Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Mucosal Lesions by Sex and Age Categories: A Retrospective Study of Patients Attending Lebanese School of Dentistry

Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Mucosal Lesions and Normal Variants among Nepalese Population

Background

Oral mucosa is encountered by various lesions and normal variants. Some are not to be worried about, whereas others may be of significance. Knowing the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a particular region helps better evaluate, diagnose, and, thus, manage these lesions.

Objectives

To assess the prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions and normal variants among various age groups, genders, and sites of the orofacial region.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital from January 2021 to March 2021. Three different proformas were designed according to age, gender, and location of lesions for entry as per the WHO's guide. The obtained data were entered into a Microsoft Excel sheet for frequency analysis by SPSS, and the results were tabulated.

Results

Among the records of 16572 (9703 (58.55%) males and 6869 (41.44%) females) OPD patients, 3495 (21.08%) (1934 (55.33%) males and 1561 (44.66%) females) had OMLs and 2314 (13.96%) (1626 (70.26%) males and 688 (29.73%) females) had normal mucosal variants. The most commonly seen OML categories were tobacco-associated lesions, i.e., 2056 (34.07%), tongue lesions, i.e., 1598 (26.48%), oral potentially malignant disorders, i.e., 815 (13.50%), ulcers i.e., 728 (12.06%), and infectious lesions, i.e., 256 (4.24%).

Conclusion

The Nepalese population has a wide range of oral mucosal lesions and normal variants, and this study has attempted to have baseline data for the same. The most common OML was smoker's melanosis.

Oral Manifestations: A Reliable Indicator for Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus Patients

OBJECTIVES

 This article identifies undiagnosed DM (UDM) cases in the Pakistani population by perceiving the signs and symptoms of DM and associating them with oral manifestations.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

 In this cross-sectional study, patients showing at least three or more classical or warning signs like polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and general weakness were considered UDM cases. Detailed oral examination for gingivitis, periodontitis, halitosis, xerostomia, and tongue manifestations was done followed by the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) analysis.

RESULTS

 Out of 5,878 patients, 214 UDM cases were identified, where 31.8% and 39.7% of the patients were diagnosed as prediabetics and diabetics, respectively, based on HbA1c analysis. Prevalence of gingivitis (97.6%), fissured tongue (91.8%), generalized periodontitis (85.9%), thick saliva (87.1%), xerostomia (84.7%), burning mouth syndrome (63.5%), yellow discoloration of tongue (57.6%), and ecchymosis/ulcers (43.5%) were more in diabetics as compared to prediabetic patients and normal population.

CONCLUSION

 The oral manifestations can be crucial for identifying UDM cases. Dentists can play a pivotal role by taking detailed history and thorough oral examination. If three or more symptoms as concluded above are present, an HbA1c analysis should be conducted to prevent preop and postop complications associated with DM.

EstomatoNet: A 5-year experience of an oral medicine telediagnosis service

OBJECTIVE

EstomatoNet is an online service driven by primary health care professionals to support diagnosis and decision-making for oral lesions. This study aimed to describe the experience of the service, depicting use cases and its impact on the referral to specialised services.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patient/applicant demographics, and information related to their oral lesions and/or complaints were retrieved from the service's cloud-based platform. The differential diagnosis provided by the applicants, their level of satisfaction, and the teleconsultant's opinion in terms of diagnosis and management were also reported. The teleconsultant's suggestion was cross-referenced with the data from the regulation system to verify the avoidance of referral.

RESULTS

Out of 2002 teleconsultations, most patients were women (55.1%) and 50.1% were aged between 20 and 59 years. Applicants (96.5%) generally considered the service very satisfying/satisfying. Potentially malignant disorders were reported in 19.6% of cases and 7.7% were suspected to be malignant. The referral of 37.3% of patients was avoided after the suggestion of keeping the patient in the primary health care system (k = 0.234; p < 0.001; 62.2% agreement).

CONCLUSION

The use of EstomatoNet for oral mucosal lesions improves support for primary health care professionals in the management of lesions and reduces referral to specialised services.

Prevalence and Characteristic of Oral Mucosa Lesions

(1) Background: Oral mucosa lesions (OMLs) are diagnosed worldwide in any population, age or gender, but in varied prevalence. OMLs can be found in each site of the oral mucosa; for some of them, it is characteristic to have a bilateral/symmetrical or unilateral/nonsymmetrical mucosal manifestation. The knowledge about its prevalence in varied populations can be useful from a clinical point of view. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of OMLs in patients attending outpatient dental clinic; (2) Retrospective analysis of 2747 patients’ oral cavity medical charts, who referred to oral pathology outpatient clinic. The type of diagnosed oral lesion, sex and age were evaluated. p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant; (3) Results: In this study, the overall prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found to be higher in older than younger patients. In our study, the age median was the highest in patients with xerostomia, burning mouth syndrome, angular cheilitis and oral candidiasis. The youngest median age was observed in patients with aphthae, mucocele and gingival enlargement. The higher OMLs frequency was related with the female gender. (4) It is important for clinicians to be familiar not only with distinctive features, which sometimes may not be clear, but also with linking the occurrence of OMLs with the gender and age.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders in Indian Population

Background:

The present study was conducted to assess risk factors and prevalence of potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) among Indian population.

Materials and Methods:

1280 Indian population of both genders were enrolled. Habits such as smoking bidi, cigarette, consumption of tobacco such as in the form of zarda, chaini khaini, pan masala, arecanut, and alcohol were recorded. Risk factors and prevalence rate of disorders were recorded.

Results:

There were 750 (58.6%) males and 530 (41.4%) females. Speckled leukoplakia was seen among 470 (36.7%), oral lichen planus (OLP) in 246 (19.2%), oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) in 274 (21.4%), erythroplakia in 120 (9.3%), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in 107 (8.3%) participants. Maximum cases of speckled leukoplakia (162) was seen in the age group of 31–40 years, OLP (99) in 41–50 years, OSMF (95) in 31–40 years, erythroplakia (48) in 21–30 years, OSCC (44) in 41–50 years.

Conclusion:

Risks factors associated with PMDs were found to be tobacco and arecanut. There was higher prevalence of leukoplakia. Age group of 31–40 years had higher cases and most common site was buccal mucosa and vestibule.

Prevalence and risk factors of potentially malignant disorders of the mucosa in the general population: Mucosa lesions a general health problem?

AIM

Oral cancer mostly develops from oral mucosa regions with morphological alterations transforming malignant. These visible precancerous mucosa lesions are named potentially malignant disorders (PMD). We aimed to analyze the prevalence of PMD and its risk factors for PMD in a population-based sample in Northern Germany.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Data of 6078 individuals from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) was used. PMD were photographically documented and periodontal health was assessed in a standardized procedure.

RESULTS

PMD were observed in 54 individuals (0.9%). The most prevalent PMD was homogenous leukoplakia (n = 37) followed by Lichen ruber (n = 9). Smoking (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.70; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24-5.87), male sex (OR 3.32; 95%-CI: 1.77-6.21), type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 2.07; 95%-CI: 1.08-3.98) and body mass index (OR 1.09; CI 1.04-1.14) were significantly associated with PMD, with the corresponding area under the curve (AUC) being 0.696 (CI: 0.655; 0.737).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest a clinically relevant prevalence of PMD in the population. We identified male sex, type 2 diabetes mellitus, current smoking, and obesity as risk factors. We recommend photographic documentation and intensified training of medical and dental staff to detect and monitor PMD.

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions and Relation to Serum Cotinine Levels-Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in South Africa

Oral mucosal lesions (OML) can decrease oral health-related quality of life and some have the potential to become malignant. The aim of the present study was to report the prevalence of OML in relation to age, sex, and serum cotinine levels in a population with mixed ancestry from South Africa. This study is part of the Cape Town Vascular and Metabolic Health (VHM) study, conducted between 2014-2016. Trained dental examiners assessed the oral mucosa for the presence of OML according to WHO criteria. In total, 1976 individuals were included in the study, being 1496 females (75.7%) and 480 males (24.3%) with average age of 49.5 years (SD = 15.3). In total, 262 lesions were detected in 252 participants (overall prevalence of 13%). Males had higher prevalence than females (14% vs. 9%, p = 0.008). Participants aged 25-34 had the highest prevalence rates (21%). Participants who had cotinine ≥15 ng/mL had higher prevalence of OML as compared to those with <15 ng/mL (15% vs. 5%, p < 0.001). Most common lesions were nicotine stomatitis (33%) and leukoplakia (19%). Age, male sex, and higher cotinine levels were associated with increased prevalence of OML.

Oral mucosal disorder-A demographic study

Introduction:

Oral mucosal disorder (OMD) has the potential disorder than any other oral disorder. It is found in the all over would. In our country India, is also more prone area of oral mucosal disorder. People more affected in male, low educated, low socioeconomic. Areca nut consumption is more so oral mucosal disorder is more reported, this survey was undertaken in darbhanga and is surrounding to determine the demographic data of oral mucosal disorder and to identify their association with various factors.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 5620 patients of Oral mucosal disorder attending the dental outpatient clinic of the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology in dental college and department of dentistry in darbhanga medical college over a period of 36 months were selected for the study. A detailed case history and clinical examination was done in visible light. Study was done on the basis of age group, gender, socioeconomic habit duration, frequency of habit, and type of habit.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Simple t-test analysis was performed.

Results:

Of the 5620 cases of OMD studied, 75.01% cases were male. 49.09% were low socioeconomic people, 36.12% graduate educated, 47.29% smokeless habit and frequency of habit more than two time 57.12%. Oral mucosal disorder.

Conclusion:

Younger populations have relatively a higher percentage of oral mucosal lesions than would older populations. Habits, like smoking and smokeless, which further increase with age, can also increase the incidence of oral mucosal disorder Prevalence of habits was more in males than females.

Prevalence of non-odontogenic infectious lesions of oral mucosa in a group of Iranian patients during 11 years: a cross sectional study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Oral mucosal infections are an important type of oral lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of oral mucosal infectious lesions in patients who referred to Oral Medicine Department of Shiraz Dental School, Iran during 11 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this cross sectional study, records of all patients who referred to Oral Medicine Department of Shiraz Dental School from September 2007 to January 2018 were assessed and those data sheets which their definitive diagnosis were a kind of oral mucosal infectious lesion were recorded. Pearson Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Level of significance was considered as P value < 0.05.

RESULTS

Overall prevalence of oral mucosal infectious lesions was 9.47%. Generally, mean age of patients was 42.92 ± 18.84 and most of them were female. Most common type of infectious lesions was fungal infections, but viral and bacterial infections were less common. Among fungal infections, most lesions were candidiasis and only 3 cases were diagnosed as deep fungal infection. HSV infection was the second common oral infectious lesion. There was a significant relation between infectious lesion and systemic disease or medication use (P=0.000).

CONCLUSION

This study is the first epidemiologic study in Iran, concerning oral mucosal infectious lesions. Total of 9.47% of oral lesions were infective, candidiasis and HSV lesions were the most common oral mucosal infective disease, which were more prevalent amongst female, middle age people and patients with systemic disease.

Prevalence and risk indicators of oral mucosal lesions in adult population visiting primary health centers and community health centers in Kodagu district

Background and Objective:

Utilization of primary health center (PHC) and community health center (CHC) could be one of the few practical approaches in early detection of oral cancers and potentially malignant disorder (PMD). This study was designed to estimate the prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesion (OML) and its associated risk factors among the adult population of Kodagu district.

Methodology:

1048 patients, 18 years of age and above, attending the outpatient department of PHC and CHC in Kodagu district comprised the study population. The World Health Organization Oral Health Assessment Form, cinical examination, and demographic factors were recorded using a proforma. Chi-square test and contingency coefficient and logistic regression were applied to check statistical differences.

Results:

The overall prevalence of OML was found to be 18.89%. Prevalence of PMD was 5.63%. Prevalence of PMD was highest among the elementary occupation (15.63%). Two cases of oral cancer were identified. There was a significant association of PMD with the age group of 41–60 years. Leukoplakia was strongly associated with male gender [odds ratio (OR) 2.83, P < 0.001]. Smoking and chewing were significant risk factors associated with leukoplakia (OR 11.05, P < 0.001) and oral submucous fibrosis (OR 4.63, P < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusion:

The overall prevalence of OML in the study population was 18.89%. A high prevalence of PMD in the population could be attributed to the associated risk factors such as smoking, chewing habits, and alcohol use. Utilization of PHC and CHC could be a useful strategy to detect previously undiagnosed OML including PMD and cancerous lesions among the population.