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Xu Q, Liu Z, Chen Y, Qin L, Zhao M, Tang W, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhong Q. Serum metabolic changes link metal mixture exposures to vascular endothelial inflammation in residents living surrounding rivers near abandoned lead-zinc mines. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124493. [PMID: 38960116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Metal exposure is associated with vascular endothelial inflammation, an early pathological phenotype of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. However, the underlying mechanism linking exposure, metabolic changes, and outcomes remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the metabolic changes underlying the associations of chronic exposure to metal mixtures with vascular endothelial inflammation. We recruited 960 adults aged 20-75 years from residential areas surrounding rivers near abandoned lead-zinc mine and classified them into river area and non-river area exposure groups. Urine levels of 25 metals, Framingham risk score (FRS), and serum concentrations of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), as biomarkers of vascular endothelial inflammation, were assessed. A "meet-in-the-middle" approach was applied to identify causal intermediate metabolites and metabolic pathways linking metal exposure to vascular endothelial inflammation in representative metabolic samples from 64 participants. Compared to the non-river area exposure group, the river area exposure group had significantly greater urine concentrations of chromium, copper, cadmium, and lead; lower urine concentrations of selenium; elevated FRS; and increased concentrations of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. In total, 38 differentially abundant metabolites were identified between the river area and non-river area exposure groups. Among them, 25 metabolites were significantly associated with FRS, 8 metabolites with ICAM-1 expression, and 10 metabolites with VCAM-1 expression. Furthermore, fructose, ornithine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, urea, and cytidine monophosphate, are potential mediators of the relationship between metal exposure and vascular endothelial inflammation. Additionally, the metabolic changes underlying these effects included changes in arginine and proline metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, suggesting the disturbance of amino acid metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, nucleotide metabolism, and glycolysis. Overall, our results reveal biomechanisms that may link chronic exposure to multiple metals with vascular endothelial inflammation and elevated cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Zhongdian Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yijing Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lingqiao Qin
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Weiting Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Shuping Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qiuan Zhong
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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Scimeca M, Palumbo V, Giacobbi E, Servadei F, Casciardi S, Cornella E, Cerbara F, Rotondaro G, Seghetti C, Scioli MP, Montanaro M, Barillà F, Sisto R, Melino G, Mauriello A, Bonfiglio R. Impact of the environmental pollution on cardiovascular diseases: From epidemiological to molecular evidence. Heliyon 2024; 10:e38047. [PMID: 39328571 PMCID: PMC11425171 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution poses a significant threat to human health, particularly concerning its impact on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review synthesizes epidemiological and molecular evidence to elucidate the intricate relationship between environmental pollutants and CVDs. Epidemiological studies highlight the association between exposure to air, water, and soil pollutants and increased CVD risk, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Furthermore, molecular investigations unravel the underlying mechanisms linking pollutant exposure to CVD pathogenesis, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic imbalance. Understanding these molecular pathways is crucial for developing targeted interventions and policy strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental pollution on cardiovascular health. By integrating epidemiological and molecular evidence, this review provides insights into the complex interplay between environmental factors and CVDs, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive preventive measures and environmental policies to safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Palumbo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Giacobbi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Servadei
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Casciardi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, 00078, Italy
| | - Elena Cornella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Cerbara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rotondaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Seghetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Scioli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Montanaro
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Barillà
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Sisto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL Research, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, 00078, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Bonfiglio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Heavy metals are harmful environmental pollutants that have attracted widespread attention due to their health hazards to human cardiovascular disease. Heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and chromium, are found in various sources such as air, water, soil, food, and industrial products. Recent research strongly suggests a connection between cardiovascular disease and exposure to toxic heavy metals. Epidemiological, basic, and clinical studies have revealed that heavy metals can promote the production of reactive oxygen species, which can then exacerbate reactive oxygen species generation and induce inflammation, resulting in endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism distribution, disruption of ion homeostasis, and epigenetic changes. Over time, heavy metal exposure eventually results in an increased risk of hypertension, arrhythmia, and atherosclerosis. Strengthening public health prevention and the application of chelation or antioxidants, such as vitamins and beta-carotene, along with minerals, such as selenium and zinc, can diminish the burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to metal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.P., P.L.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.P., P.L.)
| | - Tingyu Gong
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China (T.G.)
| | - Ping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (Z.P., P.L.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (Z.P., P.L.)
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Fan T, Xue L, Dong B, He H, Zhang W, Hao L, Ma W, Zang G, Han C, Dong Y. CDH1 overexpression predicts bladder cancer from early stage and inversely correlates with immune infiltration. BMC Urol 2022; 22:156. [PMID: 36131343 PMCID: PMC9494810 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) seriously endangers public health, but effective biomarkers for BC diagnosis, particularly in the early stage, are still lacking. Identification of reliable biomarkers associated with early-stage BC is of great importance to early treatment and an improved outcome. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using four publicly available early-stage BC gene-expression profiles. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) and survival analysis for hub genes was evaluated. The correlation between methylation of genes and prognosis was evaluated using the MethSurv database. Co-expressed genes were explored using Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia database and the corresponding expression were assessed in vitro. The competing endogenous RNA network and the immune cell infiltration in BC were generated using data of The Cancer Genome Atlas. Results Ten hub genes of the 213 integrated DEGs were identified, including CDH1, IGFBP3, PPARG, SDC1, EPCAM, ACTA2, COL3A1, TPM1, ACTC1, and ACTN1. CDH1 appeared to increase from tumor initiation stage and negatively correlated with methylation. Six methylated sites in CDH1 indicated a good prognosis and one site indicated an aberrant prognosis. High CDH1 expression was negatively correlated with infiltrations by most immune cells, such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), regulatory T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, DCs, and natural killer cells. CDH1 was highly positively correlated with EPCAM and appeared to be directly regulated by miR-383. Conclusions The identified oncogenic alterations provide theoretical support for the development of novel biomarkers to advance early-stage BC diagnosis and personalized therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12894-022-01103-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingzheng Dong
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Houguang He
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenda Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Weiming Ma
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Guanghui Zang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Conghui Han
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China. .,Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China.
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiefang South Road, No. 199, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow, China.
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Measurement of Urinary Triclocarban and 2,4-Dichlorophenol Concentration and Their Relationship with Obesity and Predictors of Cardiovascular Diseases among Children and Adolescents in Kerman, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:2939022. [PMID: 35096073 PMCID: PMC8794682 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2939022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) at an early age can lead to chronic diseases. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and Triclocarban (TCC) are among EDCs that disrupt the endocrine system and alter the body's metabolism. In the present study, the hypothesis that exposure to 2,4-DCP and TCC affects obesity and predictors of cardiovascular diseases was investigated. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL (tests were performed on 79 children and adolescents. Also, blood pressure, Body Mass Index (BMI), and BMI z-score were measured to examine the hypothesis. Urinary concentrations of TCC and 2,4-DCP were measured by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Mean concentrations of TCC and 2,4-DCP (µg/L) were higher in obese individuals (5.50 ± 2.35, 0.29 ± 0.13, respectively). After adjusting for possible confounding factors, the results showed an increase in TCC concentration among girls and a decrease in 2,4-DCP among boys with increasing age. The 2,4-DCP concentration among girls increased by 0.007 and 0.01 units with a one-unit increase in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and FBS, respectively. There was a significant relationship between TCC and TG (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.02,
-value = 0.007), LDL (OR = 1.05,
-value = 0.003), and HDL (OR = 0.88,
-value = 0.002). There was also a significant relationship between 2,4-DCP and TG (OR = 1.02,
-value = 0.002), LDL (OR = 1.12,
-value = 0.007), and HDL (OR = 0.92,
-value = 0.02). Exposure to TCC and 2,4-DCP can increase some heart risk factors and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. However, to confirm the results of the present study, it is necessary to conduct further studies, such as cohort and case-control studies, with a larger sample size to examine the causal relationships.
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He P, Yang C, He D, Zhao S, Xie Y, Wang H, Ma J. Blood Lead, Systemic Inflammation, and Blood Pressure: Exploring Associations and Mediation Effects in Workers Exposed to Lead. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2573-2581. [PMID: 32959337 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Relationships of lead exposure with blood pressure and blood lead with inflammation have been previously established yet, but the conclusions are still controversial. The objective of our study was to investigate the role of systemic inflammation in the relationships between blood lead concentration and blood pressure. We quantified the levels of blood lead and white blood cell count in 505 lead-exposed workers with 842 observations. Associations between blood lead, white blood cell count, and blood pressure were evaluated by using linear mixed models. We further performed mediation analysis to investigate the role of white blood cell count in the associations between blood lead concentration and blood pressure. We observed that each 1% increase of blood lead levels was significantly positively associated with a 0.9%, 1.7%, and 1.1% increases in systolic blood pressure, white blood cell count, and blood platelet count, respectively. Also, we found that the levels of white blood cell count were positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure in a dose-response manner. Mediation analysis showed that the levels of white blood cell significantly mediated the associations between concentration of blood lead and systolic blood pressure. Collectively, our findings suggest that blood lead was positively associated with systolic blood pressure and that systemic inflammation might play a key role in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- The Third People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830091, China
| | - Chengxin Yang
- The Third People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830091, China
| | - Dongkui He
- The Third People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830091, China
| | - Shiyu Zhao
- The Third People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830091, China
| | - Yujia Xie
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- National Center of Occupational Safety and Health, National Health Commission, Beijing, 102300, China
| | - Jixuan Ma
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Long-Term Effects of Environmental Lead on Erythropoietin Production in Young Adults: A Follow-Up Study of a Prospective Cohort in Kosovo. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 2020:3646252. [PMID: 33456476 PMCID: PMC7785392 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3646252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims Epidemiologic cross-sectional studies examining the relationship between environmental lead (Pb) exposure and erythropoietin (EPO) production have reported contrasting results. It is unknown, however, if exposure to Pb earlier in life has an effect on EPO production later in life. Here, using a prospective study, we evaluate the association between prenatal, early childhood, and concurrent Pb exposure and EPO concentration in young adulthood. Methods From our prospective birth cohort study in Mitrovica (a mining town) and Pristina (a control town), Kosovo, from 1985 to 1998, we located and assessed blood lead concentration (BPb) and serum EPO in 101 participants (mean age 24.9 years) in 2011. We examined the association between BPb and EPO, stratified by hemoglobin (Hgb), and controlling for potential confounders. Results These results resemble the findings in the original full cohort at 4.5 and 6.5 years of age, at which time we reported that the maintenance of a normal Hgb required increased EPO production among participants exposed to high levels of environmental Pb. In contrast, when the original cohort was 9.5 and 12 years of age, they were no longer capable of hyper-production of EPO in order to maintain normal levels of Hgb, suggestive of cumulative toxicity to the peritubular cells of the kidney that are responsible for EPO synthesis. Conclusion Our results, along with previously reported findings on this cohort, suggest that a dramatic reduction of Pb exposure may allow for a reversal of the impact that prolonged Pb exposure may have on EPO production.
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Dehari-Zeka M, Letaj KR, Selimi QI, Elezaj IR. Blood lead level (BLL), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALAD), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (hct) in primary school-children and adult residents living in smelter rural areas in Kosovo. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1179-1187. [PMID: 32567994 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1780851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic environmental lead (Pb) exposure in blood lead level (BLL), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, hemoglobin (Hb) amount and hematocrit (Hct) value in primary schoolchildren and adults. Blood was obtained for BLL, ALAD, Hb and Hct measurements in 23 primary schoolchildren (girls and boys) and 117 adult residents (women and men) living in three villages (Kelmend, Boletin and Zhazhë) defined by concentric circles 2, 3 and 5 km in radius drawn around from the smelter-refinery complex "Trepça"in Zveçan and in Koliq village 40 km away. As expected, BLLs were substantially higher in the schoolchildren from smelter area compared with control (11 ± 4.2 µg/L and 6.9 ± 1.6 µg/L respectively) and in adult residents from Kelmend, Boletin and Zhazhë (24 ± 11.8, 12 ± 4.5, 11 ± 5.4 and 8.0 ± 2.8 µg/L respectively). Blood ALAD activity of children in Zhazhë is 16% inhibited compared to control and blood ALAD activity in adults in villages from smelter area is 32, 3%, 48, 4% and 17, 8% inhibited compared to control. There is no difference of Hb and Hct values in schoolchildren from Zhazhë and in adult residents from Kelmend and Zhazhë compared with control. Results of this study provide evidence of moderate inverse correlation between BLL and ALAD activity in both examined cohorts from smelter area. The inhibition of ALAD activity in primary schoolchildren and adults occurred at blood lead levels < 24 µg/L; consequently it can cause an increase of δ- Aminolevulinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirlinda Dehari-Zeka
- Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Kasum Rr Letaj
- Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Qerim I Selimi
- Faculty of Education, University of Mitrovica, Mitrovica, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Isa R Elezaj
- Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo
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