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Neill G, Masson GR. A stay of execution: ATF4 regulation and potential outcomes for the integrated stress response. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1112253. [PMID: 36825279 PMCID: PMC9941348 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ATF4 is a cellular stress induced bZIP transcription factor that is a hallmark effector of the integrated stress response. The integrated stress response is triggered by phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 complex that can be carried out by the cellular stress responsive kinases; GCN2, PERK, PKR, and HRI. eIF2α phosphorylation downregulates mRNA translation initiation en masse, however ATF4 translation is upregulated. The integrated stress response can output two contradicting outcomes in cells; pro-survival or apoptosis. The mechanism for choice between these outcomes is unknown, however combinations of ATF4 heterodimerisation partners and post-translational modifications have been linked to this regulation. This semi-systematic review article covers ATF4 target genes, heterodimerisation partners and post-translational modifications. Together, this review aims to be a useful resource to elucidate the mechanisms controlling the effects of the integrated stress response. Additional putative roles of the ATF4 protein in cell division and synaptic plasticity are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Neill
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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2
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Binsch C, Barbosa DM, Hansen-Dille G, Hubert M, Hodge SM, Kolasa M, Jeruschke K, Weiß J, Springer C, Gorressen S, Fischer JW, Lienhard M, Herwig R, Börno S, Timmermann B, Cremer AL, Backes H, Chadt A, Al-Hasani H. Deletion of Tbc1d4/As160 abrogates cardiac glucose uptake and increases myocardial damage after ischemia/reperfusion. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:17. [PMID: 36707786 PMCID: PMC9881301 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and associated with poor outcome after myocardial infarction (MI). In T2DM, cardiac metabolic flexibility, i.e. the switch between carbohydrates and lipids as energy source, is disturbed. The RabGTPase-activating protein TBC1D4 represents a crucial regulator of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle by controlling glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation. A human loss-of-function mutation in TBC1D4 is associated with impaired glycemic control and elevated T2DM risk. The study's aim was to investigate TBC1D4 function in cardiac substrate metabolism and adaptation to MI. METHODS Cardiac glucose metabolism of male Tbc1d4-deficient (D4KO) and wild type (WT) mice was characterized using in vivo [18F]-FDG PET imaging after glucose injection and ex vivo basal/insulin-stimulated [3H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake in left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle. Mice were subjected to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Heart structure and function were analyzed until 3 weeks post-MI using echocardiography, morphometric and ultrastructural analysis of heart sections, complemented by whole heart transcriptome and protein measurements. RESULTS Tbc1d4-knockout abolished insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in ex vivo LV papillary muscle and in vivo cardiac glucose uptake after glucose injection, accompanied by a marked reduction of GLUT4. Basal cardiac glucose uptake and GLUT1 abundance were not changed compared to WT controls. D4KO mice showed mild impairments in glycemia but normal cardiac function. However, after I/R D4KO mice showed progressively increased LV endsystolic volume and substantially increased infarction area compared to WT controls. Cardiac transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of the unfolded protein response via ATF4/eIF2α in D4KO mice at baseline. Transmission electron microscopy revealed largely increased extracellular matrix (ECM) area, in line with decreased cardiac expression of matrix metalloproteinases of D4KO mice. CONCLUSIONS TBC1D4 is essential for insulin-stimulated cardiac glucose uptake and metabolic flexibility. Tbc1d4-deficiency results in elevated cardiac endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress response, increased deposition of ECM and aggravated cardiac damage following MI. Hence, impaired TBC1D4 signaling contributes to poor outcome after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Binsch
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D. M. Barbosa
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G. Hansen-Dille
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M. Hubert
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S. M. Hodge
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M. Kolasa
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K. Jeruschke
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J. Weiß
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C. Springer
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S. Gorressen
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J. W. Fischer
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M. Lienhard
- grid.419538.20000 0000 9071 0620Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Herwig
- grid.419538.20000 0000 9071 0620Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Börno
- grid.419538.20000 0000 9071 0620Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - B. Timmermann
- grid.419538.20000 0000 9071 0620Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. L. Cremer
- grid.418034.a0000 0004 4911 0702Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - H. Backes
- grid.418034.a0000 0004 4911 0702Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - A. Chadt
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany ,grid.452622.5German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H. Al-Hasani
- grid.429051.b0000 0004 0492 602XMedical Faculty, Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany ,grid.452622.5German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Pradhan K, Niehues P, Neupane B, Maleck C, Sharif-Yakan A, Emrani M, Zink MD, Napp A, Marx N, Gramlich M. MicroRNA-21 mediated cross-talk between cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts in patients with atrial fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1056134. [PMID: 36873400 PMCID: PMC9982105 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1056134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrosis represents a major hallmark in disease progression of atrial fibrillation (AF). We have previously shown that circulating microRNA-21 (miR-21) correlates with the extent of left atrial fibrosis in patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF and can serve as a biomarker to predict ablation success. In this study, we aimed to validate the role of miR-21-5p as a biomarker in a large cohort of AF patients and to investigate its pathophysiological role in atrial remodeling. Methods For the validation cohort, we included 175 patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF. Bipolar voltage maps were obtained, circulating miR-21-5p was measured, and patients were followed-up for 12 months including ECG holter monitoring. AF was simulated by tachyarrhythmic pacing of cultured cardiomyocytes, the culture medium was transferred to fibroblast, and fibrosis pathways were analysed. Results 73.3% of patients with no/minor LVAs, 51.4% of patients with moderate LVAs and only 18.2% of patients with extensive LVAs were in stable sinus rhythm (SR) 12 months after ablation (p < 0.01). Circulating miR-21-5p levels significantly correlated with the extent of LVAs and event-free survival. In-vitro tachyarrhythmic pacing of HL-1 cardiomyocytes resulted in an increased miR-21-5p expression. Transfer of the culture medium to fibroblasts induced fibrosis pathways and collagen production. The HDAC1 inhibitor mocetinostat was found to inhibit atrial fibrosis development. Conclusion We validated miR-21-5p as a biomarker that reflects the extent of left atrial fibrosis in AF patients. Furthermore, we found that miR-21-5p is released in-vitro from cardiomyocytes under tachyarrhythmic conditions and stimulates fibroblasts in a paracrine mode to induce collagen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabita Pradhan
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul Niehues
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Balram Neupane
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carole Maleck
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ahmad Sharif-Yakan
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mahdi Emrani
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Daniel Zink
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Napp
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Gramlich
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Hamilton S, Terentyev D. ER stress and calcium-dependent arrhythmias. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1041940. [PMID: 36425292 PMCID: PMC9679650 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1041940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) plays the key role in cardiac function as the major source of Ca2+ that activates cardiomyocyte contractile machinery. Disturbances in finely-tuned SR Ca2+ release by SR Ca2+ channel ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and SR Ca2+ reuptake by SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCa2a) not only impair contraction, but also contribute to cardiac arrhythmia trigger and reentry. Besides being the main Ca2+ storage organelle, SR in cardiomyocytes performs all the functions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in other cell types including protein synthesis, folding and degradation. In recent years ER stress has become recognized as an important contributing factor in many cardiac pathologies, including deadly ventricular arrhythmias. This brief review will therefore focus on ER stress mechanisms in the heart and how these changes can lead to pro-arrhythmic defects in SR Ca2+ handling machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Hamilton
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Shanna Hamilton,
| | - Dmitry Terentyev
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Liu M, Kang GJ, Dudley SC. Preventing unfolded protein response-induced ion channel dysregulation to treat arrhythmias. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:443-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zhou X, Sam TW, Lee AY, Leung D. Mouse strain-specific polymorphic provirus functions as cis-regulatory element leading to epigenomic and transcriptomic variations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6462. [PMID: 34753915 PMCID: PMC8578388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic integrations of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) have been previously detected in mouse and human genomes. While most are inert, a subset can influence the activity of the host genes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying how such elements affect the epigenome and transcriptome and their roles in driving intra-specific variation remain unclear. Here, by utilizing wildtype murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) derived from distinct genetic backgrounds, we discover a polymorphic MMERGLN (GLN) element capable of regulating H3K27ac enrichment and transcription of neighboring loci. We demonstrate that this polymorphic element can enhance the neighboring Klhdc4 gene expression in cis, which alters the activity of downstream stress response genes. These results suggest that the polymorphic ERV-derived cis-regulatory element contributes to differential phenotypes from stimuli between mouse strains. Moreover, we identify thousands of potential polymorphic ERVs in mESCs, a subset of which show an association between proviral activity and nearby chromatin states and transcription. Overall, our findings elucidate the mechanism of how polymorphic ERVs can shape the epigenome and transcriptional networks that give rise to phenotypic divergence between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Zhou
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tsz Wing Sam
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ah Young Lee
- Center for Epigenomics Research, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Danny Leung
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Center for Epigenomics Research, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Liu H, Zhang B, Chen S, Zhang Y, Ye X, Wei Y, Zhong G, Zhang L. Identification of ferroptosis-associated genes exhibiting altered expression in response to cardiopulmonary bypass during corrective surgery for pediatric tetralogy of fallot. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211050275. [PMID: 34637369 PMCID: PMC10358538 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a life-threatening congenital cardiovascular disorder. Currently, the most effective therapeutic intervention for pediatric ToF remains corrective surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, driven by an accumulation of lipid peroxides to levels sufficient to trigger cell death. Ferroptosis was recently linked to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury. However, few studies have examined CPB-associated ferroptosis. METHOD In the current study, pediatric ToF patient pre- and post-CPB atrial biopsy gene expression profiles were downloaded from a public database, and 117 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and weighted gene correlation network analysis. These were screened for ferroptosis-associated genes using the FerrDb database, thereby identifying ten genes. Finally, the construction of gene-microRNA (miRNA) and gene-transcription factor (TF) networks, in conjunction with gene ontology and biological pathway enrichment analysis, were used to inform hypotheses regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying CPB-associated ferroptosis. RESULTS Ten genes involved in CPB-associated ferroptosis(ATF3,TNFAIP3,CDKN1A, ZFP36, JUN,SLC2A3, IL6, CXCL2, PTGS2, and DDIT3). Ferroptosis-associated genes were largely involved in myocardial inflammatory responses and may be regulated by a number of identified miRNAs and TFs, thereby suggesting modulatable pathways potentially involved in CPB-associated ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that CPB precipitates ferroptosis within cardiac tissue during corrective Surgery for Pediatric Tetralogy of Fallot. These findings may ultimately help improve outcomes of corrective surgery for pediatric ToF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingyong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Macheng People's Hospital of Macheng, Hubei, China
| | - Shaofeng Chen
- Deparment of Lacrimal, Aier Eye Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Guangxi School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Guangxi School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guihong Zhong
- Zhanjiang Han Mei plastic surgery hospital, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Zhang T, Wu Y, Hu Z, Xing W, Kun LV, Wang D, Hu N. Small-Molecule Integrated Stress Response Inhibitor Reduces Susceptibility to Postinfarct Atrial Fibrillation in Rats via the Inhibition of Integrated Stress Responses. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:197-206. [PMID: 34215702 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α-subunit, which subsequently upregulates activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), is the core event in the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway. Previous studies indicate phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 ɑ-subunit in atrial tissue in response to atrial fibrillation (AF). This study investigated the role of ISR pathway in experimental AF by using a small-molecule ISR inhibitor (ISRIB). Accordingly, rats were subjected to coronary artery occlusion to induce myocardial infarction (MI), or sham operation, and received either trans-ISRIB (2 mg/kg/d, i.p.) or vehicle for seven days. Thereafter, animals were subjected to the AF inducibility test by transesophageal rapid burst pacing followed by procurement of left atrium (LA) for assessment of atrial fibrosis, inflammatory indices, autophagy-related proteins, ISR activation, ion channel, and connexin 43 expression. Results showed a significant increase in the AF vulnerability and the activation of ISR in LA as evidenced by enhanced eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 ɑ-subunit phosphorylation. ISRIB treatment suppressed upregulation of ATF4, fibrosis as indexed by determination of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen levels, inflammatory macrophage infiltration (i.e., CD68 and inducible nitric oxide synthase/CD68-positive macrophage), and autophagy as determined by expression of light chain 3. Further, ISRIB treatment reversed the expression of relevant ion channel (i.e., the voltage-gated sodium channel 1.5 , L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel 1.2, and voltage-activated A-type potassium ion channel 4.3) and connexin 43 remodeling. Collectively, the results suggest that the ISR is a key pathway in pathogenesis of AF, post-MI, and represents a novel target for treatment of AF. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The activation of integrated stress response (ISR) pathway as evidenced by enhanced eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 ɑ-subunit phosphorylation in left atrium plays a key role in atrial fibrillation (AF). ISR inhibitor (ISRIB) reduces AF occurrence and atrial proarrhythmogenic substrate. The beneficial action of ISRIB may be mediated by suppressing ISR pathway-related cardiac fibrosis, inflammatory macrophage infiltration, autophagy, and restoring the expression of ion channel and connexin 43. This study suggests a key dysfunctional role for ISR in pathogenesis of AF with implications for novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Gerontology (T.Z., Y.W., Z.H., W.X., D.W., N.H.) and Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (W.X., K.L., D.W., N.H.), First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, China; Department of Psychology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (T.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (N.H.)
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Gerontology (T.Z., Y.W., Z.H., W.X., D.W., N.H.) and Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (W.X., K.L., D.W., N.H.), First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, China; Department of Psychology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (T.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (N.H.)
| | - Zhengtao Hu
- Department of Gerontology (T.Z., Y.W., Z.H., W.X., D.W., N.H.) and Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (W.X., K.L., D.W., N.H.), First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, China; Department of Psychology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (T.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (N.H.)
| | - Wen Xing
- Department of Gerontology (T.Z., Y.W., Z.H., W.X., D.W., N.H.) and Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (W.X., K.L., D.W., N.H.), First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, China; Department of Psychology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (T.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (N.H.)
| | - L V Kun
- Department of Gerontology (T.Z., Y.W., Z.H., W.X., D.W., N.H.) and Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (W.X., K.L., D.W., N.H.), First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, China; Department of Psychology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (T.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (N.H.)
| | - Deguo Wang
- Department of Gerontology (T.Z., Y.W., Z.H., W.X., D.W., N.H.) and Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (W.X., K.L., D.W., N.H.), First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, China; Department of Psychology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (T.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (N.H.)
| | - Nengwei Hu
- Department of Gerontology (T.Z., Y.W., Z.H., W.X., D.W., N.H.) and Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (W.X., K.L., D.W., N.H.), First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital), Wuhu, Anhui, China; Department of Psychology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China (T.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (N.H.)
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9
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Clemente-Olivo MP, Habibe JJ, Vos M, Ottenhoff R, Jongejan A, Herrema H, Zelcer N, Kooijman S, Rensen PCN, van Raalte DH, Nieuwdorp M, Eringa EC, de Vries CJ. Four-and-a-half LIM domain protein 2 (FHL2) deficiency protects mice from diet-induced obesity and high FHL2 expression marks human obesity. Metabolism 2021; 121:154815. [PMID: 34119536 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Four-and-a-Half-LIM-domain-protein 2 (FHL2) modulates multiple signal transduction pathways but has not been implicated in obesity or energy metabolism. In humans, methylation and expression of the FHL2 gene increases with age, and high FHL2 expression is associated with increased body weight in humans and mice. This led us to hypothesize that FHL2 is a determinant of diet-induced obesity. METHODS FHL2-deficient (FHL2-/-) and wild type male mice were fed a high-fat diet. Metabolic phenotyping of these mice, as well as transcriptional analysis of key metabolic tissues was performed. Correlation of the expression of FHL2 and relevant genes was assessed in datasets from white adipose tissue of individuals with and without obesity. RESULTS FHL2 Deficiency protects mice from high-fat diet-induced weight gain, whereas glucose handling is normal. We observed enhanced energy expenditure, which may be explained by a combination of changes in multiple tissues; mild activation of brown adipose tissue with increased fatty acid uptake, increased cardiac glucose uptake and browning of white adipose tissue. Corroborating our findings in mice, expression of FHL2 in human white adipose tissue positively correlates with obesity and negatively with expression of browning-associated genes. CONCLUSION Our results position FHL2 as a novel regulator of obesity and energy expenditure in mice and human. Given that FHL2 expression increases during aging, we now show that low FHL2 expression associates with a healthy metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Clemente-Olivo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Jayron J Habibe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariska Vos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Herrema
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlie J de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, and Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands.
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10
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Yarmohammadi F, Hayes AW, Karimi G. Possible protective effect of resolvin D1 on inflammation in atrial fibrillation: involvement of ER stress mediated the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1613-1619. [PMID: 34216224 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac rhythm disturbance. At the cellular level, excessive ROS generation during AF is associated with ER stress, which induces an inflammatory response by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathway. Activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been linked to the pathogenesis of AF through NF-kB activation and inflammatory cytokine secretion. It has been shown that NLRP3 inflammasome activation by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is dependent on NF-kB activation. The anti-inflammatory role of resolvin D1 (RvD1), a pro-resolving mediator derived from omega-3 fatty acids, has demonstrated that the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in different tissues is attenuated after treatment with RvD1. However, the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of RvD1 in AF has not been clarified. This review suggests that RvD1 may inhibit ER stress-induced NLRP3 inflammasome through suppressing NF-κB in cardiac tissue and, thus ameliorate AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yarmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Wang J, Zhang J, Ma Y, Zeng Y, Lu C, Yang F, Jiang N, Zhang X, Wang Y, Xu Y, Hou H, Jiang S, Zhuang S. WTAP promotes myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by increasing endoplasmic reticulum stress via regulating m 6A modification of ATF4 mRNA. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11135-11149. [PMID: 33819187 PMCID: PMC8109143 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of death. Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP), one of the components of the m6A methyltransferase complex, has been shown to affect gene expression via regulating mRNA modification. Although WTAP has been implicated in various diseases, its role in MI is unclear. In this study, we found that hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) time-dependently increased WTAP expression, which in turn promoted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis, in human cardiomyocytes (AC16). H/R effects on ER stress and apoptosis were all blocked by silencing of WTAP, promoted by WTAP overexpression, and ameliorated by administration of ER stress inhibitor, 4-PBA. We then investigated the underlying molecular mechanism and found that WTAP affected m6A methylation of ATF4 mRNA to regulate its expression, and that the inhibitory effects of WTAP on ER stress and apoptosis were ATF4 dependent. Finally, WTAP’s effects on myocardial I/R injury were confirmed in vivo. WTAP promoted myocardial I/R injury through promoting ER stress and cell apoptosis by regulating m6A modification of ATF4 mRNA. These findings highlight the importance of WTAP in I/R injury and provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Jiehan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Fenghua Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Nianxin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yinghui Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Hanjing Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Shengyang Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Shaowei Zhuang
- Department of Cardiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
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12
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Tian RD, Chen YQ, He YH, Tang YJ, Chen GM, Yang FW, Li Y, Huang WG, Chen H, Liu X, Lin SD. Phosphorylation of eIF2α mitigates endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatocyte necroptosis in acute liver injury. Ann Hepatol 2021; 19:79-87. [PMID: 31548168 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Necroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in acute and chronic liver injury. Activated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) attenuates protein synthesis and relieves the load of protein folding in the ER. In this study, we aimed to analyze the impact of eIF2α phosphorylation on hepatocyte necroptosis in acute liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male BALB/c mice were injected with tunicamycin or d-galactosamine, and LO2 cells were incubated with tunicamycin to induce acute liver injury. 4-Phenylbutyric acid (PBA) and salubrinal were used to inhibit ER stress and eIF2α dephosphorylation, respectively. We analyzed the eIF2α phosphorylation, ER stress, and hepatocyte necroptosis in mice and cells model. RESULTS Tunicamycin or d-galactosamine significantly induced ER stress and necroptosis, as well as eIF2α phosphorylation, in mice and LO2 cells (p<0.05). ER stress aggravated tunicamycin-induced hepatocyte necroptosis in mice and LO2 cells (p<0.05). Elevated eIF2α phosphorylation significantly mitigated hepatocyte ER stress (p<0.05) and hepatocyte necroptosis in mice (34.37±3.39% vs 22.53±2.18%; p<0.05) and LO2 cells (1±0.11 vs 0.33±0.05; p<0.05). Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1 protein levels were not completely synchronized with necroptosis. TNFR1 expression was reduced in d-galactosamine-treated mice (p<0.05) and cells incubated with tunicamycin for 12 and 24h (p<0.05). ER stress partially restored TNFR1 expression and increased necroptosis in tunicamycin-incubated cells (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results imply that ER stress can mediate hepatocyte necroptosis independent of TNFR1 signaling and elevated eIF2α phosphorylation can mitigate ER stress during acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Dong Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Yi-Qun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Yi-Huai He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China.
| | - Yong-Jing Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Gui-Mei Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Fang-Wan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Wen-Ge Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
| | - Shi-De Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, ZunyiGuizhou, China
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13
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Svaguša T, Martinić M, Martinić M, Kovačević L, Šepac A, Miličić D, Bulum J, Starčević B, Sirotković-Skerlev M, Seiwerth F, Kulić A, Sedlić F. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mitophagy and other mitochondrial quality control mechanisms in heart disease and aged heart. Croat Med J 2020. [PMID: 32378379 PMCID: PMC7230417 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in crucial homeostatic processes in the cell: the production of adenosine triphosphate and reactive oxygen species, and the release of pro-apoptotic molecules. Thus, cell survival depends on the maintenance of proper mitochondrial function by mitochondrial quality control. The most important mitochondrial quality control mechanisms are mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mitophagy, biogenesis, and fusion-fission dynamics. This review deals with mitochondrial quality control in heart diseases, especially myocardial infarction and heart failure. Some previous studies have demonstrated that the activation of mitochondrial quality control mechanisms may be beneficial for the heart, while others have shown that it may lead to heart damage. Our aim was to describe the mechanisms by which mitochondrial quality control contributes to heart protection or damage and to provide evidence that may resolve the seemingly contradictory results from the previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Filip Sedlić
- Filip Sedlić, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Kišpatićeva 12, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia,
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14
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Ghosh A, Shcherbik N. Effects of Oxidative Stress on Protein Translation: Implications for Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2661. [PMID: 32290431 PMCID: PMC7215667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels. Due to their multifactorial nature and wide variation, CVDs are the leading cause of death worldwide. Understanding the molecular alterations leading to the development of heart and vessel pathologies is crucial for successfully treating and preventing CVDs. One of the causative factors of CVD etiology and progression is acute oxidative stress, a toxic condition characterized by elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Left unabated, ROS can damage virtually any cellular component and affect essential biological processes, including protein synthesis. Defective or insufficient protein translation results in production of faulty protein products and disturbances of protein homeostasis, thus promoting pathologies. The relationships between translational dysregulation, ROS, and cardiovascular disorders will be examined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Department for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Natalia Shcherbik
- Department for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
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15
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PRMT1 suppresses ATF4-mediated endoplasmic reticulum response in cardiomyocytes. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:903. [PMID: 31787756 PMCID: PMC6885520 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling plays a critical role in the control of cell survival or death. Persistent ER stress activates proapoptotic pathway involving the ATF4/CHOP axis. Although accumulating evidences support its important contribution to cardiovascular diseases, but its mechanism is not well characterized. Here, we demonstrate a critical role for PRMT1 in the control of ER stress in cardiomyocytes. The inhibition of PRMT1 augments tunicamycin (TN)-triggered ER stress response in cardiomyocytes while PRMT1 overexpression attenuates it. Consistently, PRMT1 null hearts show exacerbated ER stress and cell death in response to TN treatment. Interestingly, ATF4 depletion attenuates the ER stress response induced by PRMT1 inhibition. The methylation-deficient mutant of ATF4 with the switch of arginine 239 to lysine exacerbates ER stress accompanied by enhanced levels of proapoptotic cleaved Caspase3 and phosphorylated-γH2AX in response to TN. The mechanistic study shows that PRMT1 modulates the protein stability of ATF4 through methylation. Taken together, our data suggest that ATF4 methylation on arginine 239 by PRMT1 is a novel regulatory mechanism for protection of cardiomyocytes from ER stress-induced cell death.
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