1
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Wu D, Huang K, Shi J, Liu S, Wang W, Jiang J, Ren H, Chen T, Ye S, Chen J, Wei W, Li X. Genome-Wide 5-Formylcytosine Redistribution in KCl-Stimulated Mouse Primary Cortical Neurons is Associated with Neuronal Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4352-4362. [PMID: 38019771 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An abundant accumulation of DNA demethylation intermediates has been identified in mammalian neurons. While the roles of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in neuronal function have been extensively studied, little is known about 5-formylcytosine (5fC) in neurons. Therefore, this study was to investigate the genome-wide distribution and potential functions of 5fC in neurons. In an in vitro culture model of mouse primary cortical neurons, we observed a dynamic increase in the total 5fC level in the neuronal genome after potassium chloride (KCl) stimulation. Subsequently, we employed chemical-labeling-enabled C-to-T conversion sequencing (CLEVER-seq) to examine the 5fC distribution at a single-base resolution. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that 5fC was enriched in promoter regions, and gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the differential formylation positions (DFP) were correlated with neuronal activities. Additionally, integration with previously published nascent RNA-seq data revealed a positive correlation between gene formylation and mRNA expression levels. As well, 6 neuro-activity-related genes with a positive correlation were validated. Furthermore, we observed higher chromatin accessibility and RNA pol II binding signals near the 5fC sites through multiomics analysis. Motif analysis identified potential reader proteins for 5fC. In conclusion, our work provides a valuable resource for studying the dynamic changes and functional roles of 5fC in activated mammalian neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Kaixin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Jichun Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of General Practice, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Jiazhi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Haobin Ren
- Cognitive Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4702, Australia
| | - Tongyu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Shengda Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Jincao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
- Sino-Italian Ascula Brain Science Joint Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, China
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2
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Gauvrit T, Benderradji H, Buée L, Blum D, Vieau D. Early-Life Environment Influence on Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834661. [PMID: 35252195 PMCID: PMC8891536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the expand of the population’s average age, the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders has dramatically increased over the last decades. Alzheimer disease (AD) which is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease is mostly sporadic and primarily characterized by cognitive deficits and neuropathological lesions such as amyloid -β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyper- and/or abnormally phosphorylated Tau protein. AD is considered a complex disease that arises from the interaction between environmental and genetic factors, modulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Besides the well-described cognitive decline, AD patients also exhibit metabolic impairments. Metabolic and cognitive perturbations are indeed frequently observed in the Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases (DOHaD) field of research which proposes that environmental perturbations during the perinatal period determine the susceptibility to pathological conditions later in life. In this review, we explored the potential influence of early environmental exposure to risk factors (maternal stress, malnutrition, xenobiotics, chemical factors … ) and the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms on the programming of late-onset AD. Animal models indicate that offspring exposed to early-life stress during gestation and/or lactation increase both AD lesions, lead to defects in synaptic plasticity and finally to cognitive impairments. This long-lasting epigenetic programming could be modulated by factors such as nutriceuticals, epigenetic modifiers or psychosocial behaviour, offering thus future therapeutic opportunity to protect from AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Gauvrit
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Hamza Benderradji
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Didier Vieau
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Didier Vieau,
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3
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Bernstein C. DNA Methylation and Establishing Memory. Epigenet Insights 2022; 15:25168657211072499. [PMID: 35098021 PMCID: PMC8793415 DOI: 10.1177/25168657211072499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A single event can cause a life-long memory. Memories physically reside in neurons, and changes in neuronal gene expression are considered to be central to memory. Early models proposed that specific DNA methylations of cytosines in neuronal DNA encode memories in a stable biochemical form. This review describes recent research that elucidates the molecular mechanisms used by the mammalian brain to form DNA methylcytosine encoded memories. For example, neuron activation initiates cytosine demethylation by stimulating DNA topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B) protein to make a temporary DNA double-strand break (repaired within about 2 hours) at a promoter of an immediate early gene, EGR1, allowing expression of this gene. The EGR1 proteins then recruit methylcytosine dioxygenase TET1 proteins to initiate demethylation at several hundred genes, facilitating expression of those genes. Initiation of demethylation of cytosine also occurs when OGG1 localizes at oxidized guanine in a methylated CpG site and recruits TET1 for initiation of demethylation at that site. DNMT3A2 is another immediate early gene upregulated by synaptic activity. DNMT3A2 protein catalyzes de novo DNA methylations. These several mechanisms convert external experiences into DNA methylations and initiated demethylations of neuronal DNA cytosines, causing changes in gene expression that are the basis of long-term memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Bernstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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4
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Ji J, You Q, Zhang J, Wang Y, Cheng J, Huang X, Zhang Y. Downregulation of TET1 Promotes Glioma Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Targeting Wnt/ β-Catenin Pathway. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2021; 2021:8980711. [PMID: 34926132 PMCID: PMC8677395 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8980711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant tumor in adult brain characteristic with poor prognosis and low survival rate. Despite the application of advanced surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the patients with glioma suffer poor treatment effects due to the complex molecular mechanisms of pathological process. In this paper, we conducted the experiments to prove the critical roles TET1 played in glioma and explored the downstream targets of TET1 in order to provide a novel theoretical basis for clinical glioma therapy. RT-qPCR was adopted to detect the RNA level of TET1 and β-catenin; Western blot was taken to determine the expression of proteins. CCK8 assay was used to detect the proliferation of glioma cells. Flow cytometry was used to test cell apoptosis and distribution of cell cycle. To detect the migration and invasion of glioma cells, wound healing assay and Transwell were performed. It was found that downregulation of TET1 could promote the proliferation migration and invasion of glioma cells and the concomitant upregulation of β-catenin, and its downstream targets like cyclinD1 and c-myc were observed. The further rescue experiments were performed, wherein downregulation of β-catenin markedly decreases glioma cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. This study confirmed the tumor suppressive function of TET1 and illustrated the underlying molecular mechanisms regulated by TET1 in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Ji
- Department of Neurological Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Qiuxiang You
- Department of Neurological Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- Department of Neurological Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Department of Neurological Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Neurological Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xiangyun Huang
- Department of Neurological Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yundong Zhang
- Department of Neurological Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing 401120, China
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5
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Tao H, Xu W, Qu W, Gao H, Zhang J, Cheng X, Liu N, Chen J, Xu GL, Li X, Shu Q. Loss of ten-eleven translocation 2 induces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis through modulating ERK signaling pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:865-879. [PMID: 33791790 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of dioxygenases convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Previous studies have shown that 5hmC-mediated epigenetic modifications play essential roles in diverse biological processes and diseases. Here, we show that Tet proteins and 5hmC display dynamic features during postnatal cardiac development and that Tet2 is the predominant dioxygenase present in heart. Tet2 knockout results in abnormal cardiac function, progressive cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Mechanistically, Tet2 deficiency leads to reduced hydroxymethylation in the cardiac genome and alters the cardiac transcriptome. Mechanistically, Tet2 loss leads to a decrease of Hspa1b expression, a regulator of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (Erk) signaling pathway, which leads to over-activation of Erk signaling. Acute Hspa1b knock down (KD) increased the phosphorylation of Erk and induced hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, which could be blocked by Erk signaling inhibitor. Consistently, ectopic expression of Hspa1b was able to rescue the deficits of cardiomyocytes induced by Tet2 depletion. Taken together, our study's results reveal the important roles of Tet2-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation in cardiac development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huikang Tao
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Weize Xu
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Wenzheng Qu
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Hui Gao
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xuejun Cheng
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ning Liu
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jinghai Chen
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Guo-Liang Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Medical College of Fudan University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (RU069), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuekun Li
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China
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6
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Nawrotek K, Rudnicka K, Gatkowska J, Michlewska S, Pearson BL, Płociński P, Wieczorek M. Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 3-loaded microspheres penetrate neurons in vitro causing active demethylation and neurite outgrowth. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:463-474. [PMID: 33735542 PMCID: PMC8252095 DOI: 10.1002/term.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation and other chromatin modifications, are believed to be largely responsible for establishing a reduced capacity for growth in the mature nervous system. Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 3 (Tet3)-, a member of the Tet gene family, plays a crucial role in promoting injury-induced DNA demethylation and expression of regeneration-associated genes in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we encapsulate Tet3 protein within a clinically tolerated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microsphere system. Next, we show that Tet3-loaded microspheres are internalized into mHippoE-18 embryonic hippocampal cells. We compare the outgrowth potential of Tet3 microspheres with that of commonly used nerve growth factor (NGF)-loaded microspheres in an in vitro injury model. Tet3-containing microspheres increased levels of nuclear 5-hydroxymethylcytosine indicating active demethylation and outperformed NGF-containing microspheres in measures of neurite outgrowth. Our results suggest that encapsulated demethylases may represent a novel avenue to treat nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nawrotek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Gatkowska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Brandon L Pearson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Przemysław Płociński
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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7
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Luz-Madrigal A, Grajales-Esquivel E, Tangeman J, Kosse S, Liu L, Wang K, Fausey A, Liang C, Tsonis PA, Del Rio-Tsonis K. DNA demethylation is a driver for chick retina regeneration. Epigenetics 2020; 15:998-1019. [PMID: 32290791 PMCID: PMC7518676 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1747742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming resets the epigenetic landscape to drive shifts in transcriptional programmes and cell identity. The embryonic chick can regenerate a complete neural retina, after retinectomy, via retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) reprogramming in the presence of FGF2. In this study, we systematically analysed the reprogramming competent chick RPE prior to injury, and during different stages of reprogramming. In addition to changes in the expression of genes associated with epigenetic modifications during RPE reprogramming, we observed dynamic changes in histone marks associated with bivalent chromatin (H3K27me3/H3K4me3) and intermediates of the process of DNA demethylation including 5hmC and 5caC. Comprehensive analysis of the methylome by whole-genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) confirmed extensive rearrangements of DNA methylation patterns including differentially methylated regions (DMRs) found at promoters of genes associated with chromatin organization and fibroblast growth factor production. We also identified Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 3 (TET3) as an important factor for DNA demethylation and retina regeneration, capable of reprogramming RPE in the absence of exogenous FGF2. In conclusion, we demonstrate that injury early in RPE reprogramming triggers genome-wide dynamic changes in chromatin, including bivalent chromatin and DNA methylation. In the presence of FGF2, these dynamic modifications are further sustained in the commitment to form a new retina. Our findings reveal active DNA demethylation as an important process that may be applied to remove the epigenetic barriers in order to regenerate retina in mammals. ABBREVIATIONS bp: Base pair; DMR: Differentially methylated region; DMC: Differentially methylated cytosines; GFP: Green fluorescent protein; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction. TET: Ten-eleven translocation; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Luz-Madrigal
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Erika Grajales-Esquivel
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Jared Tangeman
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Kosse
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Fausey
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Panagiotis A. Tsonis
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at the University of Dayton (TREND), Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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8
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Plastrum Testudinis Extracts Promote NSC Differentiation into Dopaminergic Neuron by Regulating the Interaction of TET1 and FoxA2. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9104135. [PMID: 32382312 PMCID: PMC7189310 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9104135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, stem cells have gained much attention for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, inducing neural stem cell directionally differentiation is a difficult problem in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stem cell therapy. Plastrum Testudinis (PT) can enhance the number of TH-positive neurons in the PD rat brain substantia nigra, but the underlying mechanism has not been clarified. Here, we aimed at further investigating the mechanism by which PT can promote NSC differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. A rat model of PD was used for detecting the effect of PT on the rat brain substantia nigra in vivo. The results showed the expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and TET1 enzyme were increased after treatment with PT. Consequently, Plastrum Testudinis extracts (PTEs) were used for inducing NSC differentiation into dopaminergic neurons ex vivo. During differentiation of NSCs induced by PTE, TH expression was increased, with a concomitant increase in both TET1 and FoxA2. Next, we performed coimmunoprecipitation analysis to examine the interaction between TET1 protein and FoxA2 protein. Our results show that PTE can increase the binding rate of TET1 and FoxA2. Thus, our findings show that PTE can increase the efficiency of NSCs to directionally differentiate into dopaminergic neurons and provide experimental evidence for PT in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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9
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Çelik-Uzuner S. Enhanced immunological detection of epigenetic modifications of DNA in healthy and cancerous cells by fluorescence microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1962-1972. [PMID: 31429164 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications of DNA, including methylation, hydroxymethylation, formylation, and carboxylation of cytosines, are proposed to function in gene regulation during reproduction and development. Changes in cytosine methylation are associated with a range of diseases, such as cancer. Immunofluorescence uses specific antibodies to quantitatively detect the global amount of cytosine modifications by fluorescence microscopy. The most critical stage of immunofluorescence is the antigen retrieval to remove the protein content around the DNA, allowing specific antibodies to bind to DNA epitopes. Acid treatments have commonly been used for antigen retrieval. Previously, trypsin was added after acid in the protocol, which increased the amount of detectable DNA methylation. In this study, the protocol was further enhanced by the addition of pepsin, which is able to target charged hydrophobic amino acids in proteins, unlike trypsin, which breaks positive hydrophilic amino acids. The global levels of cytosine modifications in CF-1, HeLa, and AR42J cells were compared using this protocol. In all cells, the sequential treatment of trypsin and pepsin increased the specificity of the staining. With the synergistic effect of the two enzymes, it is possible to target different protein groups packaging DNA molecules and removing them effectively. The findings suggest that this revised protocol can be conveniently used for each cytosine modification in the cells examined, and should be optimized for other cells. These new antigen retrieval conditions may more accurately detect the changes in cytosine modifications during development and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcen Çelik-Uzuner
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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10
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Cisternas CD, Cortes LR, Bruggeman EC, Yao B, Forger NG. Developmental changes and sex differences in DNA methylation and demethylation in hypothalamic regions of the mouse brain. Epigenetics 2019; 15:72-84. [PMID: 31378140 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1649528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is dynamically modulated during postnatal brain development, and plays a key role in neuronal lineage commitment. This epigenetic mark has also recently been implicated in the development of neural sex differences, many of which are found in the hypothalamus. The level of DNA methylation depends on a balance between the placement of methyl marks by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) and their removal, which is catalyzed by ten-eleven translocation (Tet) methylcytosine dioxygenases. Here, we examined developmental changes and sex differences in the expression of Tet and Dnmt enzymes from birth to adulthood in two hypothalamic regions (the preoptic area and ventromedial nucleus) and the hippocampus of mice. We found highest expression of all Tet enzymes (Tet1, Tet2, Tet3) and Dnmts (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b) in newborns, despite the fact that global methylation and hydroxymethylation were at their lowest levels at birth. Expression of the Dnmt co-activator, Dnmt3l, followed a pattern opposite to that of the canonical Dnmts (i.e., was very low in newborns and increased with age). Tet enzyme activity was much higher at birth than at weaning in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus, mirroring developmental changes in gene expression. Sex differences in Tet enzyme expression were seen in all brain regions examined during the first week of life, whereas Dnmt expression was more balanced between the sexes. Neonatal testosterone treatment of females only partially masculinized enzyme expression. Thus, Tet expression and activity are elevated during neonatal brain development, and may play important roles in sexual differentiation of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla D Cisternas
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura R Cortes
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily C Bruggeman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy G Forger
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Pena SA, Iyengar R, Eshraghi RS, Bencie N, Mittal J, Aljohani A, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: challenges and recent advancements. J Drug Target 2019; 28:111-128. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1630415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A. Pena
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Iyengar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nicole Bencie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Aljohani
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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