Delusions in Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies and the Associated Factors

The characteristics of cognitive and daily living functions of neurocognitive disorders with delusions in elderly Alzheimer's disease

Background

Delusions in neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) worsen patients' cognitive functions and activities of daily living (ADL), increasing caregiver burden and the risk of mortality. AD patients with delusions tend to experience a more rapid decline in cognition and have demonstrated poorer performance on various cognitive function tests. Considering the prognosis of delusion in AD patients, it tends to be more favorable with appropriate treatment. However, there is a lack of neuropsychological research, specifically examining the impact of delusions in AD, characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive function. This study investigates the impact of delusions on cognitive function and ADL under conditions controlling for disease severity.

Methods

We compared cognitive function and ADL in AD patients aged 65 years or older according to the presence of delusions. To assess longitudinal change, we analyzed data from patients monitored for an average of 15 to 16 months. We assessed cognitive function and ADL using the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery-Second Edition (SNSB-II) and delusions using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). We used IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0 for all statistical analyses. The analysis was not adjusted for multiple comparisons. We investigated how delusions impact cognitive function and ADL, controlling for age, educational level, and disease severity.

Results

The delusions group exhibited poorer immediate recall of verbal memory than the non-delusions group. In the follow-up evaluation, patients who developed delusions had lower baseline cognitive function than those who did not, and their language fluency declined over time. In addition, we found the presence of delusions associated with worse functional impairment in ADL as the disease progressed.

Conclusion

While controlling for the severity of AD, we found no significant negative impacts of delusions on most cognitive functions. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the immediate recall of verbal memory and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT)_animal sensitively detected the negative impact of delusions. Furthermore, since delusions are associated with worsening ADL, we understand that delusion treatment is important for improving the quality of life for patients and caregivers.

Case report: Environmental adjustment for visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies based on photo assessment of the living environment

Background

Visual hallucinations (VH) are associated with visual prediction error in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Given this relationship, environmental adjustments have been suggested, but detailed contents for implementing such environmental adjustments and assessments are poorly documented. This case report preliminarily demonstrates methods for improving VH through our experience with two patients with DLB. We conducted familial interviews to assess the phenomenological features of VH and reviewed photographs of patients' homes to identify the environmental triggers of VH, known as photo assessment of the living environment (PA-LE).

Case description

Patient 1 was a 78-year-old woman with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 11/30. She experienced seeing a stranger, children, and cats at home, which frightened her. VH frequently occurred in the living room and bedroom. The PA-LE showed that several environmental features, such as cushions on a sofa, the pattern on a carpet under a table, and clothing on hangers, were suggestive triggers of VH. Patient 2 was an 88-year-old woman with a MMSE score of 5/30. She had seen strangers, children, and animals at home, some of which were linked to a theft delusion. VH frequently occurred in the living room and bedroom. The PA-LE found that several environmental features, such as clothing on hangers and dolls, were suggestive of VH triggers. Non-pharmacological approaches were tailored to the patients' environmental and psychological states using interviews and PA-LE. This included removing environmental triggers, reducing negative mood, and providing coping strategies for VH. This improved their VH and their caregivers' knowledge of VH.

Conclusion

Phenomenological assessments using photographs of the patient's home could identify the environmental triggers associated with VH in patients with DLB and assist in environmental adjustments.

Psychosis in Neurodegenerative Dementias: A Systematic Comparative Review

Background

Psychosis, characterized by delusions and/or hallucinations, is frequently observed during the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative dementias (ND) (i.e., dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD)) and cause diagnostic and management difficulties.

Objective

This review aims at presenting a concise and up-to-date overview of psychotic symptoms that occur in patients with ND with a comparative approach.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. 98 original studies investigating psychosis phenotypes in neurodegenerative dementias were identified (40 cohort studies, 57 case reports).

Results

Psychosis is a frequently observed phenomenon during the course of ND, with reported prevalence ranging from 22.5% to 54.1% in AD, 55.9% to 73.9% in DLB, and 18% to 42% in FTD. Throughout all stages of these diseases, noticeable patterns emerge depending on their underlying causes. Misidentification delusions (16.6-78.3%) and visual hallucinations (50-69.6%) are frequently observed in DLB, while paranoid ideas and somatic preoccupations seem to be particularly common in AD and FTD, (respectively 9.1-60.3% and 3.10-41.5%). Limited data were found regarding psychosis in the early stages of these disorders.

Conclusions

Literature data suggest that different ND are associated with noticeable variations in psychotic phenotypes, reflecting disease-specific tendencies. Further studies focusing on the early stages of these disorders are necessary to enhance our understanding of early psychotic manifestations associated with ND and help in differential diagnosis issues.

The frequency of psychotic symptoms in types of dementia: a systematic review

The frequency of psychotic symptoms in older adults is high, mainly in neurocognitive cognitions of the most varied etiologies.

Objectives

This study aimed to review the studies that analyze the frequency of the types of delusions, hallucinations, and misidentifications in dementia conditions of different etiologies.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted on August 9, 2021, in the PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases with the following descriptors: (dementia OR alzheimer disease OR dementia with Lewy bodies OR frontotemporal dementia OR mixed dementia OR vascular dementia OR major neurocognitive disorder OR parkinson disease dementia) AND (psychotic symptoms OR psychosis OR hallucinations OR delusions OR psychopathology OR misidentification) AND (prevalence OR epidemiology).

Results

A total of 5,077 articles were found, with a final inclusion of 35. The overall frequency of psychotic symptoms ranged from 34 to 63% in dementia conditions of the most varied etiologies. Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents more delusions and hallucinations and has a higher frequency regarding the presence of misidentifications. On the contrary, Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) seems to present more hallucinations, even auditory, when compared to the other dementias, concomitantly with delusions. Vascular and frontotemporal dementia present fewer psychotic symptoms than DLB and AD.

Conclusions

We identified a gap in the literature on the description of the psychotic symptoms of dementia, mainly in those of non-AD etiologies. Studies that assess the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementias deeply might contribute in a more definite manner to the causal diagnosis of dementia.

Illusory Responses across the Lewy Body Disease Spectrum

OBJECTIVE

This study was undertaken to study pareidolias, or perceived meaningful objects in a meaningless stimulus, in patients across the Lewy body (LB) disease spectrum, where most do not report hallucinations or delusions.

METHODS

We studied illusory responses on the Noise Pareidolia Task in 300 participants (38 cognitively impaired LB, 65 cognitively unimpaired LB, 51 Alzheimer disease spectrum [AD-s], 146 controls). Pairwise between-group comparisons examined how diagnosis impacts the number of illusory responses. Ordinal regression analysis compared the number of illusory responses across diagnosis groups, adjusting for age, sex, and education. Analyses were repeated after removing participants with reported hallucinations or delusions.

RESULTS

Cognitively impaired LB participants were 12.3, 4.9, and 4.6 times more likely than control, cognitively unimpaired LB, and AD-s participants, respectively, to endorse illusory responses. After adjusting for age, sex, and education, the probability of endorsing 1 or more illusory responses was 61% in the cognitively impaired LB group, compared to 26% in AD-s, 25% in cognitively unimpaired LB, and 12% in control participants. All results were similar after repeated analysis only in participants without hallucinations or delusions. In LB without hallucinations or delusions, 52% with mild cognitive impairment and 66.7% with dementia endorsed at least 1 illusory response.

INTERPRETATION

We found illusory responses are common in cognitively impaired LB patients, including those without any reported psychosis. Our data suggest that, prior to the onset of hallucinations and delusions, the Noise Pareidolia Task can easily be used to screen for unobtrusive pareidolias in all LB patients. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:702-714.

Mood and emotional disorders associated with parkinsonism, Huntington disease, and other movement disorders

This chapter provides a review of mood, emotional disorders, and emotion processing deficits associated with diseases that cause movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism, Huntington's disease, essential tremor, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia. For each disorder, a clinical description of the common signs and symptoms, disease progression, and epidemiology is provided. Then the mood and emotional disorders associated with each of these diseases are described and discussed in terms of clinical presentation, incidence, prevalence, and alterations in quality of life. Alterations of emotion communication, such as affective speech prosody and facial emotional expression, associated with these disorders are also discussed. In addition, if applicable, deficits in gestural and lexical/verbal emotion are reviewed. Throughout the chapter, the relationships among mood and emotional disorders, alterations of emotional experiences, social communication, and quality of life, as well as treatment, are emphasized.

Delusion and Delirium in Neurodegenerative Disorders: An Overlooked Relationship?

Delusions are part of the neuropsychiatric symptoms that patients suffering from neurodegenerative conditions frequently develop at some point of the disease course and are associated with an increased risk of cognitive and functional decline. Delirium is a syndrome characterized by acute onset of deficits in attention, awareness, and cognition that fluctuate in severity over a short time period. Delusions and delirium are frequently observed in the context of neurodegeneration, and their presence can easily mislead clinicians toward a misdiagnosis of psychiatric disorder further delaying the proper treatment. Risk factors for developing delusion and delirium in neurodegenerative conditions have been investigated separately while the possible interplay between these two conditions has not been explored so far. With this study, we aim to achieve a more comprehensive picture of the relationship between delusions and delirium in neurodegeneration by analyzing prevalence and subtypes of delusions in different neurodegenerative disorders; providing an overview of clinical tools to assess delusions in neurodegenerative patients and how delusions are covered by delirium assessment tools and discussing the possible common pathophysiology mechanisms between delusion and delirium in neurodegenerative patients. A more extensive characterization of the relationship between delusions and delirium may help to understand whether delusions may constitute a risk factor for delirium and may ameliorate the management of both conditions in patients with neurodegenerative disorders.

Quality of Life in Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a complex, multisymptom disorder. When making decisions regarding the treatment of DLB, the patient's quality of life (QoL) should always be the main consideration. To our knowledge, this is the first review article focusing on the QoL in DLB patients. We searched the PubMed database using the keywords "quality of life" and "dementia with Lewy bodies." Previously, no specific instrument had been developed for assessing the QoL in DLB patients. Patients with DLB have a decreased QoL compared to patients with Alzheimer's disease, which is reportedly caused by several factors including level of independence in instrumental activities of daily living, whether the patient is living with the caregiver, apathy, delusion, and dysautonomia. The direct effect of visual hallucination, sleep, and movement disorders on the QoL in DLB patients has not been previously studied. The role of cognitive function on the QoL is still controversial. In a randomized controlled study, memantine may improve the QoL in PDD or DLB patients. We concluded that it is important to develop a specific instrument to assess the QoL in DLB patients. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for large clinical trials to identify factors associated with the QoL and how they can be managed.