokine signaling pathways, and molecular changes in cell adhesion. ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (ERRFI1) was the best-shared biomarker for OSA and AS. Immune infiltration analysis showed that ERRFI1 expression was correlated with immune cell changes. Changes in immune pathways, inflammatory processes, and cell adhesion molecules may underlie the pathogenesis of both diseases, and ERRFI1 may be a potential diagnostic marker for patients with OSA and AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Chen
- Clinical Biobank, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liping Dong
- Clinical Biobank, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jihua Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Hao
- Clinical Biobank, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weiwei Chi
- Clinical Biobank, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongmei Song
- Clinical Biobank, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Garza-Campos A, Prieto-Correa JR, Domínguez-Rosales JA, Hernández-Nazará ZH. Implications of receptor for advanced glycation end products for progression from obesity to diabetes and from diabetes to cancer. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:977-994. [PMID: 37547586 PMCID: PMC10401444 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i7.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are chronic pathologies with a high incidence worldwide. They share some pathological mechanisms, including hyperinsulinemia, the production and release of hormones, and hyperglycemia. The above, over time, affects other systems of the human body by causing tissue hypoxia, low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress, which lay the pathophysiological groundwork for cancer. The leading causes of death globally are T2DM and cancer. Other main alterations of this pathological triad include the accumulation of advanced glycation end products and the release of endogenous alarmins due to cell death (i.e., damage-associated molecular patterns) such as the intracellular proteins high-mobility group box protein 1 and protein S100 that bind to the receptor for advanced glycation products (RAGE) - a multiligand receptor involved in inflammatory and metabolic and neoplastic processes. This review analyzes the latest advanced reports on the role of RAGE in the development of obesity, T2DM, and cancer, with an aim to understand the intracellular signaling mechanisms linked with cancer initiation. This review also explores inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, cellular senescence, RAGE ligands, tumor microenvironment changes, and the “cancer hallmarks” of the leading tumors associated with T2DM. The assimilation of this information could aid in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to lower the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Garza-Campos
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Roberto Prieto-Correa
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biología Molecular en Medicina, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Alfredo Domínguez-Rosales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Zamira Helena Hernández-Nazará
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
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Hancková M, Miháliková L, Pastoreková S, Betáková T. Hypoxia alters the immune response in mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with influenza a virus with truncated NS1 protein. Cytokine 2023; 164:156138. [PMID: 36796258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the most abundant cells in infected tissue and are involved in the clearing infection, and immunomodulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. NS80 virus of influenza A virus, which encodes only the first 80 aa of the NS1 protein, suppresses the immune host response and is associated with enhanced pathogenicity. Hypoxia promotes infiltration of peritoneal macrophages into the adipose tissue and production of cytokines. To understand the role of hypoxia in the regulation of immune response, macrophages were infected with A/WSN/33 (WSN) and NS80 virus, and transcriptional profiles of the RIG-I-like receptor signalling pathway and expression of cytokines were evaluated in normoxia and hypoxia. Hypoxia inhibited the proliferation of IC-21 cells, downregulated the RIG-I-like receptor signalling pathway, and inhibited transcriptional activity of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ε, and IFN-λ mRNA in infected macrophages. While transcription of IL-1β and Casp-1 mRNAs were increased in infected macrophages in normoxia, hypoxia resulted in decreased transcription activity of IL-1β and Casp-1 mRNAs. Hypoxia significantly affected expression of the translation factors IRF4, IFN-γ, and CXCL10 involved in regulation of immune response and polarization of the macrophages. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as sICAM-1, IL-1α, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, CXCL12, and M-CSF was to a large extent affected in uninfected and infected macrophages cultivated in hypoxia. The NS80 virus increased the expression of M-CSF, IL-16, CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL12, especially under hypoxia. The results show that hypoxia may play an important role in peritoneal macrophage activation, regulates the innate and adaptive immune response, changes production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, promotes macrophage polarization, and could affect the function of other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hancková
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Miháliková
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Pastoreková
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana Betáková
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Oshima Y, Wakino S, Kanda T, Tajima T, Itoh T, Uchiyama K, Yoshimoto K, Sasabe J, Yasui M, Itoh H. Sodium benzoate attenuates 2,8-dihydroxyadenine nephropathy by inhibiting monocyte/macrophage TNF-α expression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3331. [PMID: 36849798 PMCID: PMC9971245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium benzoate (SB), a known D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) enzyme inhibitor, has an anti-inflammatory effect, although its role in renal damage has not been explored. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine crystal induced chronic kidney disease, in which TNF-α is involved in the pathogenesis, was established by oral adenine administration in C57BL/6JJcl mice (AdCKD) with or without SB to investigate its renal protective effects. SB significantly attenuated AdCKD by decreasing serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, and kidney interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy scores. The survival of AdCKD mice improved 2.6-fold by SB administration. SB significantly decreased the number of infiltrating macrophages observed in the positive F4/80 immunohistochemistry area and reduced the expression of macrophage markers and inflammatory genes, including TNF-α, in the kidneys of AdCKD. Human THP-1 cells stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide or TNF-α showed increased expression of inflammatory genes, although this was significantly reduced by SB, confirming the anti-inflammatory effects of SB. SB exhibited renal protective effects in AdCKD in DAO enzyme deficient mice, suggesting that anti-inflammatory effect of SB was independent of DAO enzyme activity. Moreover, binding to motif DNA sequence, protein level, and mRNA level of NF-κB RelB were significantly inhibited by SB in AdCKD kidneys and lipopolysaccharide treated THP-1 cells, respectively. We report that anti-inflammatory property of SB is independent of DAO enzymatic activity and is associated with down regulated NF-κB RelB as well as its downstream inflammatory genes such as TNF-α in AdCKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Oshima
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Wakino
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kanda
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Tajima
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itoh
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Uchiyama
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Yoshimoto
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Research progress on the role of exosomes in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome-related atherosclerosis. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 66:101696. [PMID: 36174425 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, a multifactorial disease with complicated pathogenesis, is the main cause of CVD, underlying several major adverse cardiovascular events. Obesity is the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and a significant risk for atherosclerosis. OSA is an independent risk factor for CVD. Recent research has focused on understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms by which OSA influences atherosclerosis pathogenesis. The role of exosomes in this process has attracted considerable attention. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EV) that are released from many cells (both healthy and diseased) and mediate cell-to-cell communication by transporting microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, mRNAs, DNA, or lipids to target cells, thereby modulating the functions of target cells and tissues. Intermittent hypoxia in OSA alters the exosomal carrier in circulation and promotes the permeability and dysfunction of endothelial cells, which have been associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This review discusses the potential roles of exosomes and exosome-derived molecules in the development and progression of OSA-related atherosclerosis. Additionally, we explore the possible mechanisms underlying OSA-related atherosclerosis and provide new insights for the development of novel exosome-based therapeutics for OSA-related atherosclerosis and CVD.
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Regulation of Atherosclerosis by Toll-Like Receptor 4 Induced by Serum Amyloid 1: A Systematic In Vitro Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4887593. [PMID: 36158875 PMCID: PMC9499805 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4887593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of serum amyloid 1 (SAA1) on activation of endothelial cells, formation of foam cells, platelet aggregation, and monocyte/platelet adhesion to endothelial cells. The effect of SAA1 on the inflammatory activation of endothelial cells was investigated by detecting the expression of inflammatory factors and adhesion molecules. The role of SAA1 in formation of foam cells was verified by detecting lipid deposition and expression of molecules related to the formation of foam cells. After platelets were stimulated by SAA1, the aggregation rate was evaluated to determine the effect of SAA1 on platelet aggregation. Monocytes/platelets were cocultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) pretreated with or without SAA1 to determine whether SAA1 affected monocyte/platelet adhesion to endothelial cells. By inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) function, we further identified the role of TLR4 signaling in SAA1-mediated endothelial inflammatory activation, foam-cell formation, and monocyte/platelet adhesion to HUVECs. SAA1 significantly increased the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory factors in HUVECs. Moreover, SAA1 also promoted lipid deposition and the expression of inflammatory factors and low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in THP-1-derived macrophages. In addition, SAA1 induced platelet aggregation and enhanced monocyte/platelet adhesion to HUVECs. However, the TLR4 antagonist significantly inhibited SAA1-induced endothelial cell activation, foam-cell formation, and monocyte/platelet adhesion to HUVECs and downregulated the expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), phosphor-inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase subunit α/β (P-IKKα/β), phospho-inhibitor of nuclear factor κB subunit α (P-IKBα), and phosphorylation of nuclear transcription factor-κB p65 (P-p65) in SAA1-induced HUVECs and THP-1 cells. Conclusively, it is speculated that SAA1 promotes atherosclerosis through enhancing endothelial cell activation, platelet aggregation, foam-cell formation, and monocyte/platelet adhesion to endothelial cells. These biological functions of SAA1 may depend on the activation of TLR4-related nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway.
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Dynamics of Circulating CD14/CD16 Monocyte Subsets in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients upon Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081925. [PMID: 36009474 PMCID: PMC9405940 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a widespread respiratory disease that is associated with recurrent breathing intermissions at night. The corresponding oxidative stress triggers a low-grade systemic inflammation which leads to alterations of different immune cells in the peripheral blood. The current standard treatment for OSAS is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), whereas hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) has been established as a second-line treatment option for CPAP failure. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of HNS for OSAS patients on the distribution and differentiation of circulating monocyte subsets in connection with the clinical parameters. Materials and Methods: Therefore, a detailed analysis of the distribution of CD14/CD16 characterized monocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of OSAS patients before and after HNS therapy was performed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, values of BMI (body mass index), ODI (oxygen desaturation index), and ESS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) were measured. Results: These OSAS patients significantly improved AHI and ESS scores under HNS. In addition, HNS revealed the potential to ensure normal distributions of blood monocyte subsets and even improved the monocyte dynamics in selected OSAS patients, but there were no significant correlations with AHI, ODI, HNS usage, and daytime sleepiness. Conclusions: We conclude that HNS-related positive effects on the oxygenation of the peripheral blood as well as affect the distribution of circulating monocyte subsets, but clinical OSAS correlations are missing. Far more individual clinical, cellular and molecular factors are involved in this sensitive and complex regulatory network and have to be elucidated in further studies.
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Loss of RAGE prevents chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via blockade of NF-кB pathway. Gene Ther 2022; 30:278-287. [PMID: 35821256 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has been documented to induce liver fibrosis and inflammatory reaction. Further, microarray data analysis of this study predicted high expression of RAGE in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its specific mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Hence, this study is aimed at investigating the mechanistic insights of RAGE in chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced NAFLD. ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were exposed to CIH to induce NAFLD, and primary hepatocytes were also exposed to CIH to mimic in vitro setting. Accordingly, we found that RAGE and NF-κB were upregulated in the liver tissues of CIH-induced NAFLD mice and CIH-exposed hepatocytes. Depleted RAGE attenuated CIH-induced hepatocyte injury, lipid deposition, and inflammation. The relationship between RAGE and NF-κB was analyzed by in silico analysis and correlation analysis. It was demonstrated that knockdown of RAGE inhibited the NF-кB pathway, thus alleviating CIH-induced disorders in hepatocytes. Moreover, in vivo experiments also verified that depletion of RAGE alleviated CIH-induced NAFLD by inhibiting NF-кB pathway. Collectively, loss of RAGE blocked the NF-кB pathway to alleviate CIH-induced NAFLD, therefore, highlighting a potential hepatoprotective target for treating NAFLD.
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13
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Prediction of Prognosis in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Molecular Subtypes of Immune Genes. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2022; 2022:2746156. [PMID: 35837663 PMCID: PMC9274231 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2746156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For those patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is really a heavy burden. Herein, the immune genes of HCC were analyzed in groups to determine prognostic biomarkers related to immune genes in HCC. The mRNA data, clinical data in TCGA-LIHC dataset, and immune gene in the ImmPort database were collected for the combining usage with
-means concordance clustering to cluster HCC patients according to the immune gene matrix. Based on ssGSEA analysis result, HCC patients were sorted into high- and low-immune subtypes, and survival curve presented that patients in high-immune subtypes had a better prognosis. Subsequently, differential expression analysis was performed to obtain immune-related differentially expressed genes (IRGs). Cox and lasso analyses were performed for obtaining five optimal immune genes related to prognosis, and a risk assessment model was then established. Patient samples in the training and validation sets were, respectively, divided into high- and low-risk groups.
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survival curves presented a better prognosis of patients in the low-risk group than in the high-risk group. The ROC curve indicated that this model was finely used for the prediction of prognosis. In addition, immune infiltration assessment revealed that NR0B1 and FGF9 had potential to impact the tumor immune microenvironment. Finally, using qRT-PCR and transwell assays, it was demonstrated that the macrophage chemotaxis was enhanced when NR0B1 and FGF9 were highly expressed in HCC cells. In general, a 5-gene prognostic risk assessment model was constructed based on immune genes and bioinformatics analysis methods, which provides some reference for the prognosis of HCC as well as immunotherapy.
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14
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Irshad K, Srivastava C, Malik N, Arora M, Gupta Y, Goswami S, Sarkar C, Suri V, Mahajan S, Gupta DK, Suri A, Chattopadhyay P, Sinha S, Chosdol K. Upregulation of Atypical Cadherin FAT1 Promotes an Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment via TGF-β. Front Immunol 2022; 13:813888. [PMID: 35720420 PMCID: PMC9205206 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.813888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FAT atypical cadherin 1 (FAT1) promotes glioblastoma (GBM) by promoting protumorigenic inflammatory cytokine expression in tumor cells. However, tumors also have an immunosuppressive microenvironment maintained by mediators such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cytokines. Here, we have studied the role of FAT1 in tumor immune suppression. Our preliminary TIMER2.0 analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed an inverse correlation of FAT1 expression with infiltration of tumor-inhibiting immune cells (such as monocytes and T cells) and a positive correlation with tumor-promoting immune cells [such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)] in various cancers. We have analyzed the role of FAT1 in modulating the expression of TGF-β1/2 in resected human gliomas, primary glioma cultures, and other cancer cell lines (U87MG, HepG2, Panc-1, and HeLa). Positive correlations of gene expression of FAT1 and TGF-β1/2 were observed in various cancers in TCGA, Glioma Longitudinal Analysis Consortium (GLASS), and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) databases. Positive expression correlations of FAT1 were also found with TGF-β1/2 and Serpine1 (downstream target) in fresh-frozen GBM samples using q-PCR. siRNA-mediated FAT1 knockdown in cancer cell lines and in primary cultures led to decreased TGF-β1/2 expression/secretion as assessed by q-PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. There was increased chemotaxis (transmigration) of THP-1 monocytes toward siFAT1-transfected tumor cell supernatant as a consequence of decreased TGF-β1/2 secretion. Reduced TGF-β1 expression was also observed in THP-1 cultured in conditioned media from FAT1-depleted glioma cells, thus contributing to immune suppression. In U87MG cells, decreased TGF-β1 upon FAT1 knockdown was mediated by miR-663a, a known modulator. FAT1 expression was also observed to correlate positively with the expression of surrogate markers of MDSCs [programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), PD-L2, and interleukin (IL)-10] in glioma tumors, suggesting a potential role of FAT1 in MDSC-mediated immunosuppression. Hence, our findings elaborate contributions of FAT1 to immune evasion, where FAT1 enables an immunosuppressive microenvironment in GBM and other cancers via TGF-β1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Irshad
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chitrangda Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nargis Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manvi Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yakhlesh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chitra Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Mahajan
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Suri
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kunzang Chosdol
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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15
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HMGB1 Promotes Lymphangiogenesis through the Activation of RAGE on M2 Macrophages in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4487435. [PMID: 35280439 PMCID: PMC8916867 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4487435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is implicated in tumor biology. Released high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) ligand binding to RAGE receptor in tumor cells promotes tumor progression. The mechanisms of HMGB1-RAGE signaling in M2 macrophages involved in lymphangiogenesis in laryngeal carcinoma remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed the effect of HMGB1-RAGE signaling on M2 macrophages in lymphangiogenesis. Methods. HMGB1, CD163, and D2-40 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC,
), laryngeal precursor lesions (LPLs,
), and vocal polyp (VP,
) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. THP-1 cell-expressed RAGE gene was knocked down and then polarized to M0 macrophages and M2 macrophages. IL-23, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10 were measured by ELISA; IL-1β, IL-12, IL-10, and CCL-13 were evaluated by RT-qPCR, and CD206, CD163, and RAGE were evaluated by western blot to evaluate whether classical M2 macrophages were obtained. Conditioned media from RAGE+/- M0 macrophages and RAGE+/- M2 macrophages incubated in the presence or absence of HMGB1, anti-Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, anti-TLR4 antibodies, and anti-VEGF-C antibodies were collected separately for human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLEC) for proliferation, migration, lymphangiogenesis assay, and VEGF-C concentration analysis. Results. HMGB1 and M2 macrophage densities were increased in LSCC (
). HMGB1 and M2 macrophage densities were significantly correlated with lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in LSCC (
). The HMGB1 overexpression and higher M2 macrophage density were involved in lymph node metastasis (
) and poor prognosis (
). In vitro, conditioned medium from HMGB1-stimulated RAGE+ M2 macrophages activated lymphangiogenesis by upregulating the VEGF compared to controls (
). On the contrary, RAGE knockdown obviously decreased the corresponding effects of HMGB1-preconditioned M2 macrophages upon HDLEC (
). HMGB1-TLR pathway does not significantly increase HDLEC proliferation, migration, and lymphangiogenesis on M2 macrophages. Conclusions. HMGB1 promotes lymphangiogenesis by activation of RAGE on M2 macrophages. Targeting RAGE may provide an effective therapeutic strategy against M2 macrophages in LSCC patients with lymph node metastasis.
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Functional Phenotypes of Intraplaque Macrophages and Their Distinct Roles in Atherosclerosis Development and Atheroinflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020452. [PMID: 35203661 PMCID: PMC8962399 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the key inflammatory cell type involved in all stages of atherosclerosis development and progression, as demonstrated by numerous studies. Correspondingly, macrophages are currently regarded as a promising therapeutic target for the development of new treatment approaches. The macrophage population is heterogeneous and dynamic, as these cells can switch between a number of distinct functional states with pro- and anti-atherogenic activity in response to various stimuli. An atherosclerotic plaque microenvironment defined by cytokine levels, cell-to-cell interactions, lipid accumulation, hypoxia, neoangiogenesis, and intraplaque haemorrhage may guide local macrophage polarization processes within the lesion. In this review, we discuss known functional phenotypes of intraplaque macrophages and their distinct contribution to ahteroinflammation.
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17
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Bin YL, Hu HS, Tian F, Wen ZH, Yang MF, Wu BH, Wang LS, Yao J, Li DF. Metabolic Reprogramming in Gastric Cancer: Trojan Horse Effect. Front Oncol 2022; 11:745209. [PMID: 35096565 PMCID: PMC8790521 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.745209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, gastric cancer (GC) represents the fifth most common cancer for incidence and the third leading cause of death in developed countries. Despite the development of combination chemotherapies, the survival rates of GC patients remain unsatisfactory. The reprogramming of energy metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, especially increased dependence on aerobic glycolysis. In the present review, we summarized current evidence on how metabolic reprogramming in GC targets the tumor microenvironment, modulates metabolic networks and overcomes drug resistance. Preclinical and clinical studies on the combination of metabolic reprogramming targeted agents and conventional chemotherapeutics or molecularly targeted treatments [including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and HER2] and the value of biomarkers are examined. This deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying successful pharmacological combinations is crucial in finding the best-personalized treatment regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Bin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, ZhuZhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Hong-Sai Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, ZhuZhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, ZhuZhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, ZhuZhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Mei-Feng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Yantian District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ben-Hua Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - De-Feng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
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18
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In Vitro Methodologies to Study the Role of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in Neurodegeneration. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020363. [PMID: 35057544 PMCID: PMC8777776 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be present in food or be endogenously produced in biological systems. Their formation has been associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The implication of AGEs in neurodegeneration is related to their ability to bind to AGE-specific receptors and the ability of their precursors to induce the so-called “dicarbonyl stress”, resulting in cross-linking and protein damage. However, the mode of action underlying their role in neurodegeneration remains unclear. While some research has been carried out in observational clinical studies, further in vitro studies may help elucidate these underlying modes of action. This review presents and discusses in vitro methodologies used in research on the potential role of AGEs in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The overview reveals the main concepts linking AGEs to neurodegeneration, the current findings, and the available and advisable in vitro models to study their role. Moreover, the major questions regarding the role of AGEs in neurodegenerative diseases and the challenges and discrepancies in the research field are discussed.
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19
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Chen L, Gao Y, Li Y, Wang C, Chen D, Gao Y, Ran X. Severe Intermittent Hypoxia Modulates the Macrophage Phenotype and Impairs Wound Healing Through Downregulation of HIF-2α. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:1511-1520. [PMID: 36068885 PMCID: PMC9441177 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s382275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea is prevalent in patients with diabetic foot ulcers, while the effect of intermittent hypoxia on wound healing is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of severe intermittent hypoxia on wound healing. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 5 weeks of severe intermittent hypoxia or normoxia. The wound healing rate were assessed. The gene expression of CD206 and HIF-2α was tested in vivo and in vitro. Inflammatory factors in RAW264.7 macrophages were measured to investigate the effect of intermittent hypoxia on macrophage polarization. The proliferation of HUVECs and HaCaT cells was also assessed after exposure to intermittent hypoxia. RESULTS Severe intermittent hypoxia decreased wound healing at day 3. The expression of CD206 and HIF-2α was significantly decreased after exposure to severe intermittent hypoxia. In vitro, severe intermittent hypoxia significantly promoted M1 phenotype polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages and increased the expression of proinflammatory factors (IL-1β and TNF-α). Severe intermittent hypoxia also decreased the proliferation of HUVECs cultured in endothelial cell medium and HaCaT cells cultured in high glucose DMEM. CONCLUSION Severe intermittent hypoxia could lead to M1 but not M2 macrophage polarization through downregulation of HIF-2α, and then lead to impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Chen
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyi Gao
- Department of Medical Affairs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Wang
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gao
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwu Ran
- Innovation Center for Wound Repair, Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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20
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Excellent application value of a rare pentanuclear [Ca5(COO)8] cluster-based compound in atherosclerosis treatment and nursing. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Zhang Y, Yu Z, Lei L, Song Y, Liu S, Cui J, Dong C, Ding J, Cheng X, Su Y, Ma X. Secreted PEDF modulates fibroblast collagen synthesis through M1 macrophage polarization under expanded condition. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111951. [PMID: 34333290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue expansion is widely used to obtain new skin tissue for repairing defects in the clinical practice of plastic surgery. One major complication can be dermal thinning during expansion, which usually leads to skin rupture. Collagen synthesis can determine dermal thickness and can be influenced by macrophage polarization during expansion. The aim of the study was to test whether pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) could be a modulator of collagen synthesis in fibroblasts by regulating macrophage polarization during skin expansion. Our results showed that PEDF mRNA expression was increased in expanded human and mouse epidermis. PEDF protein levels were elevated in the subcutaneous exudates of a rat skin expansion model. Increased PEDF mRNA expression was accompanied by dermal thinning during a three-week expansion protocol. Subcutaneous injection of PEDF in vivo further resulted in dermal thinning and cell number increase of M1 macrophage in the expanded skin. PEDF also promoted macrophage polarization in vitro to the M1 subtype under hypoxic conditions. PEDF did not influence collagen gene expression in fibroblasts directly, but attenuated collagen synthesis in a macrophage-mediated manner. Additionally, blockage of PEDF receptors on macrophages with inhibitors rescued collagen synthesis in fibroblasts. Our research demonstrated PEDF elevation in expanded skin leads to dermal thinning through M1 macrophage-mediated collagen synthesis inhibition in fibroblasts. Our results could form a basis for the development of novel strategies to improve skin integrity in expanded skin by using PEDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Yajuan Song
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Jiangbo Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Jianke Ding
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Xiaoxi Cheng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Yingjun Su
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China.
| | - Xianjie Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China.
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22
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Jiang M, Li X, Zhang J, Lu Y, Shi Y, Zhu C, Liu Y, Qin B, Luo Z, Du Y, Luo L, Peng L, You J. Dual Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidation Stress Manipulates the Polarization of Macrophages under Hypoxia to Sensitize Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14522-14534. [PMID: 34414762 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
M2-tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumor genesis, progression, and metastasis, and repolarizing M2-TAMs to immune-promoting M1 type is increasingly recognized as a promising strategy against the clinically intractable carcinomas. It is observed that M2 macrophages have a high tropism to the tumor hypoxic area, with their endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated IRE1-XBP1 pathway activated to inhibit cell glycolysis, promote oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and facilitate intracellular lipid accumulation, which in turn shapes the typical phenotypes of M2-TAMs, suggesting that manipulating the ER stress response of M2-TAMs might stand as a breakthrough for antitumor therapy. However, current attempts to repolarize M2 cells remain limited and are greatly challenged by the hypoxic nature of tumors. Also, the high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is favorable for the polarization of M2-TAMs. Here, we encapsulated KIRA6, an inhibitor of the IRE1-XBP1 pathway, into a reductive nanoemulsion containing α-tocopherol. Our α-T-K had dual inhibitory effects on the ER stress and oxidative stress. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that α-T-K effectively reprogrammed M2 macrophages even under hypoxia, achieved by increasing glycolysis and suppressing fatty acid oxidation (FAO). In addition, our data revealed that α-T-K not only delayed tumor growth but elevated the curative effect of PD-1 antibody. Our research demonstrated that simultaneous inhibition of ER stress and oxidative stress could effectively repolarize M2-TAMs under hypoxia, which not only filled the current gap in regulating the biological repolarization of macrophages under hypoxia but provided a meaningful reference for the clinical immunotherapy of sensitized anti-PD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Chunqi Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bing Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhong Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Ling Peng
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
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Harnessing Metabolic Reprogramming to Improve Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910268. [PMID: 34638609 PMCID: PMC8508898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune escape is one of the hallmarks of cancer. While metabolic reprogramming provides survival advantage to tumor cancer cells, accumulating data also suggest such metabolic rewiring directly affects the activation, differentiation and function of immune cells, particularly in the tumor microenvironment. Understanding how metabolic reprogramming affects both tumor and immune cells, as well as their interplay, is therefore critical to better modulate tumor immune microenvironment in the era of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss alterations in several essential metabolic pathways in both tumor and key immune cells, provide evidence on their dynamic interaction, and propose innovative strategies to improve cancer immunotherapy via the modulation of metabolic pathways.
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Hou X, Du HJ, Zhou J, Hu D, Wang YS, Li X. Role of Junctional Adhesion Molecule-C in the Regulation of Inner Endothelial Blood-Retinal Barrier Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:695657. [PMID: 34164405 PMCID: PMC8215391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although JAM-C is abundantly expressed in the retinae and upregulated in choroidal neovascularization (CNV), it remains thus far poorly understood whether it plays a role in the blood-retinal barrier, which is critical to maintain the normal functions of the eye. Here, we report that JAM-C is highly expressed in retinal capillary endothelial cells (RCECs), and VEGF or PDGF-C treatment induced JAM-C translocation from the cytoplasm to the cytomembrane. Moreover, JAM-C knockdown in RCECs inhibited the adhesion and transmigration of macrophages from wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) patients to and through RCECs, whereas JAM-C overexpression in RCECs increased the adhesion and transmigration of macrophages from both wAMD patients and healthy controls. Importantly, the JAM-C overexpression-induced transmigration of macrophages from wAMD patients was abolished by the administration of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X. Of note, we found that the serum levels of soluble JAM-C were more than twofold higher in wAMD patients than in healthy controls. Mechanistically, we show that JAM-C overexpression or knockdown in RCECs decreased or increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, respectively. Our findings suggest that the dynamic translocation of JAM-C induced by vasoactive molecules might be one of the mechanisms underlying inner endothelial BRB malfunction, and inhibition of JAM-C or PKC in RCECs may help maintain the normal function of the inner BRB. In addition, increased serum soluble JAM-C levels might serve as a molecular marker for wAMD, and modulating JAM-C activity may have potential therapeutic value for the treatment of BRB malfunction-related ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Jun Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Chiang JF, Sun MH, Chen KJ, Wu WC, Lai CC, Chang CJ, Lin YJ, Chang SC, Huang HY, Chen NH, Li HY. Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Diabetic Macular Edema in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 226:217-225. [PMID: 33529585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and diabetic macular edema (DME) and the effect of OSA on refractory DME in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). DESIGN Retrospective clinical cohort study. METHODS A population-based study was conducted at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from March 1, 2009, to March 1, 2020. Among 14,152 patients who had undergone polysomnography (PSG) and whose data were registered on the sleep center's PSG database, 121 patients (242 eyes) with T2DM were enrolled according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code 3620 for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Patients with a secondary cause of macular edema and those lacking medical records were excluded. All patients with T2DM enrolled in our study received both optical coherence tomography (OCT) and PSG. The prevalence of severe (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] ≥30) and nonsevere (AHI <30) OSA was compared between patients with and without DME and refractory DME. RESULTS In total, 102 eyes (54 patients) were divided into groups of 40 eyes with DME or 62 eyes without DME. Severe OSA (odds ratio, 7.36; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.32-40.96; P = .023) was significantly associated with DME. Refractory DME was significantly more frequent in patients with severe OSA (27%) than in those with nonsevere OSA (0%; P = .009). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that OSA (hazard ratio, 2.97; CI, 1.08-8.16; P = .034) independently increased the DME risk after adjustment for age, sex, glycohemoglobin level, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. CONCLUSIONS Severe OSA is a risk factor for DME and is associated with having refractory DME.
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Mochol J, Gawrys J, Gajecki D, Szahidewicz-Krupska E, Martynowicz H, Doroszko A. Cardiovascular Disorders Triggered by Obstructive Sleep Apnea-A Focus on Endothelium and Blood Components. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5139. [PMID: 34066288 PMCID: PMC8152030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Among arousal from sleep, increased thoracic pressure and enhanced sympathetic activation, intermittent hypoxia is now considered as one of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction. Nevertheless, not much is known about blood components, which justifies the current review. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms triggered by sleep apnea. The recurrent periods of hypoxemia followed by reoxygenation promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and increase inflammatory response. In this review paper we also intend to summarize the effect of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on changes in the profile of the endothelial function and its subsequent potential clinical advantage in lowering cardiovascular risk in other comorbidities such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, atrial fibrillation. Moreover, this paper is aimed at explaining how the presence of OSA may affect platelet function and exert effects on rheological activity of erythrocytes, which could also be the key to explaining an increased risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Doroszko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.M.); (J.G.); (D.G.); (E.S.-K.); (H.M.)
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He C, Sun S, Zhang Y, Xie F, Li S. The role of irreversible electroporation in promoting M1 macrophage polarization via regulating the HMGB1-RAGE-MAPK axis in pancreatic cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1897295. [PMID: 33763295 PMCID: PMC7954423 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1897295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an effective method for treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It remains unclear whether IRE can induce a specific immune response by stimulating macrophages. Here, the associated markers of macrophages were analyzed after exposure to tumor culture supernatant (TSN) of tumor cells treated with electroporation. Subcutaneous and orthotopic PDAC models were also used to evaluate the effect of macrophage polarization induced by IRE. Aside from its direct killing effect, IRE could induce the immunogenic cell death of tumor cells by increasing the synthesis and secretion of damage associated molecular patterns. Moreover, IRE could increase the release of HMGB1, which activates the MAPK-p38 pathway and leads to the increased expression of M1 markers in macrophages, through binding to the receptor of the advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) receptor. M1 polarization was inhibited by the inhibitors of HMGB1 release, the RAGE receptor, and the MAPK-p38 signaling pathway, but it was activated by rHMGB1 or the stimulator of MAPK-p38. In addition, the promotion of M1 macrophage polarization was enhanced by the positive-feedback release or expression of HMGB1 and RAGE through the MAPK-ERK pathway in macrophages. The promotion of M1 macrophage polarization induced by IRE provided a specific rationale for the combination of IRE and immune therapy in treating PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin He
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Sun
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fengxiao Xie
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shengping Li
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Kerby A, Shingleton D, Batra G, Sharps MC, Baker BC, Heazell AEP. Placental Morphology and Cellular Characteristics in Stillbirths in Women With Diabetes and Unexplained Stillbirths. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:82-89. [PMID: 33367657 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0524-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Women with diabetes have increased stillbirth risk. Although the underlying pathophysiological processes are poorly understood, stillbirth is frequently related to abnormal placental structure and function. OBJECTIVE.— To investigate placental morphology and cellular characteristics in the placentas of women with diabetes who had stillbirths and stillbirths of unexplained cause. DESIGN.— Placentas from women with uncomplicated live births, live births in women with diabetes, unexplained stillbirths, and stillbirths related to diabetes (n = 10/group) underwent clinical histopathologic assessment and were also investigated using immunohistochemical staining to quantify syncytial nuclear aggregates, proliferation, trophoblast area, vascularization, T cells, placental macrophages (Hofbauer cells), and the receptor for advanced glycation end products. RESULTS.— Ki67+ cells were decreased in unexplained stillbirths compared with live births in women with diabetes. Both stillbirth groups had increased cytokeratin 7+/nuclear area compared with controls. Blood vessels/villi were decreased in unexplained stillbirth compared with live births from women with diabetes. Compared with uncomplicated controls, CD163+ macrophages were increased in live births in women with diabetes and unexplained stillbirths, and further increased in stillbirths related to diabetes. There was no change in CD3+ T cells or syncytial nuclear aggregates. Receptor for advanced glycation end products-positive cells were decreased in both stillbirth groups compared with diabetes-related live births. Co-localization of receptor for advanced glycation end products in macrophages was increased in both stillbirth groups compared with live birth groups. CONCLUSIONS.— Stillbirths related to diabetes exhibit placental phenotypic differences compared with live births. Further investigation of these parameters may provide understanding of the pathologic mechanisms of stillbirth and aid the development of stillbirth prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kerby
- From Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (Kerby, Baker, Heazell, Sharps)
| | | | - Gauri Batra
- The Department of Paediatric and Perinatal Pathology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom (Batra)
| | - Megan C Sharps
- From Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (Kerby, Baker, Heazell, Sharps)
| | - Bernadette C Baker
- From Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (Kerby, Baker, Heazell, Sharps)
| | - Alexander E P Heazell
- From Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (Kerby, Baker, Heazell, Sharps).,The Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom (Heazell)
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Polasky C, Steffen A, Loyal K, Lange C, Bruchhage KL, Pries R. Redistribution of Monocyte Subsets in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients Leads to an Imbalanced PD-1/PD-L1 Cross-Talk with CD4/CD8 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:51-58. [PMID: 33268482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) represents a substantial disease of recurrent sleep fragmentation, leading to intermittent hypoxia and subsequent diseases such as cardiovascular, metabolic, or cognitive dysfunctions. In addition, OSAS is considered as low-grade systemic inflammation, which is associated with a higher incidence of cancer, severity of infections, and an overall immune dysregulation. This research project aims to comprehensively investigate the interplay of wholesome sleep and the immune functions of circulating monocytes and T cells in OSAS patients, which are known to be affected by oxidative stress. We studied the distribution of the CD14/CD16 characterized monocyte subsets in peripheral blood as well as their PD-L1 expression and complex formation with T cells. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of T cell subsets with regard to their PD-1 and PD-L1 expression was performed. Data revealed a decrease of classical monocytes accompanied by an increase of both CD16+ monocyte subsets in OSAS patients that was positively correlated with the body mass index. OSAS patients revealed an increased PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in T cells and monocytes, respectively, which was linked to the severity of monocyte subset alterations. The complex formation of monocytes and T cells was also elevated in OSAS patients, which indicates a deregulated PD-1/PD-L1 cross-talk between these cells. Our data show for the first time, to our knowledge, massive alterations of peripheral monocyte subsets in response to OSAS and its accompanying phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Polasky
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Armin Steffen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kristin Loyal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karl-Ludwig Bruchhage
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralph Pries
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Cuthbert GA, Shaik F, Harrison MA, Ponnambalam S, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. Scavenger Receptors as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112453. [PMID: 33182772 PMCID: PMC7696859 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of atherosclerosis leads to the formation of plaques in the arterial wall, resulting in a decreased blood supply to tissues and organs and its sequelae: morbidity and mortality. A class of membrane-bound proteins termed scavenger receptors (SRs) are closely linked to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Increasing interest in understanding SR structure and function has led to the idea that these proteins could provide new routes for cardiovascular disease diagnosis, management, and treatment. In this review, we consider the main classes of SRs that are implicated in arterial disease. We consider how our understanding of SR-mediated recognition of diverse ligands, including modified lipid particles, lipids, and carbohydrates, has enabled us to better target SR-linked functionality in disease. We also link clinical studies on vascular disease to our current understanding of SR biology and highlight potential areas that are relevant to cardiovascular disease management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A. Cuthbert
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+44 113 3433007
| | - Faheem Shaik
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (F.S.); (S.P.)
| | | | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (F.S.); (S.P.)
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Prantner D, Nallar S, Vogel SN. The role of RAGE in host pathology and crosstalk between RAGE and TLR4 in innate immune signal transduction pathways. FASEB J 2020; 34:15659-15674. [PMID: 33131091 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002136r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the innate immune receptor protein, Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE), has been extensively studied, there has been renewed interest in RAGE for its potential role in sepsis, along with a host of other inflammatory diseases of chronic, noninfectious origin. In contrast to other innate immune receptors, for example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), that recognize ligands derived from pathogenic organisms that are collectively known as "pathogen-associated molecular patterns" (PAMPs) or host-derived "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs), RAGE has been shown to recognize a broad collection of DAMPs exclusively. Historically, these DAMPs have been shown to be pro-inflammatory in nature. Early studies indicated that the adaptor molecule, MyD88, might be important for this change. More recent studies have explored further the mechanisms underlying this inflammatory change. Overall, the newer results have shown that there is extensive crosstalk between RAGE and TLRs. The three canonical RAGE ligands, Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs), HMGB1, and S100 proteins, have all been shown to activate both TLRs and RAGE to varying degrees in order to induce inflammation in in vitro models. As with any field that delves deeply into innate signaling, obstacles of reagent purity may be a cause of some of the discrepancies in the literature, and we have found that commercial antibodies that have been widely used exhibit a high degree of nonspecificity. Nonetheless, the weight of published evidence has led us to speculate that RAGE may be physically interacting with TLRs on the cell surface to elicit inflammation via MyD88-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Prantner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shreeram Nallar
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Todd VM, Johnson RW. Hypoxia in bone metastasis and osteolysis. Cancer Lett 2020; 489:144-154. [PMID: 32561416 PMCID: PMC7429356 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature in tumors, driving pathways that promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. Clinically, high levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) expression and stabilization at the primary site in many cancer types is associated with poor patient outcomes. Experimental evidence suggests that HIF signaling in the primary tumor promotes their dissemination to the bone, as well as the release of factors such as LOX that act distantly on the bone to stimulate osteolysis and form a pre-metastatic niche. Additionally, the bone itself is a generally hypoxic organ, fueling the activation of HIF signaling in bone resident cells, promoting tumor cell homing to the bone as well as osteoclastogenesis. The hypoxic microenvironment of the bone also stimulates the vicious cycle of tumor-induced bone destruction, further fueling tumor cell growth and osteolysis. Furthermore, hypoxia appears to regulate key tumor dormancy factors. Thus, hypoxia acts both on the tumor cells as well as the metastatic site to promote tumor cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera M Todd
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachelle W Johnson
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Qing J, Zhang Z, Novák P, Zhao G, Yin K. Mitochondrial metabolism in regulating macrophage polarization: an emerging regulator of metabolic inflammatory diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:917-926. [PMID: 32785581 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major type of immune cells with heterogeneity and plasticity, macrophages are classically divided into inflammatory (M1) and alternative/anti-inflammatory (M2) types and play a crucial role in the progress of the inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that metabolism is an important determinant of macrophage phenotype. Mitochondria, one of the most important compartments involving cell metabolism, are closely associated with the regulation of cell functions. In most types of cell, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the primary mode of cellular energy production. However, mitochondrial OXPHOS is inhibited in activated M1 macrophages, rendering them unable to be converted into M2 phenotype. Thus, mitochondrial metabolism is a crucial regulator in macrophage functions. This review summarizes the roles of mitochondria in macrophage polarization and analyzes the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial metabolism and function, which may provide new approaches for the treatment of metabolic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Qing
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China
- Research Lab of translational medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Petr Novák
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China
| | - Guojun Zhao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, China
| | - Kai Yin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541100, China
- Research Lab of translational medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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Korbecki J, Kojder K, Barczak K, Simińska D, Gutowska I, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Hypoxia Alters the Expression of CC Chemokines and CC Chemokine Receptors in a Tumor-A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165647. [PMID: 32781743 PMCID: PMC7460668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, i.e., oxygen deficiency condition, is one of the most important factors promoting the growth of tumors. Since its effect on the chemokine system is crucial in understanding the changes in the recruitment of cells to a tumor niche, in this review we have gathered all the available data about the impact of hypoxia on β chemokines. In the introduction, we present the chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia together with the mechanisms of activation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1 and HIF-2) and NF-κB. Then we describe the effect of hypoxia on the expression of chemokines with the CC motif: CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL15, CCL16, CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL22, CCL24, CCL25, CCL26, CCL27, CCL28 together with CC chemokine receptors: CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, and CCR10. To better understand the effect of hypoxia on neoplastic processes and changes in the expression of the described proteins, we summarize the available data in a table which shows the effect of individual chemokines on angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and recruitment of eosinophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells (Treg), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) to a tumor niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-281 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914661515; Fax: +48-914661516
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Walbrecq G, Margue C, Behrmann I, Kreis S. Distinct Cargos of Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Hypoxic Cells and Their Effect on Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145071. [PMID: 32709110 PMCID: PMC7404308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common hallmark of solid tumors and is associated with aggressiveness, metastasis and poor outcome. Cancer cells under hypoxia undergo changes in metabolism and there is an intense crosstalk between cancer cells and cells from the tumor microenvironment. This crosstalk is facilitated by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs; diameter between 30 and 200 nm), including exosomes and microvesicles, which carry a cargo of proteins, mRNA, ncRNA and other biological molecules. Hypoxia is known to increase secretion of sEVs and has an impact on the composition of the cargo. This sEV-mediated crosstalk ultimately leads to various biological effects in the proximal tumor microenvironment but also at distant, future metastatic sites. In this review, we discuss the changes induced by hypoxia on sEV secretion and their cargo as well as their effects on the behavior and metabolism of cancer cells, the tumor microenvironment and metastatic events.
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Liu S, Chen J, Shi J, Zhou W, Wang L, Fang W, Zhong Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Sabri A, Liu S. M1-like macrophage-derived exosomes suppress angiogenesis and exacerbate cardiac dysfunction in a myocardial infarction microenvironment. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:22. [PMID: 32112145 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The roles and the underlying mechanisms of M1-type macrophages in angiogenesis and postmyocardial infarction (MI) cardiac repair have remained unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of M1-like macrophage-derived exosomes in a MI microenvironment. We found that the proinflammatory M1-like-type macrophages released an extensive array of proinflammatory exosomes (M1-Exos) after MI. M1-Exos exerted an anti-angiogenic effect and accelerated MI injury. They also exhibited highly expressed proinflammatory miRNAs, such as miR-155. miR-155 was transferred to endothelial cells (ECs), leading to the inhibition of angiogenesis and cardiac dysfunction by downregulating its novel target genes, including Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1), p21 (RAC1)-activated kinase 2 (PAK2), Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), and protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2 (AMPKα2). M1-Exos depressed Sirt1/AMPKα2-endothelial nitric oxide synthase and RAC1-PAK2 signaling pathways by simultaneously targeting the five molecule nodes (genes), reduced the angiogenic ability of ECs, aggravated myocardial injury, and restrained cardiac healing. The elucidation of this mechanism provides novel insights into the functional significance of M1 macrophages and their derived exosomes on angiogenesis and cardiac repair. This mechanism can be used as a novel potential therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Shi
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Zhou
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilun Fang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhong
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Abdelkarim Sabri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, MERB 1045, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Shiming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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