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Chen XQ, Yu J. Global Demographic Characteristics and Pathogen Spectrum of Tinea Capitis. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:433-447. [PMID: 37012556 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Tinea capitis is an important superficial fungal infection with a global distribution. It mainly affects prepubertal children and is more common in males. Anthropophilic and zoophilic dermatophytes are responsible for most infections. The pathogen spectrum of tinea capitis varies across different regions and changes over time, and is influenced by multiple factors, such as economic development, changes in lifestyle, immigration and animal distribution. This review aimed to clarify the demographic and etiological characteristics of tinea capitis worldwide and determine the common trends of causative pathogens. By mainly analyzing the literature published from 2015 to 2022, we found that the incidence and demographic characteristics of tinea capitis remained generally stable. Zoophilic Microsporum canis, anthropophilic Trichophyton violaceum and Trichophyton tonsurans were the predominant pathogens. The pathogen spectra in different countries changed in different directions. In some countries, the main pathogen shifted to an anthropophilic dermatophyte, such as T. tonsurans, Microsporum audouinii or T. violaceum; in contrast, it shifted to a zoophilic agent, such as M. canis, in some other countries. Dermatologists are advised to continue monitoring the pathogen spectrum and implement preventive measures according to the reported changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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2
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Barani M, Paknia F, Roostaee M, Kavyani B, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D, Ajalli N, Amirbeigi A. Niosome as an Effective Nanoscale Solution for the Treatment of Microbial Infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:9933283. [PMID: 37621700 PMCID: PMC10447041 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9933283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous disorders go untreated owing to a lack of a suitable drug delivery technology or an appropriate therapeutic moiety, particularly when toxicities and side effects are a major concern. Treatment options for microbiological infections are not fulfilled owing to significant adverse effects or extended therapeutic options. Advanced therapy options, such as active targeting, may be preferable to traditional ways of treating infectious diseases. Niosomes can be defined as microscopic lamellar molecules formed by a mixture of cholesterol, nonionic surfactants (alkyl or dialkyl polyglycerol ethers), and sometimes charge-inducing agents. These molecules comprise both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties of varying solubilities. In this review, several pathogenic microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Plasmodium, Leishmania, and Candida spp. have been evaluated. Also, the development of a proper niosomal formulation for the required application was discussed. This review also reviews that an optimal formulation is dependent on several aspects, including the choice of nonionic surfactant, fabrication process, and fabrication parameters. Finally, this review will give information on the effectiveness of niosomes in treating acute microbial infections, the mechanism of action of niosomes in combating microbial pathogens, and the advantages of using niosomes over other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Barani
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Paknia
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Maryam Roostaee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Batoul Kavyani
- Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology & Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology (Bacteriology & Virology), Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Narges Ajalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Amirbeigi
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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3
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Rabaan AA, Alfaraj AH, Alshengeti A, Alawfi A, Alwarthan S, Alhajri M, Al-Najjar AH, Al Fares MA, Najim MA, Almuthree SA, AlShurbaji ST, Alofi FS, AlShehail BM, AlYuosof B, Alynbiawi A, Alzayer SA, Al Kaabi N, Abduljabbar WA, Bukhary ZA, Bueid AS. Antibodies to Combat Fungal Infections: Development Strategies and Progress. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030671. [PMID: 36985244 PMCID: PMC10051215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The finding that some mAbs are antifungal suggests that antibody immunity may play a key role in the defense of the host against mycotic infections. The discovery of antibodies that guard against fungi is a significant advancement because it gives rise to the possibility of developing vaccinations that trigger protective antibody immunity. These vaccines might work by inducing antibody opsonins that improve the function of non-specific (such as neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells) and specific (such as lymphocyte) cell-mediated immunity and stop or aid in eradicating fungus infections. The ability of antibodies to defend against fungi has been demonstrated by using monoclonal antibody technology to reconsider the function of antibody immunity. The next step is to develop vaccines that induce protective antibody immunity and to comprehend the mechanisms through which antibodies mediate protective effects against fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Amal H. Alfaraj
- Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulsalam Alawfi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alhajri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal H. Al-Najjar
- Drug & Poison Information Center, Pharmacy Department, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona A. Al Fares
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A. Najim
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Souad A. Almuthree
- Department of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan T. AlShurbaji
- Outpatient Pharmacy, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh 91877, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadwa S. Alofi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King Fahad Hospital, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M. AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Buthina AlYuosof
- Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Alynbiawi
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suha A. Alzayer
- Parasitology Laboratory Department, Qatif Comprehensive Inspection Center, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Al Kaabi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi 51900, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wesam A. Abduljabbar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakiyah A. Bukhary
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah 23325, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Bueid
- Microbiology Laboratory, King Faisal General Hospital, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Superficial Fungal Infection among Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central Nepal. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022; 2022:3088681. [PMID: 36247346 PMCID: PMC9553492 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3088681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections of hair, nail, and skin are common worldwide and tend to increase. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of dermatomycoses, estimate the efficiency of rapid potassium hydroxide (KOH) wet-mount, and observe the hygienic status and the predisposing risk factors. Altogether 115 samples (nail = 77, skin = 30, and hair = 8) were obtained in a duration of December 2019 to June 2020 at Grande International Hospital, Nepal. The samples were examined by KOH wet-mount microscopy and further processed for culture. The dermatophyte test medium (DTM) was used to isolate dermatophytes separately. The fungal colonies obtained in SDA, SDA with cycloheximide/chloramphenicol and dermatophyte medium were subjected to lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) reagent to study fungal morphology. The yeast colonies grown on SDA were subjected to Gram staining, germ-tube tests, and biochemical tests for identification. CHROMagar was used to distinguish different Candida species based on its pigment production in the medium. Various factors (age, sex, occupation, and hygiene condition) were analyzed which were associated with mycological infection. Out of 115 samples, the presence of fungal elements was detected in 20 samples by KOH. Nondermatophyte molds were the most isolated fungus in nails, skin, and hair, followed by yeast and dermatophytes, respectively. Dermatomycosis molds were the most common causative agents with 22 (14.7%) cases, followed by yeasts with 6 (5.21%) cases. Candida albicans was isolated from 5 (4.3%) cases, whereas Rhodotorula species accounted for a single (0.8%) case. Dermatophytes were isolated from 5 (4.3%) cases. Among them, n = 4(3.4%) cases revealed Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was isolated from single (0.8%) case. The most isolated nondermatophyte mold that follows criteria as a pathogen in our study was Cladosporium species 6 (25%) out of 27 total fungal isolates. Poor hygiene and sweating were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) in fungal cases detected by both KOH and culture. Dermatophytes and nondermatophyte fungi were emerging as important causes of fungal infection. Both direct microscopy and culture followed by LPCB together were vital tools for the diagnosis of fungal infections.
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Kumar MB, Gulati N, Chander J, Singla N, Bhalla M, Nayyar C, Sharma S, Kaur M. Species Distribution and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Dermatophytes from a Tertiary Care Centre in North India. J Lab Physicians 2022; 14:449-455. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Dermatophytoses, one of the most ancient diseases, is becoming a menace in recent times. This has made the knowledge of antifungal susceptibility a priority in today's times.
Material and Methods This is a prospective study conducted over 18 months including all dermatophytes isolated during the period. Dermatophytes were identified by routine phenotypic methods. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed for griseofulvin, terbinafine, and itraconazole as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute M38 A2, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were read after 5 days.
Results Patient details and associated risk factors were recorded. Fixed dose combinations with steroids were associated with 79.3% (46 out of 58) of patients with dermatophytosis of skin. Among the 72 dermatophytes isolated during the study period, 58 (80.5%) were isolated from skin scrapings and 14 (19.4%) from nail samples. Tinea corporis with cruris was the most common presentation. The most common dermatophyte isolated from skin scrapings was Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex (70.6%, 41 out of 58), while from nail samples it was Trichophyton rubrum complex (78.57%, 11 out of 14). Based on the MIC50 and MIC90 results, itraconazole showed the lowest MICs, followed by terbinafine and then griseofulvin.
Conclusion With the changing epidemiology of species distribution and antifungal resistance, there is a need for continuous surveillance of these parameters of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Bhushan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Gulati
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagdish Chander
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nidhi Singla
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mala Bhalla
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Charu Nayyar
- Department of Microbiology, Medanta Hospital, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manharpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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In Vitro Antidermatophytic and Biochemical Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Avicennia marina and Suaeda monoica Plants from the Yanbu Region. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many infectious diseases can be treated using herbal medicines. Therefore, plant materials play a major role in therapeutic medicine and are widely used in many developing countries. In this study, we analyzed the potential of Avicennia marina and Suaeda monoica leaf extracts as antidermatophytic agents. Molecular identification of the plant samples was performed via DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region using the primers ITS-u1 and ITS-u4. Leaf extracts of A. marina and S. monoica were prepared in cold and hot distilled water. Their antidermatophytic activities were evaluated against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum, Microsporum gallinae, M. gypseum, M. canis, Epidermophyton floccosum, Candida albicans, and C. tropicalis using the dry weight method. E. floccosum was the most sensitive to both cold extracts of A. marina and S. monoica, whereas T. verrucosum was the most sensitive to the hot extract of A. marina. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the hot extracts were determined. They ranged from 10 to 30 mg/ml, defining the anti-scavenging activity and total phenolic content of both plants. The hot extract of A. marina possessed the highest anti-scavenging activity (76%), whereas the cold extract of A. marina contained the highest phenolic content (40.06 mg/g dry weight). In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate and estimate some of the bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts.
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Osman M, Kasir D, Rafei R, Kassem II, Ismail MB, El Omari K, Dabboussi F, Cazer C, Papon N, Bouchara JP, Hamze M. Trends in the epidemiology of dermatophytosis in the Middle East and North Africa region. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:935-968. [PMID: 34766622 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis corresponds to a broad series of infections, mostly superficial, caused by a group of keratinophilic and keratinolytic filamentous fungi called dermatophytes. These mycoses are currently considered to be a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as those in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here we compiled and discussed existing epidemiologic data on these infections in the MENA region. Most of the available studies were based on conventional diagnostic strategies and were published before the last taxonomic revision of dermatophytes. This has led to misidentifications, which might have resulted in the underestimation of the real burden of these infections in the MENA countries. Our analysis of the available literature highlights an urgent need for further studies based on reliable diagnostic tools and standard susceptibility testing methods for dermatophytosis, which represents a major challenge for these countries. This is crucial for guiding appropriate interventions and activating antifungal stewardship programs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dalal Kasir
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Mohamad Bachar Ismail
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Quality Control Center Laboratories, Chamber of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture of Tripoli and North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Casey Cazer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, GEIHP, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | | | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Trościańczyk A, Dyląg M. New Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Analysis as a Potential Target for Identification of Trichophyton verrucosum in Different Culture Conditions. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111361. [PMID: 34832515 PMCID: PMC8618703 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are a group of filamentous fungi infecting skin, hair, and nails that raise great diagnostic difficulties. qRT-PCR is a reliable technique for quantifying gene expression with increasingly frequent use in mycological diagnostics. Knowledge of genes and molecular markers with potential to be used in the identification of dermatophytes is of great importance for the development of this branch of diagnostics. In this article, the suitability of six candidate reference genes (TUBB, ACTB, ADPRF, RPL2, SDHA, and EEF1A1) was investigated for gene expression analysis in the dermatophyte Trichophyton verrucosum, which was cultured in various mycological media that are commonly used in a diagnostic laboratory, i.e., Sabouraud, potato dextrose, and keratin-supplemented MM-Cove. The different culture conditions are extremely important factors for the growth and physiology of dermatophytes. Gene expression stability was evaluated using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder algorithms. Regarding the stability of expression, SDHA was the most stable housekeeping gene; hence, this gene is recommended for future qRT-PCR studies on T. verrucosum strains. These results allow us to conclude that the SDHA gene can be an additional good candidate as an identification target in the qRT-PCR technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.N.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (D.Ł.); Tel.: +48-81-445-60-93 (S.G.); +48-81-445-66-96 (D.Ł.)
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.N.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (D.Ł.); Tel.: +48-81-445-60-93 (S.G.); +48-81-445-66-96 (D.Ł.)
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.N.); (A.T.)
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Ndlovu B, Africa C, Klaasen J, Rahiman F. Does South Africa hold the key to the development of alternative treatments for resistant dermatophyte infections? A review. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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10
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Cosio T, Gaziano R, Zuccari G, Costanza G, Grelli S, Di Francesco P, Bianchi L, Campione E. Retinoids in Fungal Infections: From Bench to Bedside. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100962. [PMID: 34681186 PMCID: PMC8539705 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids-a class of chemical compounds derived from vitamin A or chemically related to it-are used especially in dermatology, oncohematology and infectious diseases. It has been shown that retinoids-from their first generation-exert a potent antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. In this review, we summarize current evidence on retinoids' efficacy as antifungal agents. Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane, Trials.gov) and reference lists of respective articles from 1946 to today. Only articles published in the English language were included. A total of thirty-nine articles were found according to the criteria. In this regard, to date, In vitro and In vivo studies have demonstrated the efficacy of retinoids against a broad-spectrum of human opportunistic fungal pathogens, including yeast fungi that normally colonize the skin and mucosal surfaces of humans such as Candida spp., Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Malassezia furfur, as well as environmental moulds such as Aspergillus spp., Fonsecae monofora and many species of dermatophytes associated with fungal infections both in humans and animals. Notwithstanding a lack of double-blind clinical trials, the efficacy, tolerability and safety profile of retinoids have been demonstrated against localized and systemic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Roberta Gaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (P.D.F.)
| | - Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Gaetana Costanza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Paolo Di Francesco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.G.); (P.D.F.)
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Sharma B, Nonzom S. Talaromyces stipitatus, a novel agent causing superficial mycosis in a diabetic patient from North India. Microbes Infect 2021; 24:104887. [PMID: 34536577 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among millions of reported fungal species, only a few hundred species are capable of causing diseases in humans and animals that range from superficial to life-threatening infections. Both immunocompetent as well as immunocompromised patients with underlying diseases, such as AIDS, diabetes, etc., are at higher risk of acquiring fungal infections. Superficial mycoses invade the stratum corneum and the outermost layers of the skin. The aim of the present study was to study clinical symptoms, isolate and identify the causal agent in the investigated patient along with sharing insights achieved through reviewing the literature. Direct microscopy, cultural, microscopic, and molecular characterization was done to identify the recovered causal agent. Herein, we report a case of superficial mycosis that affected the left foot of a 65-year-old diabetic male who was a farmer by occupation from district Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The pathogenic fungal species was identified as Talaromyces stipitatus. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on T. stipitatus as a causal agent of skin infection so far. Thus, the causal agent described in the research communication constitutes a new addition to the list of pathogenic non-dermatophytes associated superficially with human skin. In-vitro antifungal activity revealed fluconazole as the most effective antifungal agent against the causal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India.
| | - Skarma Nonzom
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180006, India.
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12
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Friedland R, Reiss-Huss S, Sabbah F, Ben Amitai D. Clinical clues and trends in epidemiology and pathogens in paediatric tinea capitis: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 47:50-56. [PMID: 34236716 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinea capitis is the most common dermatophyte infection in children. Pathogens differ between populations. During the past few decades pathogen shifts have been reported in many countries around the world. This study aimed to characterize the pathogens involved in tinea capitis in a large tertiary paediatric medical centre in Israel. METHODS The electronic medical records of the dermatology unit were searched for patients diagnosed with tinea capitis from 2010 to 2019, and demographic, clinical and mycological data were retrieved. A stepwise logistic regression was performed to determine the variables most significantly associated with positive cultures. RESULTS The prevalence of Trichophyton tonsurans isolates was found to be significantly increased during 2019. In the logistic regression analysis, alopecia was most significantly associated with a positive culture (OR = 8.72, 95% CI 4.29-17.7, P < 0.001) while positive culture was also associated with age (OR = 1.11 per year of age, 95% CI 1.02-1.22, P = 0.01) and Ethiopian ethnicity (OR = 3.67, 95% CI 1.42-9.45, P = 0.01). The presentation of alopecia was significantly related to having a positive culture. This symptom was more prevalent in boys than in girls, and the diagnosis of tinea capitis was delayed by an average of 2 months in girls. CONCLUSION The results of this study may herald a pathogen shift in Israel. Physicians should be aware that rates of alopecia are lower in girls and this can result in delayed diagnosis and the development of complications, including chronicity, scarring alopecia and kerion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Friedland
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Reiss-Huss
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - F Sabbah
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Ben Amitai
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Sharma B, Nonzom S. Superficial mycoses, a matter of concern: Global and Indian scenario-an updated analysis. Mycoses 2021; 64:890-908. [PMID: 33665915 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Superficial mycoses of skin, nails and hair are among the common fungal infections. They are caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte moulds, yeasts and yeast-like fungi. Such fungal infections are widespread all over the world and are predominant in tropical as well as subtropical regions. Environmental factors, such as warm, humid and pitiable hygienic conditions, are conducive for their growth and proliferation. Although it does not cause mortality, it is known to be associated with excessive morbidity which may be psychological or physical. This affects the quality of life of the infected individuals which leads to a negative impact on their occupational, emotional and social status. Such infections are increasing on a global scale and, therefore, are of serious concern worldwide. This review article covers the global and Indian scenario of superficial mycoses taking into account the historical background, aetiological agents, prevalence, cultural and environmental factors, risk factors, pathogenesis and hygienic practices for the prevention of superficial mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Skarma Nonzom
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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14
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Araya S, Abuye M, Negesso AE. Epidemiological Characterization of Dermatomycosis in Ethiopia. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:83-89. [PMID: 33519223 PMCID: PMC7837531 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s292286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Superficial mycosis is common worldwide and their epidemiological characteristics are different in different geographical areas and have shown variations in the last decades. The aim of this study was to analyze and characterize the epidemiology of dermatomycosis and their causative fungi species in Ethiopia between 2015 and 2019. Methods A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted using the data of mycological examination and culture findings from all patients who visited the Dermatology Department of Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The direct wet mount microscopy and culture data of the isolates were collected from the database of the dermatology unit from 2015 to 2019 after permission was obtained from the laboratory head. The data were double-entered into Microsoft Excel, exported and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results The total prevalence of fungi causing dermatomycosis was 67.7% (760/1122 cases) using direct wet mount microscopy and from these 489/1122 (43.5%) were culture positive. Dermatomycosis was found to be higher among females 694/1122 (61.9%) than male participants. Age group 25–44 years was the most affected 442/1122 (39.4%) followed by 1–14 years old 291/1122 (25.94%). Tinea unguium (50.8%) is the most common type of dermatomycosis followed by tinea capitis (24.1%) and tinea corporis (13.9%). Trichophyton spp. (32%) was the most highly distributed causative agent, followed by Epidermophyton spp. (20.2%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (8.3%). Conclusion The retrospective analysis of epidemiological data collected at Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory since 2015 showed a gradual increase in the frequency of tinea unguium and tinea pedis. However, during the past years, there was a gradual decline in the frequency of tinea corporis. In parallel with this variable pattern, the rate of isolation of non-dermatophytes especially Aspergillus fumigates and Candida species has shown a gradual increment during the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambel Araya
- Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Million Abuye
- Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Edao Negesso
- Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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15
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Petrucelli MF, de Abreu MH, Cantelli BAM, Segura GG, Nishimura FG, Bitencourt TA, Marins M, Fachin AL. Epidemiology and Diagnostic Perspectives of Dermatophytoses. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E310. [PMID: 33238603 PMCID: PMC7712040 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytoses affect about 25% of the world population, and the filamentous fungus Trichophyton rubrum is the main causative agent of this group of diseases. Dermatomycoses are caused by pathogenic fungi that generally trigger superficial infections and that feed on keratinized substrates such as skin, hair, and nails. However, there are an increasing number of reports describing dermatophytes that invade deep layers such as the dermis and hypodermis and that can cause deep infections in diabetic and immunocompromised patients, as well as in individuals with immunodeficiency. Despite the high incidence and importance of dermatophytes in clinical mycology, the diagnosis of this type of infection is not always accurate. The conventional methods most commonly used for mycological diagnosis are based on the identification of microbiological and biochemical features. However, in view of the limitations of these conventional methods, molecular diagnostic techniques are increasingly being used because of their higher sensitivity, specificity and rapidity and have become more accessible. The most widely used molecular techniques are conventional PCR, quantitative PCR, multiplex PCR, nested, PCR, PCR-RFLP, and PCR-ELISA. Another promising technique for the identification of microorganisms is the analysis of protein profiles by MALDI-TOF MS. Molecular techniques are promising but it is necessary to improve the quality and availability of the information in genomic and proteomic databases in order to streamline the use of bioinformatics in the identification of dermatophytes of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monise Fazolin Petrucelli
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariana Heinzen de Abreu
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Bruna Aline Michelotto Cantelli
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Gabriela Gonzalez Segura
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Felipe Garcia Nishimura
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Tamires Aparecida Bitencourt
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Lúcia Fachin
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
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Mycosis of the Plantar Surface of Foot Owing to Nondermatophyte Mold Nodulisporium griseobrunneum Mimicking a Tinea Pedis. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:1033-1040. [PMID: 32816251 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nondermatophyte molds (NDM) and dematiaceous molds are less frequently implicated as the etiological agents of tinea-like infections of the foot. Among the etiological agents, Hendersonula toruloidea (now, Nattrassia mangiferae), Scytalidium hyalinum, Alternaria species (spp.), and Fusarium spp. are infrequently associated with foot mycoses. Nodulisporium (N.) spp. is a mitosporic NDM, which has been implicated in human infections like cerebral phaeohyphomycosis and allergic fungal sinusitis. Here, we report N. griseobrunneum in a 9-year-old female with mycosis of the plantar surface of foot mimicking a tinea pedis. Potassium hydroxide mount of skin specimen demonstrated dichotomous branching septate hyphae. Fungal culture and molecular sequencing established N. griseobrunneum as the etiological agent. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed lower MICs to all seven drugs tested including itraconazole (ITR). The patient was treated with ITR and topical terbinafine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first communication depicting molecular confirmation of the etiologic agent and antifungal susceptibility data of the mycosis of the plantar surface of foot owing to N. griseobrunneum from India.
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Maeda J, Koga H, Yuasa K, Neki D, Nanjoh Y, Inagaki K, Reangchainam S, Kampirapap K, Makimura K, Harada K, Tsuboi R. In vitro antifungal activity of luliconazole against nondermatophytic moulds. Med Mycol 2020; 58:703-706. [PMID: 31758690 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro antifungal activity of luliconazole against nondermatophytic moulds causing superficial infections was compared with that of five classes of 12 topical and systemic drugs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drugs against the genera of Neoscytalidium, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Scedosporium, and Alternaria was measured via modified microdilution method. In results, the nondermatophytic moulds were found to be less susceptible to drugs to which Neoscytalidium spp. and Fusarium spp. were typically drug resistant. However, luliconazole was effective against all the genera tested, including afore-mentioned two species, and had the lowest MICs among the drugs tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Maeda
- Research Center, Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd
| | | | - Kou Yuasa
- Research Center, Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Koichi Makimura
- Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University
| | | | - Ryoji Tsuboi
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical University
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18
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Kopiński Ł. Population differentiation, antifungal susceptibility, and host range of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates causing recalcitrant infections in humans and animals. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:2099-2113. [PMID: 32607909 PMCID: PMC7561545 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The major problems in determining the causative factors of the high prevalence of dermatophytoses include the lack of a well-standardized antifungal susceptibility testing method, the low consistency of in vitro and clinical minimal inhibitory concentration values, the high genomic diversity of the population, and the unclear mechanism of pathogenicity. These factors are of particular importance when the disease is recalcitrant and relapses. Herein, we identified and characterized Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates obtained from therapy-resistant cases in humans and animals. We used genomic diversity analysis of 17 human and 27 animal clinical isolates with the MP-PCR technique, determined their phenotypic enzymatic activity and host range, and performed antifungal susceptibility testing to currently available antifungal drugs from various chemical groups. Genomic diversity values of 35.3% and 33.3% were obtained for clinical isolates from humans and animals, respectively, yet without any relationship to the host species or antifungal drug to which resistance in therapy was revealed. The highest activity of keratinase enzymes was recorded for fox, guinea pig, and human hairs. These hosts can be considered as the main species in the host range of these isolates. A phenyl morpholine derivative, i.e. amorolfine, exhibited superior activity against strains obtained from both humans and animals with the lowest MIC50. Interestingly, high compliance of terbinafine in vitro resistance with clinical problems in the treatment with this substance was shown as well. The high resistance of dermatophytes to drugs is the main cause of the recalcitrance of the infection, whereas the other features of the fungus are less important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kopiński
- Faculty of Agrobioengineering, Department of Management and Marketing, University of Life Sciences, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-626, Lublin, Poland
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Mannix MK, Marlin L, Rothman I, Islam S. Refractory tinea caused by Aspergillus niger. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/6/e235269. [PMID: 32601143 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-235269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kathryn Mannix
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lisa Marlin
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, John R Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ilene Rothman
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, John R Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Shamim Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Araya S, Tesfaye B, Fente D. Epidemiology of Dermatophyte and Non-Dermatophyte Fungi Infection in Ethiopia. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:291-297. [PMID: 32308463 PMCID: PMC7152551 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s246183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Dermatophytosis represents one of the common infectious diseases worldwide and it is a major public health problem around the globe. The disease causes considerable morbidity and still continues to increase especially in developing countries. Objective This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of dermatophytes and the spectrum of fungal agents in patients attending Rank Higher Specialized Dermatology Clinic. Methods A cross-sectional study has been conducted, in which 318 samples from 318 suspected patients were collected. Samples include hair, nail, and skin. A portion of each sample was examined microscopically and the remaining portion of each sample was cultured onto plates of Sabouraud's dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol with and without cycloheximide. Isolates were identified by studying the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the colonies. Results Tinea capitis was the predominant clinical manifestation accounting for 53.4% of the cases. Patients with age group 1-14 years were more affected. Of 318 samples, fungi were detected in 133 (54.4%) by direct wet mount while 148/315 (46.5%) of them were culture positive. From these 72/148 (46.8%) were dermatophytes. T. tonsurans was the most common pathogen in tinea capitis, whereas T. mentagrophytes was the most common pathogen in tinea corporis. Among dermatophyte isolates, T. tonsurans 29/72 (40.2%) was the most common cause of infection. Among non-dermatophyte molds, Cladosporiumspp. 21/63 (33.3%) was predominant isolate followed by Neoscytalidim dimidatum 11/63 (17.4%) and Alternariaspp. 9/63 (14.2%), respectively. Yeasts also account for 13 (8.7%) of the total suspects of dermatophytosis. Conclusion In this study, the prevalence of dermatophytes was higher in tinea capitis 46/72 (63.8%) and T. tonsurans 29/72 (40%) was the dominant-isolated dermatophyte. Recovery of a large number of dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte fungi in our study showed that non-dermatophyte fungi are emerging as important causes of dermatophytosis warranting further intensive epidemiological studies that have public health significance are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambel Araya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Betelhem Tesfaye
- Rank Higher Specialized Dermatology Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Fente
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A. Major challenges and perspectives in the diagnostics and treatment of dermatophyte infections. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:212-232. [PMID: 32048417 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the aetiological factors of a majority of superficial fungal infections. What distinguishes them from other pathogenic filamentous fungi is their unique ability to degrade keratin. The remarkable ability of this group of fungi to survive in different ecosystems results from their morphological and ecological diversity as well as high adaptability to changing environmental conditions. Paradoxically, despite the progress in medicine, the prevalence of dermatophyte infections is increasing from year to year. At the beginning of the third millennium, practical diagnostic and therapeutic options are still very limited. This review focuses on understanding the major problems in this aspect of dermatophyte infections and indicates future strategies and perspectives for novel approaches to identification and drugs for elimination of dermatophytes. Particular importance is placed on development of a strategy for a diagnostic pathway and implementation of rapid and reliable diagnostics methods designed by international teams. Furthermore, among compounds that currently arouse great interest, representatives of terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and essential oils deserve attention. Many of these compounds are undergoing clinical trials as potential antifungal agents, and future research should focus on attempts at determination of the applicability of tested substances. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages in implementation of new diagnostic paths and medicinal substances for routine use are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Kalita JM, Sharma A, Bhardwaj A, Nag VL. Dermatophytoses and spectrum of dermatophytes in patients attending a teaching hospital in Western Rajasthan, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:1418-1421. [PMID: 31143732 PMCID: PMC6510104 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_159_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: About 20–25% of the world's populations are infected with dermatophyte and the incidence of the disease is increasing steadily. In India, the cause of dermatophytoses is adversely influenced by economic factors such as poverty, poor hygiene and social conditions like overcrowding. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, etiological agents, and distribution patterns of the disease among the patients attending a teaching hospital, Jodhpur. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Microbiology and Department of Dermatology of a teaching hospital, Jodhpur from January 2017 to May 2018. The microbiological records of potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount examination and the fungal culture report of skin, hair, and nail samples during the study period were analyzed. Results: A total 363 skin, hair, and nail samples were received for fungal culture as investigations requested by dermatologist. Out of total 363 samples, KOH mount was positive in 58.4% and the culture was positive in 44.07% cases. Dermatophyte was isolated in 40.22% cases. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the predominant dermatophyte (55%) isolated followed by T. tonsurans (22.5%) and T. rubrum (6.25%). Conclusion: The present study gives an insight about the prevalence and distribution pattern of dermatophytoses in Jodhpur, India. Tinea corporis was the most commonly diagnosed clinical condition followed by Tinea cruris. T. mentagrophytes was implicated as the predominating species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitu Mani Kalita
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anuradha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Bhardwaj
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Nag
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajasthan, India
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