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Aslan Tuncay S, Akkoc G, Yilmaz S, Dizi Isik A, Canizci Erdemli P, Parlak B, Buyuktas Aytac D, Abaci Capar MC, Almus E, Yapici O, Binici B, Ataizi Celikel C, Ocal Demir S. Unusual presentation of cat scratch disease: case report. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:1661-1665. [PMID: 38913229 PMCID: PMC11271358 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Cat scratch disease (CSD) is an infection caused by Bartonella henselae, presents with non-specific symptoms like lymphadenopathy, fever, and fatigue. It can progress to disseminated disease, leading to complications such as liver and splenic micro abscesses, osteomyelitis, encephalitis, and uveitis. Diagnosis is challenging due to varied presentations and limited tests. Treatment involves supportive care, with severe cases requiring antimicrobial therapy. In this report, we present a case of Cat scratch disease characterized by an atypical clinical manifestation, hepatosplenic and paravertebral involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Aslan Tuncay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Cakmak, Muhsin Yazicioglu St, No:10, Floor: 6, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsen Akkoc
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Cakmak, Muhsin Yazicioglu St, No:10, Floor: 6, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seyhan Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Cakmak, Muhsin Yazicioglu St, No:10, Floor: 6, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Dizi Isik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Cakmak, Muhsin Yazicioglu St, No:10, Floor: 6, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Canizci Erdemli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Cakmak, Muhsin Yazicioglu St, No:10, Floor: 6, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Parlak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Cakmak, Muhsin Yazicioglu St, No:10, Floor: 6, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Didem Buyuktas Aytac
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Cakmak, Muhsin Yazicioglu St, No:10, Floor: 6, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meryem Cagla Abaci Capar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Cakmak, Muhsin Yazicioglu St, No:10, Floor: 6, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Almus
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Yapici
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beyza Binici
- Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Ataizi Celikel
- Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevliya Ocal Demir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Fevzi Cakmak, Muhsin Yazicioglu St, No:10, Floor: 6, Istanbul, Turkey
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Torío-Salvador M, Larrea Ayo M, Canteli Padilla B, Guío Carrión L. Not everything aggresive is tumoral: Bartonella henselae osteomyelitis. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2024:S2529-993X(24)00123-0. [PMID: 38763867 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Torío-Salvador
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Maialen Larrea Ayo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Begoña Canteli Padilla
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura Guío Carrión
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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3
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Crowley A, Desai B, Waldron S. Vague Presentation of Cat Scratch Disease in a Child. Ochsner J 2024; 24:131-134. [PMID: 38912188 PMCID: PMC11192214 DOI: 10.31486/toj.23.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Prolonged fever for more than a week or fever of unknown origin in pediatric patients with or without soft tissue infection should raise suspicion for Bartonella henselae infection. Case Report: A 10-year-old female presented to urgent care with a "bug bite" on the left ring finger, cough, and 2 to 3 days of low-grade fever. Ten days later, her symptoms progressed to soft tissue swelling of the left elbow without fracture on radiograph. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple reniform masses with avid contrast enhancement consistent with suppurative adenitis. She was admitted for irrigation and debridement. The patient underwent surgical debridement with removal of infected lymph nodes. Histology revealed necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis. Polymerase chain reaction was positive for B henselae. Antibody titer revealed B henselae immunoglobulin G titer of 1:512 (reference, 1:64), and negative immunoglobulin M titers were indicative of mature immune response. The patient was treated with azithromycin 250 mg tablets twice daily for 3 days followed by 3 days of the 250 mg tablet once daily. Follow-up showed resolution of infection without symptoms concerning for visceral organ infection. Conclusion: While the patient's initial presentation was vague, a complete history, quick follow-up, and decisive intervention prevented significant sequelae such as visceral organ involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Crowley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Bhumit Desai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
- The University of Queensland Medical School, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA
| | - Sean Waldron
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
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Otufowora A, Lee C, Mohideen A, DeSena G, Pringle C, Guyer F, Sharma P, Baines T, Carr S. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and skull base osteomyelitis as manifestations of cat-scratch disease in a pediatric patient: A case report and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7561. [PMID: 37361655 PMCID: PMC10288016 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is caused by Bartonella henselae and usually presents with regional lymphadenopathy. Skull base osteomyelitis and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis are rarely reported, particularly in immunocompetent children. CSD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient with persistent headaches in the setting of cat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Otufowora
- Department of PediatricsCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Christine Lee
- Department of PediatricsCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Aneeb Mohideen
- Department of PediatricsCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Grace DeSena
- Department of PediatricsCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Charlene Pringle
- Department of PediatricsCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Freddie Guyer
- Department of PediatricsCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Priya Sharma
- Department of RadiologyCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Torrey Baines
- Department of PediatricsCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Silvana Carr
- Department of PediatricsCollege of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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5
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Choi JH, Thomas P, Gray JM, Miller-Handley H, Kurowski EM, Vukovic AA. Hepatic Lesions in an Immunocompetent Child Previously Treated for Cat Scratch Disease With Azithromycin. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2023; 62:191-194. [PMID: 36016489 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221118602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Choi
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Phillip Thomas
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Gray
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hilary Miller-Handley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eileen M Kurowski
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adam A Vukovic
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Li M, Yan K, Jia P, Wei E, Wang H. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing may assist diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:946849. [PMID: 36189365 PMCID: PMC9524480 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.946849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae, the pathogen that causes cat-scratch disease (CSD), is relatively rare in the clinic. CSD usually causes mild clinical manifestations, which self-heal in a matter of weeks. However, in immunocompromised patients, CSD may cause systemic disorders that can lead to critical illness. Due to the diversity of symptom signs and the lack of a golden standard for diagnosis, identifying atypical CSD in a timely manner presents a challenge. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), is a promising technology that has been widely used in the detection of pathogens in clinical infectious diseases in recent years. mNGS can detect multiple pathogens quickly and accurately from any given source. Here, we present a case of atypical CSD, which was diagnosed using mNGS. The patient manifested a fever of unknown infectious origin, and routine antibiotic treatment was ineffective. mNGS was employed to test the patient’s peripheral blood, which led to the detection of B. henselae. This was rarely seen in previous CSD reports. We surmised that the patient presented with atypical CSD and thus a targeted therapy was recommended. Crucially, the patient recovered rapidly. Based on this case study findings, we recommend that CSD should be included in the differential diagnosis for fever of unknown origin and that mNGS may be helpful in the diagnosis of CSD.
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Saleh ES, Vasileff CC, Omari AM, Khalil JG. The Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Spine Infections. Cureus 2021; 13:e16748. [PMID: 34345570 PMCID: PMC8323075 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of pediatric spine infections requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes orthopedic surgeons, infectious disease specialists, interventional radiologists, and others. The prevalence of the disease has increased in frequency, virulence, and degree of soft tissue involvement over the past several years; there has also been a resurgence of some types of infections, such as tuberculosis, fungal, and viral pathogens. The diagnosis can often be reached with a detailed history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Pathologies mimicking infection require a more invasive approach for diagnosis, including core or open biopsy. The treatment of discitis, spondylodiscitis, vertebral osteomyelitis, spinal epidural, and intramedullary abscesses in children is at times complex, and although many infections can be treated non-surgically with antibiotic therapy, some more extensive infections require surgical management. A timely diagnosis is important as it allows the initiation of the appropriate antimicrobial therapy and would decrease the complexity of the subsequent surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab S Saleh
- Department of Orthopedics, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| | - Christopher C Vasileff
- Department of Orthopedics, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| | - Abdullah M Omari
- Department of Orthopedics, William Beaumont Hospital, Taylor, Taylor, USA
| | - Jad G Khalil
- Department of Orthopedics, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
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Bartonella henselae Persistence within Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Enhances Endothelial Cell Activation and Infectibility That Amplifies the Angiogenic Process. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0014121. [PMID: 34031126 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00141-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some bacterial pathogens can manipulate the angiogenic response, suppressing or inducing it for their own ends. In humans, Bartonella henselae is associated with cat-scratch disease and vasculoproliferative disorders such as bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis. Although endothelial cells (ECs) support the pathogenesis of B. henselae, the mechanisms by which B. henselae induces EC activation are not completely clear, as well as the possible contributions of other cells recruited at the site of infection. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are endowed with angiogenic potential and play a dual role in infections, exerting antimicrobial properties but also acting as a shelter for pathogens. Here, we delved into the role of MSCs as a reservoir of B. henselae and modulator of EC functions. B. henselae readily infected MSCs and survived in perinuclearly bound vacuoles for up to 8 days. Infection enhanced MSC proliferation and the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1), proteins that are involved in bacterial internalization and cytokine production. Secretome analysis revealed that infected MSCs secreted higher levels of the proangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), placental growth factor (PIGF), serpin E1, thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), interleukin 6 (IL-6), platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D), chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8). Supernatants from B. henselae-infected MSCs increased the susceptibility of ECs to B. henselae infection and enhanced EC proliferation, invasion, and reorganization in tube-like structures. Altogether, these results indicate MSCs as a still underestimated niche for persistent B. henselae infection and reveal MSC-EC cross talk that may contribute to exacerbate bacterium-induced angiogenesis and granuloma formation.
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Easley F, Taylor L, B. Breitschwerdt E. Suspected Bartonella osteomyelitis in a dog. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04512. [PMID: 34306698 PMCID: PMC8294148 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella associated osteomyelitis, while described in humans and a cat, has to our knowledge not been described in dogs. Infection with Bartonella spp. should be considered as a potential bacterial cause of osteomyelitis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie Easley
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | | | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Intracellular Pathogens Research LaboratoryComparative Medicine InstituteCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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Salmon-Rousseau A, Auvray C, Besset Q, Briandet C, Desplantes C, Chavanet P. Costal osteomyelitis due to Bartonella henselae in a 10-year-old girl. J Bone Jt Infect 2021; 6:171-178. [PMID: 34109101 PMCID: PMC8182667 DOI: 10.5194/jbji-6-171-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae
is the bacterial agent responsible for cat scratch
disease. This infection is frequently the cause of localized lymphadenitis in
children. It is also sometimes responsible for endocarditis, encephalitis, hepatic
peliosis and in rare cases osteomyelitis. We describe the second known case of unifocal thoracic
osteomyelitis in a
10-year-old child.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christelle Auvray
- Laboratory of Virology, François Mitterrand University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Quentin Besset
- Infectious Diseases Department, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Briandet
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Desplantes
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Pascal Chavanet
- Infectious Diseases Department, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
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Soni N, Gupta S, Pillenahalli Maheshwarappa R, Priya S, Bathla G. Bartonella osteomyelitis versus vertebral sarcoidosis: A tale of two cases. Neuroradiol J 2020; 34:140-146. [PMID: 33295852 DOI: 10.1177/1971400920978433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis is an uncommon manifestation of Bartonella henselae. Similarly, bony involvement may occur with sarcoidosis. Even though these are pathologically distinct entities, they can have overlapping imaging manifestations and therefore mimic one another. This is further complicated by the fact that both entities show non-caseating granulomatous inflammation on histopathology. We present two cases with similar imaging findings, with one case eventually diagnosed as Bartonella osteomyelitis, while the other proved to be vertebral sarcoidosis. Both patients exhibited vertebral involvement in common, and improved clinically and radiographically following antibiotics and steroids treatment, respectively. Given the overlapping pathological and imaging manifestations, and the non-specific clinical presentation, these entities may be considered in the differential consideration of each other. The presence of associated findings in such cases may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Soni
- Radiology Department, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, USA
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Pathology Department, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, USA
| | | | - Sarv Priya
- Radiology Department, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, USA
| | - Girish Bathla
- Neuroradiology Department, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, USA
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Lashnits EW, Dawson DE, Breitschwerdt E, Lanzas C. Ecological and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Bartonella henselae Exposure in Dogs Tested for Vector-Borne Diseases in North Carolina. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:582-595. [PMID: 31112095 PMCID: PMC6685192 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is a zoonotic vector-borne pathogen affecting both humans and dogs. Little is known about the epidemiology of B. henselae in dogs, including risk factors associated with exposure. The objectives of this study were to map the current distribution of B. henselae in dogs in North Carolina (NC) and to identify ecological and socioeconomic factors influencing B. henselae seroreactivity. Results from 4446 B. henselae serology samples from dogs in NC submitted by veterinarians for clinical diagnostic testing to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Vector Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. These results were used to generate a map of B. henselae seroreactivity. To account for sparsely sampled areas, statistical smoothing using head banging and areal interpolation kriging was performed. Using previously described risk factors for exposure to canine tick-borne diseases, eight multivariable logistic regression models based on biologically plausible hypotheses were tested, and a final model was selected using an Akaike's Information Criterion weighted-average approach. Seroreactivity among dogs tested for vector-borne disease was variable across the state: higher along the southern/eastern coastal plains and eastern Piedmont, and lower in the western mountains. Of 25 explanatory factors considered, the model combining demographic, socioeconomic, climatic, and land use variables fits best. Based on this model, female intact sex and increasing percentage of the county with low-intensity development and evergreen forest were associated with higher seroreactivity. Conversely, moderate development, increasing median household income, and higher temperature range and relative humidity were associated with lower seroreactivity. This model could be improved, however, by including local and host-scale factors that may play a significant role in dogs' exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin W. Lashnits
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Daniel E. Dawson
- Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Edward Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Cristina Lanzas
- Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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