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Kassew T, Tarekegn GE, Alamneh TS, Kassa SF, Liyew B, Terefe B. The prevalence and determinant factors of substance use among the youth in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1096863. [PMID: 37032924 PMCID: PMC10076630 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1096863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, the youth are more exposed to substances such as alcohol, Khat, and tobacco than other populations. Despite the seriousness of the situation, low- and middle-income nations, particularly Ethiopia, have intervention gaps. Service providers must be made more aware of relevant evidence to combat these problems. This research focused on finding out how common substance abuse is among teenagers and the factors that influence it. Methods The 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data were used for secondary data analysis. This survey includes all young people aged 15 to 24 years. The total sample size was 10,594 people. Due to the hierarchical nature of the survey data, a multilevel logistic regression model was employed to uncover the individual- and community-level characteristics related to substances. Results In Ethiopia, the overall current prevalence of occasional or daily substance use 30 days prior to the survey was 46.74%. Of the participants, 36.34, 12.56, and 0.95% were drinking alcohol, chewing Khat, and smoking cigarettes/any tobacco products, respectively. Male sex, 20-24 years of age, exposure to media, having a job, and living in large central and metropolitan regions were the factors associated with the problem. Conclusion According to the 2016 EDHS, substance use among young people is widespread in Ethiopia. To lower the prevalence of substance use among youth, policymakers must increase the implementation of official rules, such as restricting alcohol, Khat, and tobacco product marketing to minors, prohibiting smoking in public places, and banning mass-media alcohol advertising. Specific interventions targeting at-risk populations, such as youth, are mainly required in prominent central and metropolitan locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Kassew
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Tilahun Kassew
| | - Gebrekidan Ewnetu Tarekegn
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Sewunet Alamneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Selam Fisiha Kassa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bikis Liyew
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bewuketu Terefe
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Ransing R, de la Rosa PA, Pereira-Sanchez V, Handuleh JIM, Jerotic S, Gupta AK, Karaliuniene R, de Filippis R, Peyron E, Sönmez Güngör E, Boujraf S, Yee A, Vahdani B, Shoib S, Stowe MJ, Jaguga F, Dannatt L, da Silva AK, Grandinetti P, Jatchavala C. Current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries: cross-country comparisons and international perspectives. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2022. [PMID: 34735077 DOI: 10.4762/2237-6089-2021-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Varying public views on cannabis use across countries may explain the variation in the prevalence of use, policies, and research in individual countries, and global regulation of cannabis. This paper aims to describe the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries. METHODS PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 2010 to 2020. Searches were conducted using the relevant country of interest as a search term (e.g., "Iran"), as well as relevant predefined keywords such as "cannabis," "marijuana," "hashish," "bhang "dual diagnosis," "use," "addiction," "prevalence," "co-morbidity," "substance use disorder," "legalization" or "policy" (in English and non-English languages). These keywords were used in multiple combinations to create the search string for studies' titles and abstracts. Official websites of respective governments and international organizations were also searched in English and non-English languages (using countries national languages) to identify the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research in each of those countries. RESULTS The main findings were inconsistent and heterogeneous reporting of cannabis use, variation in policies (e.g., legalization), and variation in intervention strategies across the countries reviewed. European countries dominate the cannabis research output indexed on PubMed, in contrast to Asian countries (Thailand, Malaysia, India, Iran, and Nepal). CONCLUSIONS Although global cannabis regulation is ongoing, the existing heterogeneities across countries in terms of policies and epidemiology can increase the burden of cannabis use disorders disproportionately and unpredictably. There is an urgent need to develop global strategies to address these cross-country barriers to improve early detection, prevention, and interventions for cannabis use and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdas Ransing
- Department of Psychiatry, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pedro A de la Rosa
- Educación de la Afectividad y Sexualidad Humana, Instituto Cultura y Sociedad, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Victor Pereira-Sanchez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Stefan Jerotic
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Ruta Karaliuniene
- Elblandklinikum Radebeul Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Ekin Sönmez Güngör
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Erenköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Said Boujraf
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Sidi Mohamed ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Anne Yee
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University Malaya Centre of Addiction Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bita Vahdani
- Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin, Iran. Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheikh Shoib
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Hospital, Rainawari, Kashmir, India
| | - M J Stowe
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Lisa Dannatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Paolo Grandinetti
- Addictions Service, Department of Territorial Services, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Chonnakarn Jatchavala
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
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An Emerging Problem of Shisha Smoking among High School Students in Ethiopia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137023. [PMID: 34209200 PMCID: PMC8297266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shisha smoking is also known as hookah, water pipe, goza, and nargile. Shisha use among the young is increasing globally. Shisha smoke results in a high concentration of carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, and heavy metals which can be toxic to humans, especially with chronic exposure. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of shisha smoking among in-school adolescents in Ethiopia. Four regional states in Ethiopia (Oromia, Amhara, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Tigray) and the capital city (Addis Ababa) were the study areas. A two-stage cluster sampling approach was employed to produce a representative sample. From the sampling frames in the study areas, 36 high schools were selected randomly. A multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to account for cluster-specific random effects, the effect of individuals', and school-level variables for ever-use of shisha. A total of 3355 secondary school grade 9 and 10 students aged between 13 and 22 years took part in this study. A total of 86 (2.6%) and 20 (0.6%) of the study participants, reported that they had ever smoked or were current smokers of shisha, respectively. Of all study participants, 38.6% perceived shisha as less harmful than cigarettes and 48.5% reported that they do not know which was more harmful to health. Students were more likely to ever use shisha if they had friend/s who smoke shisha (AOR = 16.8, 95% CI: 6.4-44.3), ever smoked cigarettes (AOR = 8.2, 95% CI: 3.4-19.8), ever used khat (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9-10.4), ever used marijuana (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.4-11.1), ever used smokeless tobacco (AOR = 3.1 95% CI: 1.1-8.4), and students had received income from their parents (AOR = 3.1 CI: 1.1-8.8). Prevalence of ever and current use of shisha among high school students is low in Ethiopia compared to many countries in Africa. The majority of adolescents perceived shisha as less harmful to health than cigarette smoking. Health education about the harmful effects of shisha should be delivered to adolescents, along with information on other substances like khat, cigarettes, marijuana, and smokeless tobacco to prevent initiation of substance use.
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Olashore AA, Opondo PR, Ogunjumo JA, Ayugi JO. Cannabis Use Disorder Among First-Year Undergraduate Students in Gaborone, Botswana. Subst Abuse 2020; 14:1178221820904136. [PMID: 32214818 PMCID: PMC7065277 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820904136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) poses major clinical and public health concerns globally. It is a growing problem among the youth in Botswana, yet little research has been done on this subject. The present study hoped to address this gap in knowledge by determining the prevalence and associated factors of CUD among first-year university students in Botswana. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 first-year university undergraduates, using a modified version of the 37-item World Health Organization (WHO) drug questionnaire and DSM-5 criteria for CUD. The mean age of the respondents was 20.8 (SD = 1.5) years, and the male to female ratio was 1:1.1. Of the 401 students whose responses were analyzed, 37(9,2%) had used cannabis at least once in the last 12 months, but only 19 (4.7%) met the DSM-5 criteria for CUD. After binary regression analysis, difficulty in coping with the new environment/academic activities, receiving more than 150 USD monthly were positively associated with CUD, while regular participation in religious activities was negatively associated. CUD was found among the first-year undergraduates studied. Promoting protective activities such as religious activities and strengthening programs that teach students how to cope with academic stress and a new environment would be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Olashore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Botswana medical school, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Philip R Opondo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Botswana medical school, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - John A Ogunjumo
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - James O Ayugi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Botswana medical school, Gaborone, Botswana
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