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Patton AL, Karschner EL, Walterscheid JP, Garcia JM. Modification of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method targeting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its primary metabolite (OH-LSD) to include nine LSD analogs. J Forensic Sci 2024. [PMID: 38937911 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A variety of LSD analogs have emerged in recent years with dual purposes of avoiding prosecution from possession while providing new options for those willing to experiment with hallucinogenic drugs. In this study, a previously published automated sample preparation method for LSD and its primary metabolite (OH-LSD) was utilized to extract LSD, OH-LSD, and nine LSD analogs from urine. The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was modified from the previously published LC conditions to utilize a different analytical column and gradient elution program. Mobile phases of 10 mM ammonium formate with 0.1% formic acid in deionized water (mobile phase A) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol (mobile phase B) were employed. The method was validated to ANSI/ASB Standard 036 with a 0.1 ng/mL limit of detection for all analytes and was utilized for the analysis of 325 urine specimens. Although no LSD analogs were observed in the samples analyzed, this validated method was demonstrated to be suitable for the analysis of these compounds in laboratories seeking to expand their testing scope. Automated sample preparation allows for the efficient analysis of these analytically challenging compounds with minimal manual handling. Additionally, there was no increased analytical time burden when the LC column and gradient were modified to target nine additional analytes. Detection may improve as new reference standards are developed to allow laboratories to focus on the metabolic products of these analogs. For now, this validated procedure can assist with the routine analysis and surveillance of these emerging substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Patton
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Dover, Delaware, USA
- SNA International, LLC, Contractor Supporting the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Erin L Karschner
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Dover, Delaware, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Walterscheid
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Dover, Delaware, USA
| | - Jason M Garcia
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Dover, Delaware, USA
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2
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Bates MN, Helm AE, Barkholtz HM. Screening for Forensically Relevant Drugs Using Data-Independent High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:571-579. [PMID: 38575522 PMCID: PMC11022238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Forensic and clinical laboratories are expected to provide a rapid screening of samples for a wide range of analytes; however, the ever-changing landscape of illicit substances makes analysis complicated. There is a great need for untargeted methods that can aid these laboratories in broad-scope drug screening. Liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has become a popular technique for untargeted screening and presumptive identification of drugs of abuse due to its superior sensitivity and detection capabilities in complex matrices. An untargeted extraction and data acquisition method was evaluated for the broad screening of high-priority drugs of abuse in whole blood. A total of 35 forensically relevant target analytes were identified and extracted at biologically relevant low and high (10× low) concentrations from whole blood using supported liquid extraction. Data-independent acquisition was accomplished using ultraperformance liquid chromatography and a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results were acceptable for screening assays, with limits of detection at or below the recommended low-concentration cutoffs for most analytes. Analyte ionization varied from 30.1 to 267.6% (average: 110.5%) at low concentrations and from 8.6 to 383.5% (average: 93.6%) at high concentrations. Extraction recovery ranged from 8.5 to 330.5% (average: 105.3%) at low concentrations and from 9.4 to 127.5% (average: 82.7%) at high concentrations. This variability was also captured as precision, ranging from 4.7 to 135.2% (average: 36.5%) at low concentrations and from 0.9 to 59.0% (average: 21.7%) at high concentrations. The method described in this work is efficient and effective for qualitative forensic toxicology screening, as demonstrated by analysis of 166 authentic suspected impaired driver and postmortem specimens. That said, it is critical that laboratories establishing untargeted LC-HRMS screening assays be aware of the strengths and limitations across diverse drug categories and chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia N. Bates
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Forensic
Toxicology Section, Environmental Health Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53718, United States
| | - Abby E. Helm
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Heather M. Barkholtz
- Forensic
Toxicology Section, Environmental Health Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53718, United States
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Homemade Pipette Tip Solid-Phase Extraction for the Simultaneous Determination of 40 Drugs of Abuse in Urine by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pipette tip solid-phase extraction facilitates the handling of low-volume samples and organic solvents in order to achieve more environmentally friendly pre-treatment sample techniques. The use of pipette tip extraction was examined for the quick and simple determination of a heterogeneous group of 40 drugs of abuse and some of their metabolites in urine by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Several parameters were studied and optimized, including those which can affect extraction efficiencies, such as the amount of sorbent and the volumes and number of aspirating/dispensing cycles of the sample and organic solvents. The linear range of this method was between the quantification limit and 75 or 100 ng mL−1. Detection limits between 0.025 and 0.500 ng mL−1 and quantification limits from 0.100 to 1.500 ng mL−1 were achieved, which are adequate to determine the studied compounds in urine from drug users. Finally, in order to prove its suitability in toxicological and forensic analyses, the method was successfully applied to 22 urine specimens from women who were starting a detoxification program. Cocaine was the most frequently detected substance, as its presence or the presence of its main metabolite was found in 86% of the analyzed samples.
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Scanferla DTP, Sano Lini R, Marchioni C, Mossini SAG. Drugs of abuse: A narrative review of recent trends in biological sample preparation and chromatographic techniques. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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King E, Overstreet R, Nguyen J, Ciesielski D. Augmentation of MS/MS Libraries with Spectral Interpolation for Improved Identification. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3724-3733. [PMID: 35905451 PMCID: PMC9400100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a primary tool for
the identification
of small molecules and metabolites where resultant spectra are most
commonly identified by matching them with spectra in MS/MS reference
libraries. The high degree of variability in MS/MS spectrum acquisition
techniques and parameters creates a significant challenge for building
standardized reference libraries. Here we present a method to improve
the usefulness of existing MS/MS libraries by augmenting available
experimental spectra data sets with statistically interpolated spectra
at unreported collision energies. We find that highly accurate spectral
approximations can be interpolated from as few as three experimental
spectra and that the interpolated spectra will be consistent with
true spectra gathered from the same instrument as the experimental
spectra. Supplementing existing spectral databases with interpolated
spectra yields consistent improvements to identification accuracy
on a range of instruments and precursor types. Applying this method
yields significant improvements (∼10% more spectra correctly
identified) on large data sets (2000–10 000 spectra),
indicating this is a quick yet adept tool for improving spectral matching
in situations where available reference libraries are not yet sufficient.
We also find improvements of matching spectra across instrument types
(between an Agilent Q-TOF and an Orbitrap Elite), at high collision
energies (50–90 eV), and with smaller data sets available through
MassBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan King
- Computing and Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard Overstreet
- Signature Science and Technology Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Julia Nguyen
- Computing and Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Danielle Ciesielski
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Fabregat-Safont D, Ibáñez M, Hernández F, Sancho JV. Development of a simple and low-cost prototype probe fully-compatible with atmospheric solids analysis probe for the analysis of human breath in real-time. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hooshfar S, Tchu S, Yun C, Lynch KL. Development of a high-throughput differential mobility separation-tandem mass spectrometry (DMS-MS/MS) method for clinical urine drug testing. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 23:50-57. [PMID: 35036987 PMCID: PMC8753179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Differential mobility separation (DMS) is an analytical technique used for rapid separation of ions and isomers based on gas phase mobility prior to entering a mass spectrometer for analysis. The entire DMS process is accomplished in fewer than 20 ms and can be used as a rapid alternative to chromatographic separation. OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to evaluate the utility of DMS-tandem mass spectrometry (DMS-MS/MS) as a replacement for immunoassay-based clinical toxicology testing. METHODS A sensitive DMS-MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous identification of 33 drugs and metabolites in human urine samples. After DMS optimization, the method was validated and used to screen 56 clinical urine samples. These results were compared to results obtained by immunoassay. RESULTS The DMS-MS/MS method achieved limits of detection ranging from 5 to 100 ng/mL. Moreover, the total analysis time was 2 min per sample. For the method performance evaluation, DMS-MS/MS results were compared with previously obtained urine toxicology immunoassay results. DMS-MS/MS showed higher sensitivity and identified 20% more drugs in urine, which were confirmed by LC-MS/MS. CONCLUSION The DMS-MS/MS as applied in our lab demonstrated the capability for rapid drug screening and provided better analytical performance than immunoassay.
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Key Words
- 6-MAM, 6-Monoacetylmorphine
- AMPH, amphetamines/ecstasy
- BENZ, benzodiazepines
- BUPR, buprenorphine
- CE, Collision energy
- COV, compensation voltage
- CXP, collision cell exit potential
- DAPPI, atmospheric pressure photo ionization
- DART, direct analysis in real time
- DC, direct current
- DESI, desorption electrospray ionization
- DMO, DMS offse
- DMS, differential mobility separation
- DP, declustering potential
- DR, DMS resolution enhancement
- DT, DMS cell temperature
- Differential mobility separation
- Drugs of abuse
- EDDP, 2-ethylidene1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine
- EP, entrance potential
- FAIMS, field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry
- FSI, fiber spray ionization
- GC-MS or LC-MS, gas chromatography- or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- GS1, ion source gas 1
- GS2, ion source gas 2
- IMS, ion mobility spectrometry, IS, internal standards, LOD, limit of detection, MD, modifier, MDC, modifier composition, ME, matrix effects
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry
- Mass spectrometry
- OPI, opiates
- OXY, oxycodone/oxmorphone
- QCs, quality controls
- SRM, selected reaction monitoring
- SV, separation voltage
- Urine drug screening
- WT-ESI, wooden-tip electrospray ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hooshfar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Simone Tchu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Cassandra Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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von Cüpper M, Dalsgaard PW, Linnet K. Identification of New Psychoactive Substances in Seized material Using UHPLC-QTOF-MS and An Online Mass Spectral Database. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 44:1047-1051. [PMID: 32232329 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The unpredictable pharmacological and toxicological effects associated with the recreational use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) represent a threat to the public health. Analysts are constantly facing a challenge to identify these designer drugs. In this article, five seized samples were submitted for analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). To tentatively identify the NPS in the samples, the potential usage of an online mass spectral database (HighResNPS.com) was explored by searching the exact mass of the precursor ion and evaluating the fragmentation profile. This approach successfully identified a suspected candidate compound present in three of the five samples. However, conclusive identification of the remaining two was not possible, due to indistinguishable fragmentation profiles of positional isomers. Therefore, complementary analytical methodologies are of paramount importance. In light of the above, HighResNPS.com is a useful tool in presumptively identifying an NPS without a reference standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria von Cüpper
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Maurer HH. Hyphenated high-resolution mass spectrometry-the "all-in-one" device in analytical toxicology? Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:2303-2309. [PMID: 33247339 PMCID: PMC7987635 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This trend article reviews papers with hyphenated high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) approaches applied in analytical toxicology, particularly in clinical and forensic toxicology published since 2016 and referenced in PubMed. The article focuses on the question of whether HRMS has or will become the all-in-one device in these fields as supposed by the increasing number of HRMS presentations at scientific meetings, corresponding original papers, and review articles. Typical examples for the different application fields are discussed such as targeted or untargeted drug screening, quantification, drug metabolism studies, and metabolomics approaches. Considering the reviewed papers, HRMS is currently the only technique that fulfills the criteria of an all-in-one device for the various applications needed in analytical toxicology. Graphical abstract![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Filho JFA, Dos Santos NA, Borges KB, Lacerda V, Pelição FS, Romão W. Fiber spray ionization mass spectrometry in forensic chemistry: A screening of drugs of abuse and direct determination of cocaine in urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 3:e8747. [PMID: 32056289 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ambient mass spectrometry techniques are much required in forensic chemistry to evaluate evidence with low analytical interference, high confidence, and accuracy. However, traditional methodologies, such as paper spray ionization, have been shown to present low sensitivity in the analysis of illicit drugs from biological matrices. METHODS Fiber spray ionization mass spectrometry (FSI-MS) was developed using a capillary polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber. Seized samples of drugs, i.e. a tablet, blotter paper, hashish, and cocaine powder, were analyzed. Cocaine was quantified from whole urine by dipping the fiber directly into solution. FSI-MS was tested for the analysis of a sample of urine obtained from a drug abuse suspect. RESULTS The FSI(+) analysis showed the detection of different types of synthetic drugs in tablet and blotter paper samples, e.g. amphetamine, cathinones, phenethylamines, and opioids, while pure cocaine and different types of coca alkaloids were identified from cocaine powder with good sensitivity and high mass accuracy. The hashish analysis by FSI(-) revealed signals of cannabinoids, cannabinoid acids, and cannabinoid derivatives, detected mainly as [M - H]- ions or chlorine adducts [M + Cl]- . The quantification of cocaine in whole urine showed good sensitivity and precision with limits of detection and quantification of 5.16 and 17.21 ng/mL, respectively, linearity above 0.999, and relative standard deviation below 2.71%. The evaluation of seized sample of urine showed the detection of cocaine with relative ion intensity greater than 36%, as well as the metabolites benzoylecgonine and cocaethylene with a relative intensity of 1.4% and 6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The developed FSI-MS method has the potential to be applied to forensic sample evaluation as well as to determine illicit drugs from biological matrices in toxicological analysis. The use of a capillary PP fiber has advantages as an extractor agent and ionizing substrate, and also the feature of it being dipped directly into the sample, thus preserving the integrity of the sample, which makes this a very promising ambient mass spectrometry method and relevant to forensic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Francisco Allochio Filho
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Química Forense, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, ES, 29932-540, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil
| | - Nayara A Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Química Forense, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil
| | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, MG, 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Química Forense, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Souza Pelição
- Departamento Médico Legal, Polícia Civil do Espírito Santo (PC-ES), Vitória, ES, 29045-402, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Romão
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Química Forense, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Forense (INCT Forense), Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Vila Velha, ES, 29106-010, Brazil
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3974-3997. [PMID: 32720670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are highly prevalent in crime laboratories, particularly those coupled to chromatographic separations like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). These methods are considered "gold standard" analytical techniques for forensic analysis and have been extensively validated for producing prosecutorial evidentiary data. However, factors such as growing evidence backlogs and problematic evidence types (e.g., novel psychoactive substance (NPS) classes) have exposed limitations of these stalwart techniques. This critical review serves to delineate the current role of MS methods across the broad sub-disciplines of forensic science, providing insight on how governmental steering committees guide their implementation. Novel, developing techniques that seek to broaden applicability and enhance performance will also be highlighted, from unique modifications to traditional hyphenated MS methods to the newer "ambient" MS techniques that show promise for forensic analysis, but need further validation before incorporation into routine forensic workflows. This review also expounds on how recent improvements to MS instrumental design, scan modes, and data processing could cause a paradigm shift in how the future forensic practitioner collects and processes target evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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Abstract
Direct ambient ionization techniques have been developed with the aim to reduce the complexity of mass spectrometry analysis by minimizing sample preparation and chromatographic separation. In this context, paper spray-MS (PS-MS) is an innovative approach that provides faster and cheaper analysis of biofluids by the addition of the sample directly to a paper. In forensic toxicology, the analytical workflow for the detection and quantification of drugs of abuse is onerous, including sample treatment, extraction and clean up, especially regarding complex biological matrices. PS-MS allows the detection of analytes of toxicological interest in blood, plasma and urine using low sample volume. This review aims to discuss the potential use, advances and challenges of PS-MS in forensic toxicology.
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Shaik KM, Sarmah B, Wadekar GS, Kumar P. Regulatory Updates and Analytical Methodologies for Nitrosamine Impurities Detection in Sartans, Ranitidine, Nizatidine, and Metformin along with Sample Preparation Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:53-71. [PMID: 32691615 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1788375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Moinuddin Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Bhaskar Sarmah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Gaurav Suresh Wadekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
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Chophi R, Sharma S, Sharma S, Singh R. Forensic entomotoxicology: Current concepts, trends and challenges. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 67:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Development and validation of a GC–MS/MS method for the determination of 11 amphetamines and 34 synthetic cathinones in whole blood. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Orr A, Stotesbury T, Wilson P, Stock NL. The use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of DNA and other macromolecules: A how-to guide for forensic chemistry. Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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