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Shen X, Mu X. Systematic Insights into the Relationship between the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Stroke with the Focus on Tryptophan Metabolism. Metabolites 2024; 14:399. [PMID: 39195495 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14080399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke, as a serious cerebral vascular disease with high incidence and high rates of disability and mortality, has limited therapeutic options due to the narrow time window. Compelling evidence has highlighted the significance of the gut microbiota and gut-brain axis as critical regulatory factors affecting stroke. Along the microbiota-gut-brain axis, tryptophan metabolism further acquires increasing attention for its intimate association with central nervous system diseases. For the purpose of exploring the potential role of tryptophan metabolism in stroke and providing systematic insights into the intricate connection of the microbiota-gut-brain axis with the pathological procedure of stroke, this review first summarized the practical relationship between microbiota and stroke by compiling the latest case-control research. Then, the microbiota-gut-brain axis, as well as its interaction with stroke, were comprehensively elucidated on the basis of the basic anatomical structure and physiological function. Based on the crosstalk of microbiota-gut-brain, we further focused on the tryptophan metabolism from the three major metabolic pathways, namely, the kynurenine pathway, serotonin pathway, and microbial pathway, within the axis. Moreover, the effects of tryptophan metabolism on stroke were appreciated and elaborated here, which is scarcely found in other reviews. Hopefully, the systematic illustration of the mechanisms and pathways along the microbiota-gut-brain axis will inspire more translational research from metabolic perspectives, along with more attention paid to tryptophan metabolism as a promising pharmaceutical target in order to reduce the risk of stroke, mitigate the stroke progression, and ameliorate the stroke prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaoqin Mu
- Genomics Research Center, Key Laboratory of Gut Microbiota and Pharmacogenomics of Heilongjiang Province, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
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2
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Fang L, Li J, Cheng H, Liu H, Zhang C. Dual fluorescence images, transport pathway, and blood-brain barrier penetration of B-Met-W/O/W SE. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123854. [PMID: 38280499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Borneol is an aromatic traditional Chinese medicine that can improve the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), enter the brain, and promote the brain tissue distribution of many other drugs. In our previous study, borneol-metformin hydrochloride water/oil/water composite submicron emulsion (B-Met-W/O/W SE) was prepared using borneol and SE to promote BBB penetration, which significantly increased the brain distribution of Met. However, the dynamic images, transport pathway (uptake and efflux), promotion of BBB permeability, and mechanisms of B-Met-W/O/W SE before and after entering cells have not been clarified. In this study, rhodamine B and coumarin-6 were selected as water-soluble and oil-soluble fluorescent probes to prepare B-Met-W/O/W dual-fluorescent SE (B-Met-W/O/W DFSE) with concentric circle imaging. B-Met-W/O/W SE can be well taken up by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). The addition of three inhibitors (chlorpromazine hydrochloride, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, and amiloride hydrochloride) indicated that its main pathway may be clathrin-mediated and fossa protein-mediated endocytosis. Meanwhile, B-Met-W/O/W SE was obviously shown to inhibit the efflux of BMECs. Next, BMECs were cultured in the Transwell chamber to establish a BBB model, and Western blot was employed to detect the protein expressions of Occludin, Zona Occludens 1 (ZO-1), and p-glycoprotein (P-gp) after B-Met-W/O/W SE treatment. The results showed that B-Met-W/O/W SE significantly down-regulated the expression of Occludin, ZO-1, and P-gp, which increased the permeability of BBB, promoted drug entry into the brain through BBB, and inhibited BBB efflux. Furthermore, 11 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 7 related signaling pathways in BMECs treated with B-W/O/W SE were detected by transcriptome sequencing and verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). These results provide a scientific experimental basis for the dynamic monitoring, transmembrane transport mode, and permeation-promoting mechanism of B-Met-W/O/W SE as a new brain-targeting drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Junying Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacokinetics, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
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3
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Ghinea FS, Ionică MV, Liliac IM, Pătru S, Olaru DG, Popa-Wagner A. The Impact of Juvenile Microglia Transcriptomics on the Adult Brain Regeneration after Cerebral Ischemia. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2024; 50:133-150. [PMID: 38846476 PMCID: PMC11151955 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.50.01.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Microglial cells play a pivotal role in the brain's health and operation through all stages of life and in the face of illness. The contributions of microglia during the developmental phase of the brain markedly contrast with their contributions in the brain of adults after injury. Enhancing our understanding of the pathological mechanisms that involve microglial activity in brains as they age and in cerebrovascular conditions is crucial for informing the creation of novel therapeutic approaches. In this work we provide results on microglia transcriptomics in the juvenile vs injured adult brain and its impact on adult brain regeneration after cerebral ischemia. During fetal brain development, microglia cells are involved in gliogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis and synaptic reorganization by engulfing neuronal extensions. Within the mature, intact brain, microglial cells exhibit reduced movement of their processes in response to minimal neuronal activity, while they continuously monitor their surroundings and clear away cellular debris. Following a stroke in the adult brain, inflammation, neurodegeneration, or disruptions in neural equilibrium trigger alterations in both the genetic blueprint and the structure and roles of microglia, a state often described as "activated" microglia. Such genetic shifts include a notable increase in the pathways related to phagosomes, lysosomes, and the presentation of antigens, coupled with a rise in the expression of genes linked to cell surface receptors. We conclude that a comparison of microglia transcriptomic activity during brain development and post-stroke adult brain might provide us with new clues about how neurodegeneration occurs in the adult brain. This information could very useful to develop drugs to slow down or limit the post-stroke pathology and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Semida Ghinea
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Medicine Craiova, Romania
| | - Marius Viorel Ionică
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Medicine Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Simion Pătru
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Medicine Craiova, Romania
| | - Denisa Greta Olaru
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Medicine Craiova, Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging, University of Medicine and Medicine Craiova, Romania
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Pinosanu LR, Capitanescu B, Glavan D, Godeanu S, Cadenas IF, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM, Balseanu AT, Bogdan C, Popa-Wagner A. Neuroglia Cells Transcriptomic in Brain Development, Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2023; 14:63-83. [PMID: 36818562 PMCID: PMC9937697 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia cells are essential for brain functioning during development, aging and disease. However, the role of astroglia plays during brain development is quite different from the role played in the adult lesioned brain. Therefore, a deeper understanding of pathomechanisms underlying astroglia activity in the aging brain and cerebrovascular diseases is essential to guide the development of new therapeutic strategies. To this end, this review provides a comparison between the transcriptomic activity of astroglia cells during development, aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including cerebral ischemia. During fetal brain development, astrocytes and microglia often affect the same developmental processes such as neuro-/gliogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic pruning. In the adult brain astrocytes are a critical player in the synapse remodeling by mediating synapse elimination while microglia activity has been associated with changes in synaptic plasticity and remove cell debris by constantly sensing the environment. However, in the lesioned brain astrocytes proliferate and play essential functions with regard to energy supply to the neurons, neurotransmission and buildup of a protective scar isolating the lesion site from the surroundings. Inflammation, neurodegeneration, or loss of brain homeostasis induce changes in microglia gene expression, morphology, and function, generally referred to as "primed" microglia. These changes in gene expression are characterized by an enrichment of phagosome, lysosome, and antigen presentation signaling pathways and is associated with an up-regulation of genes encoding cell surface receptors. In addition, primed microglia are characterized by upregulation of a network of genes in response to interferon gamma. Conclusion. A comparison of astroglia cells transcriptomic activity during brain development, aging and neurodegenerative disorders might provide us with new therapeutic strategies with which to protect the aging brain and improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Radu Pinosanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Capitanescu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Psychiatric clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Sanziana Godeanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Israel Ferna´ndez Cadenas
- Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics group, Sant Pau Hospital Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Thorsten R. Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,University of Göttingen Medical School, Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dirk M. Hermann
- Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.
| | - Adrian-Tudor Balseanu
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
| | - Catalin Bogdan
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Aurel Popa-Wagner () and Dr. Catalin Bogdan (), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Experimental Research Center for Normal and Pathological Aging (ARES), University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Germany.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Aurel Popa-Wagner () and Dr. Catalin Bogdan (), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Zhang R, Chen DY, Luo XW, Yang Y, Zhang XC, Yang RH, Chen P, Shen ZQ, He B. Comprehensive Analysis of the Effect of 20( R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 on Stroke Recovery in Rats via the Integrative miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network. Molecules 2022; 27:1573. [PMID: 35268674 PMCID: PMC8911624 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, endogenous, noncoding RNAs. Recent research has proven that miRNAs play an essential role in the occurrence and development of ischemic stroke. Our previous studies confirmed that 20(R)-ginsenosideRg3 [20(R)-Rg3] exerts beneficial effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI), but its molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to investigate the differentially expressed miRNA and mRNA expression profiles of 20(R)-Rg3 preconditioning to ameliorate CIRI injury in rats and to reveal its potential neuroprotective molecular mechanism. The results show that 20(R)-Rg3 alleviated neurobehavioral dysfunction in MCAO/R-treated rats. Among these mRNAs, 953 mRNAs were significantly upregulated and 2602 mRNAs were downregulated in the model group versus the sham group, whereas 437 mRNAs were significantly upregulated and 35 mRNAs were downregulated in the 20(R)-Rg3 group in contrast with those in the model group. Meanwhile, the expression profile of the miRNAs showed that a total of 283 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, of which 142 miRNAs were significantly upregulated and 141 miRNAs were downregulated in the model group compared with the sham group, whereas 34 miRNAs were differentially expressed in the 20(R)-Rg3 treatment group compared with the model group, with 28 miRNAs being significantly upregulated and six miRNAs being significantly downregulated. Furthermore, 415 (391 upregulated and 24 downregulated) differentially expressed mRNAs and 22 (17 upregulated and 5 downregulated) differentially expressed miRNAs were identified to be related to 20(R)-Rg3's neuroprotective effect on stroke recovery. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) results showed that 20(R)-Rg3 could modulate multiple signaling pathways related to these differential miRNAs, such as the cGMP-PKG, cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways. This study provides new insights into the protective mechanism of 20(R)-Rg3 against CIRI, and the mechanism may be partly associated with the regulation of brain miRNA expression and its target signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (R.Z.); (X.-W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.-C.Z.); (R.-H.Y.)
| | - De-Yun Chen
- Faculty of Food, Drugs and Health, Yunnan Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture, Kunming 650212, China;
| | - Xing-Wei Luo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (R.Z.); (X.-W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.-C.Z.); (R.-H.Y.)
| | - Yuan Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (R.Z.); (X.-W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.-C.Z.); (R.-H.Y.)
| | - Xiao-Chao Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (R.Z.); (X.-W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.-C.Z.); (R.-H.Y.)
| | - Ren-Hua Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (R.Z.); (X.-W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.-C.Z.); (R.-H.Y.)
| | - Peng Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (R.Z.); (X.-W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.-C.Z.); (R.-H.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Qiang Shen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (R.Z.); (X.-W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.-C.Z.); (R.-H.Y.)
| | - Bo He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (R.Z.); (X.-W.L.); (Y.Y.); (X.-C.Z.); (R.-H.Y.)
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Relationships of Ischemic Stroke Occurrence and Outcome with Gene Variants Encoding Enzymes of Tryptophan Metabolism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101441. [PMID: 34680558 PMCID: PMC8533114 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is among the leading causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Among stroke risk factors the importance of genetic background is gaining interest. There is a growing body of evidence of changes of metabolite levels and enzyme activities involved in the conversion of Trp during the course of cerebral ischemia. We compared the frequencies of ten SNPs of five genes related to Trp metabolism between groups of 122 ischemic stroke patients and 120 control individuals. Furthermore, we examined the mRNA levels of TPH1, IDO1 and KYAT1 genes in peripheral venous blood with the aim of assessing (i) whether there are changes in their expression during the course of stroke and (ii) does any of their investigated SNPs have an impact on gene expression. In seven cases out of ten studied polymorphisms we detected significant differences in frequencies in relation to ischemic stroke occurrence, etiology, and clinical parameters. We also detected changes in the expression of TPH1 and IDO1 genes during the course of the disease. We found that those IDO1 variants which show a trend towards elevated mRNA level are more frequent in stroke patients than in controls. Our results are important novel observations which suggest a causal relationship between elevated IDO1 expression and stroke etiology.
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Wu C, Zhao L, Li X, Xu Y, Guo H, Huang Z, Wang Q, Liu H, Chen D, Zhu M. Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis of Potential mRNA and miRNA Regulatory Networks in Mice With Ischemic Stroke Treated by Electroacupuncture. Front Neurol 2021; 12:719354. [PMID: 34566862 PMCID: PMC8461332 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.719354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The complicated molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on ischemic stroke are still unclear. Recently, more evidence has revealed the essential role of the microRNA (miRNA)–mRNA networks in ischemic stroke. However, a systematic analysis of novel key genes, miRNAs, and miRNA–mRNA networks regulated by EA in ischemic stroke is still absent. Methods: We established a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model and performed EA therapy on ischemic stroke mice. Behavior tests and measurement of infarction area were applied to measure the effect of EA treatment. Then, we performed RNA sequencing to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichment between the EA and control groups. In addition, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was built, and hub genes were screened by Cytoscape. Upstream miRNAs were predicted by miRTarBase. Then hub genes and predicted miRNAs were verified as key biomarkers by RT-qPCR. Finally, miRNA–mRNA networks were constructed to explore the potential mechanisms of EA in ischemic stroke. Results: Our analysis revealed that EA treatment could significantly alleviate neurological deficits in the affected limbs and reduce infarct area of the MCAO model mice. A total of 174 significant DEGs, including 53 upregulated genes and 121 downregulated genes, were identified between the EA and control groups. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were associated with the FOXO signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, T-cell receptor signaling pathway, and other vital pathways. The top 10 genes with the highest degree scores were identified as hub genes based on the degree method, but only seven genes were verified as key genes according to RT-qPCR. Twelve upstream miRNAs were predicted to target the seven key genes. However, only four miRNAs were significantly upregulated and indicated favorable effects of EA treatment. Finally, comprehensive analysis of the results identified the miR-425-5p-Cdk1, mmu-miR-1186b-Prc1, mmu-miR-434-3p-Prc1, and mmu-miR-453-Prc1 miRNA–mRNA networks as key networks that are regulated by EA and linked to ischemic stroke. These networks might mainly take place in neuronal cells regulated by EA in ischemic stroke. Conclusion: In summary, our study identified key DEGs, miRNAs, and miRNA–mRNA regulatory networks that may help to facilitate the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of EA treatment on ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Wu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China.,The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingshan Xu
- Clinical Medical of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongji Guo
- Clinical Medical of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Huang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Qizhang Wang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Helu Liu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China
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RNA Sequencing for Gene Expression Profiles in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Ankylosing Spondylitis RNA. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5304578. [PMID: 32596323 PMCID: PMC7298317 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5304578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several previous studies have attempted to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying gene expression in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, the specific molecular pathways underlying this condition remain unclear. Previous research used next-generation RNA sequencing to identify a series of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) when compared between patients with AS and healthy controls, thus implying that these DEGs may be related to AS. Furthermore, by screening these DEGS, it may be possible to facilitate clinical diagnosis and optimize treatment strategies. In order to test this hypothesis, we recruited 15 patients with AS and 15 healthy controls. We randomly selected five subjects from each group of patients for RNA sequencing analysis. Sequence reads were generated by an Illumina HiSeq2500 platform and mapped on to the human reference genome using HISAT2. We successfully identified 973 significant DEGs (p < 0.05) in PBMCs. When compared with controls, 644 of these genes were upregulated (with a fold change (FC) > 2) in AS patients and 329 were downregulated (FC < 0.5). Our analysis identified numerous genes related to immune response. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that these DEGs were significantly related to the positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity, the positive regulation of the ERBB (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase) signaling pathway, the differentiation of trophoblast giant cells, oxygen transport, immune-related pathways, and inflammation-related pathways. The DEGs were also closely related to the TNF and NF-κB signaling pathways. Six DEGs were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that IL6 may represent a useful biomarker for diagnosing AS. The development of new biomarkers may help us to elucidate the specific mechanisms involved in the development and progression of AS.
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Duan X, Li L, Gan J, Peng C, Wang X, Chen W, Peng D. Identification and functional analysis of circular RNAs induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Gene 2019; 701:139-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Duan X, Gan J, Peng DY, Bao Q, Xiao L, Wei L, Wu J. Identification and functional analysis of microRNAs in rats following focal cerebral ischemia injury. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4175-4184. [PMID: 30896823 PMCID: PMC6471137 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA sequencing (miRNA‑seq) was performed in the present study to investigate miRNA expression profiles in infarcted brain areas following focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. In total, 20 miRNAs were identified to be upregulated and 17 to be downregulated in the infarct area. The expression levels of six differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs), miR‑211‑5p, miR‑183‑5p, miR‑10b‑3p, miR‑182, miR‑217‑5p and miR‑96‑5p, were examined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, a miRNA‑mRNA network was constructed. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed to investigate the functions of the mRNAs targeted by these DEmiRs. The present study aimed to investigate the association between miRNAs and cerebral ischemia to provide potential insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchun Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Dai-Yin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyu Bao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, P.R. China
| | - Liangbing Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
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