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Zhu Y, Li J, Dai L, Feng W. Ginsenoside Rh2 Alleviate Sepsis-related Encephalopathy via Up-regulating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway and Apoptosis Inhibition. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01488-2. [PMID: 39187743 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis patients are highly prone to sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) complications, resulting in a high mortality rate. Recently, there has been no specific treatment for long-term improvement of cerebral function. Ginsenoside Rh2 is a form of steroidal saponins isolated from plant ginseng and has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory as well as neuroprotective characteristics; yet, the effect of ginsenoside Rh2 on SAE treatment is obscure. Accordingly, we proposed to investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rh2 in alleviating SAE damage. We established and utilized the SAE mouse model to determine the effect of Rh2 treatment on alleviating SAE. We determined the expression levels of Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as measured neural apoptosis by flow cytometry. Also, we quantified the levels of caspase-3, malondialdehyde (MDA), GSH-Px superoxide dismutase (SOD) and evaluated the animals' neural reflex function. First, used Rh2 to treat microglia BV2 and mouse neuron MN-c whether LPS exist or not, and then measured expression level of Iba-1, apoptotic rate, and ROS content applying flow cytometry. Also, we quantified the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In comparison with the Sham group, the SAE model exhibited an elevated MDA content, caspase-3 activity, and cell apoptosis. On the other hand, the GSH-Px activity and SOD level were decreased along with a decreased neural reflex score. Our investigation concluded that Rh2 treatment significantly alleviated SAE damage and inhibited LPS-induced response via up-regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to promote anti-oxidative stress capacity and inhibit neural cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jinhang Li
- Department of Hemodialysis Room, Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Lijun Dai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Li Z, Li Y, Liu C, Gu Y, Han G. Research progress of the mechanisms and applications of ginsenosides in promoting bone formation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155604. [PMID: 38614042 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone deficiency-related diseases caused by various factors have disrupted the normal function of the skeleton and imposed a heavy burden globally, urgently requiring potential new treatments. The multi-faceted role of compounds like ginsenosides and their interaction with the bone microenvironment, particularly osteoblasts can promote bone formation and exhibit anti-inflammatory, vascular remodeling, and antibacterial properties, holding potential value in the treatment of bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering. PURPOSE This review summarizes the interaction between ginsenosides and osteoblasts and the bone microenvironment in bone formation, including vascular remodeling and immune regulation, as well as their therapeutic potential and toxicity in the broad treatment applications of bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering, to provide novel insights and treatment strategies. METHODS The literature focusing on the mechanisms and applications of ginsenosides in promoting bone formation before March 2024 was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Keywords such as "phytochemicals", "ginsenosides", "biomaterials", "bone", "diseases", "bone formation", "microenvironment", "bone tissue engineering", "rheumatoid arthritis", "periodontitis", "osteoarthritis", "osteoporosis", "fracture", "toxicology", "pharmacology", and combinations of these keywords were used. RESULTS Ginsenoside monomers regulate signaling pathways such as WNT/β-catenin, FGF, and BMP/TGF-β, stimulating osteoblast generation and differentiation. It exerts angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the bone surrounding microenvironment through signaling such as WNT/β-catenin, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Notch. It shows therapeutic effects and biological safety in the treatment of bone deficiency-related diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, osteoporosis, and fractures, and bone tissue engineering by promoting osteogenesis and improving the microenvironment of bone formation. CONCLUSION The functions of ginsenosides are diverse and promising in treating bone deficiency-related diseases and bone tissue engineering. Moreover, potential exists in regulating the bone microenvironment, modifying biomaterials, and treating inflammatory-related bone diseases and dental material applications. However, the mechanisms and effects of some ginsenoside monomers are still unclear, and the lack of clinical research limits their clinical application. Further exploration and evaluation of the potential of ginsenosides in these areas are expected to provide more effective methods for treating bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Yuqing Gu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China.
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Rameshrad M, Naraki K, Memariani Z, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of Panax ginseng as a medical food against chemical toxic agents: molecular and cellular mechanisms. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03186-5. [PMID: 38861010 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different types of toxic agents, which may directly induce organ malfunction or indirectly alter gene expression, leading to carcinogenic and teratogenic effects, and eventually death. Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is the most valuable of all medicinal herbs. Nevertheless, specific data on the antidotal mechanisms of this golden herb are currently unavailable. Based on the findings of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, this review focused on the probable protective mechanisms of ginseng and its major components, such as protopanaxadiols, protopanaxatriols, and pentacyclic ginsenosides against various chemical toxic agents. Relevant articles from 2000 to 2023 were gathered from PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. This literature review shows that P. ginseng and its main components have protective and antidotal effects against the deteriorative effects of pesticides, pharmaceutical agents, including acetaminophen, doxorubicin, isoproterenol, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, and gentamicin, ethanol, and some chemical agents. These improvements occur through multi-functional mechanisms. They exhibit antioxidant activity, induce anti-inflammatory action, and block intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. However, relevant clinical trials are necessary to validate the mentioned effects and translate the knowledge from basic science to human benefit, fulfilling the fundamental goal of all toxicologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rameshrad
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Karim Naraki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Memariani
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Castillo-Ordoñez WO, Cajas-Salazar N, Velasco-Reyes MA. Genetic and epigenetic targets of natural dietary compounds as anti-Alzheimer's agents. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:846-854. [PMID: 37843220 PMCID: PMC10664119 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia that principally affects older adults. Pathogenic factors, such as oxidative stress, an increase in acetylcholinesterase activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, genotoxicity, and neuroinflammation are present in this syndrome, which leads to neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease are considered late-onset diseases caused by the complex combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. There are two main types of Alzheimer's disease, known as familial Alzheimer's disease (onset < 65 years) and late-onset or sporadic Alzheimer's disease (onset ≥ 65 years). Patients with familial Alzheimer's disease inherit the disease due to rare mutations on the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2) genes in an autosomal-dominantly fashion with closely 100% penetrance. In contrast, a different picture seems to emerge for sporadic Alzheimer's disease, which exhibits numerous non-Mendelian anomalies suggesting an epigenetic component in its etiology. Importantly, the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms driving Alzheimer's disease are interfaced with epigenetic dysregulation. However, the dynamic nature of epigenetics seems to open up new avenues and hope in regenerative neurogenesis to improve brain repair in Alzheimer's disease or following injury or stroke in humans. In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in using natural products for the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease. Through epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, histone modification, and chromatin conformation regulation, natural compounds appear to exert neuroprotective effects. While we do not purport to cover every in this work, we do attempt to illustrate how various phytochemical compounds regulate the epigenetic effects of a few Alzheimer's disease-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Orlando Castillo-Ordoñez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales-Exactas y de la Educación, Departamento de Biología. Universidad del Cauca, Popayán-Cauca, Colombia
- Departamento de Estudios Psicológicos, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nohelia Cajas-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales-Exactas y de la Educación, Departamento de Biología. Universidad del Cauca, Popayán-Cauca, Colombia
| | - Mayra Alejandra Velasco-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales-Exactas y de la Educación, Departamento de Biología. Universidad del Cauca, Popayán-Cauca, Colombia
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Dana SMMA, Meghdadi M, Kakhki SK, Khademi R. Anti-leukemia effects of ginsenoside monomer: A narrative review of pharmacodynamics study. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2024; 100:100739. [PMID: 38706463 PMCID: PMC11066596 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Leukemia is a prevalent disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. Current therapeutic approaches are expensive and have side effects. Objective In this investigation, we reviewed studies that investigated the anticancer effects of ginsenoside derivatives against leukemia and also explained the three main Ginsenoside derivatives (ginsenoside Rg3, Rh2, and Rg1) separately. Methods An extensive search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and relevant studies that investigated anticancer effects of ginsenoside derivatives against leukemia cancer were extracted and reviewed. Results Preclinical studies reported that ginsenoside derivatives can induce apoptosis, suppress the proliferation of cancer cells, and induce differentiation and cell cycle arrest in leukemia cells. in addition, it can suppress the chemokine activity and extramedullary infiltration of leukemia cells from bone marrow. using herbal medicine and its derivatives is a promising approach to current health problems. Conclusion This review shows that ginsenoside derivatives can potentially suppress the growth of leukemia cells via various pathways and can be applied as a new natural medicine for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadreza Meghdadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Khayat Kakhki
- Department of Gerontological Nursing, School of Nursing, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Reza Khademi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Yang G, Gao Y, Gao L, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Wang C, Li S. Increasing minor ginsenosides contents and enhancing neuroprotective effects of total ginsenosides fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105769. [PMID: 38065234 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Minor ginsenosides have been proven to have higher pharmacological activity than the major ginsenosides. The transformation of major ginsenosides to minor ginsenosides by lactic acid bacteria was considered to be a promising method. Therefore, this study focuses on utilizing glycosidase-producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GLP40 to transform total ginsenosides (TG) and increase the content of minor ginsenosides, as well as investigate the neuroprotective effects of fermented total ginsenosides (FTG). After 21d fermentation, the transformation products were purified using D101 macroporous resin column chromatography, and identified by HPLC and LC-MS analyses. The neuroprotective effect of FTG was evaluated using MPTP-induced neural injury mice model. Lact. plantarum GLP40 fermentation increased the contents of minor ginsenosides in TG, such as Rg3, Rh2, CK, and Rk3. FTG showed stronger alleviation of 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Hydrochloride (MPTP) induced memory loss and dyskinesia in mice, and inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) depletion and ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) production than TG. Further, FTG significantly increased serum IL-10 levels and inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to TG. Moreover, FTG treatment activated the anti-apoptotic PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibited the expression of the inflammatory NF-κB/COX-2/iNOS pathway. In conclusion, Lact. plantarum GLP40 fermentation enhances the neuroprotective effects of total ginsenosides by increasing minor ginsenosides. FTG protected MPTP induced neural injury in mice by regulating inflammation and cell apoptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Yansong Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Lei Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Zijian Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Yujuan Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Shengyu Li
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China.
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Pradhan SP, Tejaswani P, Behera A, Sahu PK. Phytomolecules from conventional to nano form: Next-generation approach for Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102136. [PMID: 38000511 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing exponentially worldwide. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by factors like oxidative stress, gene mutation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotoxins, activation of microglial inflammatory mediators, deposition of Lewy's bodies, and α- synuclein proteins in the neurons leading to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. Hence the development of efficacious neuro-therapy is in demand which can prevent neurodegeneration and protect the nigrostriatal pathway. One of the approaches for managing PD is reducing oxidative stress due to aging and other co-morbid diseased conditions. The phytomolecules are reported as safe and efficacious antioxidants as they contain different secondary metabolites. However, the limitations of low solubility restricted permeability through the blood-brain barrier, and low bioavailability limits their clinical evaluation and application. This review discusses the therapeutic efficacy of phytomolecules in PD and different nanotechnological approaches to improve their brain permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Priyadarshini Pradhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - P Tejaswani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Anindita Behera
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Pratap Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Zhang M, Niu H, Li Q, Jiao L, Li H, Wu W. Active Compounds of Panax ginseng in the Improvement of Alzheimer's Disease and Application of Spatial Metabolomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:38. [PMID: 38256872 PMCID: PMC10818864 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is one of the more common traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). It contains numerous chemical components and exhibits a range of pharmacological effects. An enormous burden is placed on people's health and life by Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition. Recent research has shown that P. ginseng's chemical constituents, particularly ginsenosides, have a significant beneficial impact on the prevention and management of neurological disorders. To understand the current status of research on P. ginseng to improve AD, this paper discusses the composition of P. ginseng, its mechanism of action, and its clinical application. The pathogenesis of AD includes amyloid beta protein (Aβ) generation and aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidant stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, and neurotransmitter and gut microbiota disorders. This review presents the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of the active ingredients in P. ginseng involved in improving AD from the perspective of AD pathogenesis. A P. ginseng-related signaling pathway network was constructed to provide effective targets for the treatment of AD. In addition, the application of spatial metabolomics techniques in studying P. ginseng and AD is discussed. In summary, this paper discusses research perspectives for the study of P. ginseng in the treatment of AD, including a systematic and in-depth review of the mechanisms of action of the active substances in P. ginseng, and evaluates the feasibility of applying spatial metabolomics in the study of AD pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.Z.); (H.N.); (Q.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.Z.); (H.N.); (Q.L.); (L.J.)
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Elahinia A, Hassanpour S, Ghotbitabar Z. Effects of Ginsenosides on Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Convulsions during Estrus Cycle in Rat. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:1359-1364. [PMID: 38226383 PMCID: PMC10787919 DOI: 10.32592/ari.2023.78.4.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng is known as the king of all herbs in terms of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and recently has become more involved in the treatment of neurological diseases. In this regard, this study aimed to determine the effects of Ginsenosides on pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy during the estrus cycle. For this purpose, 30 rats were randomly divided into five groups, namely control (saline), valproic acid (VPA, 75 mg/kg), Ginsenosides (50 mg/kg), Ginsenosides (100 mg/kg), and Ginsenosides (150 mg/kg) with four subgroups (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus). Subsequently, the initiation time of myoclonic seizures (ITMS), initiation time of tonic-clonic seizures (ITTS), and seizure duration (SD) were determined. According to the results, ITMS and ITTS significantly increased in the VPA-treated group (P<0.05). Ginsenosides (100 and 150 mg/kg) administration significantly increased ITMS and ITTS (P<0.05). Moreover, the ITMS and ITTS in Ginsenosides-treated rats were significantly higher in luteal phases, compared to the follicular phase (P<0.05). In addition, pretreatment with VPA significantly decreased SD, compared to the control group (P<0.05). A significant decrease in SD was observed in the rats pretreated with ginsenosides (100 and 150 mg/kg) (P<0.05). Seizure duration significantly decreased in animals that received Ginsenosides in luteal phases, compared to the follicular phase (P<0.05). These results suggested that Ginsenosides have anticonvulsant effects that are more prominent during the luteal phase than the follicular phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elahinia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sh Hassanpour
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Ghotbitabar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Yoon EJ, Ahn JW, Kim HS, Choi Y, Jeong J, Joo SS, Park D. Improvement of Cognitive Function by Fermented Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Berries Extracts in an AF64A-Induced Memory Deficit Model. Nutrients 2023; 15:3389. [PMID: 37571326 PMCID: PMC10421307 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential therapeutic properties of fermented ginseng berry extract (GBE) for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Fermented GBE was examined for its ginsenoside content and physiological properties, which have been suggested to have neuroprotective effects and improve cognitive function. The results showed that fermented GBE contains high levels of major active ginsenosides and exhibits antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Post-fermented GBE demonstrated therapeutic potential in AF64A-induced damaged neural stem cells and an animal model of AD. These findings suggest that fermented GBE may hold promise as a candidate for developing new therapeutic interventions for memory deficits and cognitive disorders associated with AD and other neurodegenerative conditions. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of fermented GBE in human subjects and to determine its clinical applications. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that fermented GBE has potential as a natural product for the prevention and treatment of AD. The high levels of active ginsenosides and antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of fermented GBE suggest that it may be a promising therapeutic agent for improving cognitive function and reducing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Yoon
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology Education, Republic of Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Jeong-Won Ahn
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.A.); (H.-S.K.)
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.A.); (H.-S.K.)
| | - Yunseo Choi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology Education, Republic of Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Jiwon Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology Education, Republic of Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Seong-Soo Joo
- College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung 25457, Gangwon, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.A.); (H.-S.K.)
- Huscion MAJIC R&D Center, 331 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam 13488, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsun Park
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Medicine, Department of Biology Education, Republic of Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.Y.); (J.J.)
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Sharari S, Vaikath NN, Tsakou M, Ghanem SS, Vekrellis K. Screening for Novel Inhibitors of Amyloid Beta Aggregation and Toxicity as Potential Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11326. [PMID: 37511086 PMCID: PMC10379574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AD is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory impairment and cognitive deficits. The pathology of AD is still unclear; however, several studies have shown that the aggregation of the Aβ peptide in the CNS is an exclusively pathological process involved in AD. Currently, there is no proven medication to cure or prevent the disease progression. Nevertheless, various therapeutic approaches for AD show only relief of symptoms and mostly work on cognitive recovery. However, one of the promising approaches for therapeutic intervention is to use inhibitors for blocking the Aβ peptide aggregation process. Recently, herbal phenolic compounds have been shown to have a therapeutic property for treatment of AD due to their multifaceted action. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of SA, Gn Rb1, and DMyr on inhibiting the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ40 and Aβ42 using different biochemical and cell-based assays. Our results showed that SA and DMyr inhibit Aβ40 and Aβ42 fibrillation, seeded aggregation, and toxicity. Gn Rb1 did not have any effect on the aggregation or toxicity induced by Aβ40 and Aβ42. Moreover, SA and DMyr were able to disaggregate the preformed fibrils. Overall, these compounds may be used alone or synergistically and could be considered as a lead for designing new compounds that could be used as effective treatment of AD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa Sharari
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar
| | - Nishant N Vaikath
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar
| | - Magdalini Tsakou
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar
| | - Simona S Ghanem
- Neurological Disorder Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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12
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Tong A, Liu W, Wang H, Liu X, Xia G, Zhu J. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the cell wall and aluminum toxicity related to rusty root syndrome of Panax ginseng. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1142211. [PMID: 37384362 PMCID: PMC10293891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1142211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Rusty root syndrome is a common and serious disease in the process of Panax ginseng cultivation. This disease greatly decreases the production and quality of P. ginseng and causes a severe threat to the healthy development of the ginseng industry. However, its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was used for comparative transcriptome analysis of healthy and rusty root-affected ginseng. The roots of rusty ginseng showed 672 upregulated genes and 526 downregulated genes compared with the healthy ginseng roots. There were significant differences in the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction. Further analysis showed that the cell wall synthesis and modification of ginseng has a strong response to rusty root syndrome. Furthermore, the rusty ginseng increased aluminum tolerance by inhibiting Al entering cells through external chelating Al and cell wall-binding Al. The present study establishes a molecular model of the ginseng response to rusty roots. Our findings provide new insights into the occurrence of rusty root syndrome, which will reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of ginseng response to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Guangqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Junyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
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13
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Bai S, Zhang G, Han Y, Ma J, Bai B, Gao J, Zhang Z. Ginsenosides and Polysaccharides from Ginseng Co-Fermented with Multi-Enzyme-Coupling Probiotics Improve In Vivo Immunomodulatory Effects. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112434. [PMID: 37299397 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The active components of ginseng, such as ginsenosides and polysaccharides, have high therapeutic value in treating cancer, decreasing obesity, and enhancing immunity. However, simple primary ginseng treatment cannot maximize this medicinal potential. Therefore, in this study, Panax ginseng was co-fermented with multi-enzyme-coupling probiotics to obtain a fermentation broth with higher levels of ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and probiotics. When compared to other treatment methods for cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice, the results reveal that the P. ginseng fermentation broth treated with multi-enzyme-coupling probiotics could significantly improve the immune function of immunosuppressive mice and restore intestinal flora stability. Overall, this processing method will provide a novel strategy for promoting the application of ginseng and the relief of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Bai
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guangyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yaqin Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jianwei Ma
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jingjie Gao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zuoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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14
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Majnooni MB, Fakhri S, Ghanadian SM, Bahrami G, Mansouri K, Iranpanah A, Farzaei MH, Mojarrab M. Inhibiting Angiogenesis by Anti-Cancer Saponins: From Phytochemistry to Cellular Signaling Pathways. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030323. [PMID: 36984763 PMCID: PMC10052344 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponins are one of the broadest classes of high-molecular-weight natural compounds, consisting mainly of a non-polar moiety with 27 to 30 carbons and a polar moiety containing sugars attached to the sapogenin structure. Saponins are found in more than 100 plant families as well as found in marine organisms. Saponins have several therapeutic effects, including their administration in the treatment of various cancers. These compounds also reveal noteworthy anti-angiogenesis effects as one of the critical strategies for inhibiting cancer growth and metastasis. In this study, a comprehensive review is performed on electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. Accordingly, the structural characteristics of triterpenoid/steroid saponins and their anti-cancer effects were highlighted, focusing on their anti-angiogenic effects and related mechanisms. Consequently, the anti-angiogenic effects of saponins, inhibiting the expression of genes related to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) are two main anti-angiogenic mechanisms of triterpenoid and steroidal saponins. The inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways that stimulate angiogenesis, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), and phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), are other anti-angiogenic mechanisms of saponins. Furthermore, the anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer activity of saponins was closely related to the binding site of the sugar moiety, the type and number of their monosaccharide units, as well as the presence of some functional groups in their aglycone structure. Therefore, saponins are suitable candidates for cancer treatment by inhibiting angiogenesis, for which extensive pre-clinical and comprehensive clinical trial studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Majnooni
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415153, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Syed Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahrami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran
| | - Amin Iranpanah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Correspondence: or (M.H.F.); (M.M.); Tel.: +98-08334266780 (M.M.)
| | - Mahdi Mojarrab
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- Correspondence: or (M.H.F.); (M.M.); Tel.: +98-08334266780 (M.M.)
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Tao F, Cai Y, Deng C, Chen Z, Shen Y, Sun H. A narrative review on traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and bioactive components in epilepsy treatment. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 11:129. [PMID: 36819494 PMCID: PMC9929833 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), natural drugs and their bioactive components have been widely used to treat epilepsy. Epilepsy is a chronic disease caused by abnormal discharge of brain neurons that leads to brain dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Several factors are involved in the mechanisms of epilepsy, and the current treatments do not seem promising. The potential efficacy of natural drugs with lower toxicity and less side effects have attracted increasing attention. Methods We used the terms, "TCM", "traditional Chinese medicine", "herbal", "epilepsy", "seizure", and the name of each prescription and bioactive components in the review to collect papers about application of TCM in epilepsy treatment from PubMed online database and Chinese database including Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and Weipu. Key Content and Findings We summarized some common TCM prescriptions and related active components used for the treatment of epilepsy. Six prescriptions (Chaihu Shugan decoction, Tianma Gouteng decoction, Kangxian capsules, Taohong Siwu decoction, Liujunzi decoction, Compound Danshen dropping pills) and nine main bioactive compounds (Saikosaponin A, Rhynchophylline, Tetramethylpyrazine, Gastrodin, Baicalin and baicalein, α-Asarone, Ginsenoside, Tanshinone, Paeoniflorin) were reviewed to provide a scientific basis for the development of potential antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Conclusions The pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of TCM in the treatment of epilepsy are complex, targeting several pathological aspects of epilepsy. However, the limitations of TCM, such as the lack of standardized treatments, have prevented its clinical application in epilepsy treatment. Thus, additional clinical trials are required to further evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TCM prescriptions and their bioactive components in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tao
- Nantong University Informatization Center, Nantong University, Nantong, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital of Binhai County, Yancheng, China
| | - Chunyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zehao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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16
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Shin MB, Kim SA, Lee S, Shim WS, Lee KT, Lee SK, Yim SV, Kim BH. Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Ginsenosides between Fermented and Non-Fermented Red Ginseng in Healthy Volunteers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122807. [PMID: 36559300 PMCID: PMC9784495 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of red ginseng (RG) produces fermented red ginseng (FRG), thereby increasing the relative amount of downstream ginsenosides, including compound Y (CY), F2, Rh2, compound K (CK), compound O, protopanaxadiol (PPD), and protopanaxatriol (PPT). These downstream ginsenosides have beneficial pharmacological effects, and are easily absorbed by the human body. Based on these expectations, a randomized, single-dose, two-period, crossover clinical trial was planned to compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of seven types (Rb1, CY, F2, CK, Rh2, PPD, and PPT) of ginsenoside components after FRG and RG administration. The safety and tolerability profiles were assessed in this clinical trial. Sixteen healthy Korean male subjects were administered 6 g of FRG or RG. All ginsenosides except Rb1 showed higher systemic exposure after FRG administration than after RG administration, based on comparisons of ginsenoside Cmax and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) between FRG and RG. CK, the main ginsenoside component produced during the fermentation process, had 69.23/74.53-fold higher Cmax/AUClast after administration of FRG than RG, and Rh2 had 20.27/18.47-fold higher Cmax/AUClast after administration of FRG than RG. In addition, CY and F2 were detected in FRG; however, all plasma concentrations of CY and F2, except in one subject, were below the lower limit of quantification in RG. There were no clinically significant findings with respect to clinical laboratory tests, blood pressures, or adverse events. Therefore, regular administration of FRG may exert better pharmacological effects than RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Bae Shin
- Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ah Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang-Seob Shim
- Kyung Hee Drug Analysis Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Kyung Hee Drug Analysis Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kwon Lee
- Ginseng Biotech Research Team, ILHWA Co., Ltd., Guri-si 11933, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Vin Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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17
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Li T, Li X, Zhang J, Yu Z, Gong F, Wang J, Tang H, Xiang J, Zhang W, Cai D. Chemical component analysis of the traditional Chinese medicine Guipi Tang and its effects on major depressive disorder at molecular level. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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18
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Zeng M, Zhang R, Yang Q, Guo L, Zhang X, Yu B, Gan J, Yang Z, Li H, Wang Y, Jiang X, Lu B. Pharmacological therapy to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury: Focus on saponins. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113696. [PMID: 36116247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary insult from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a major risk factor for poor prognosis of cerebral ischemia. Saponins are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides with various pharmacological activities that are effective in treating CIRI. By browsing the literature from 2001 to 2021, 55 references involving 24 kinds of saponins were included. Saponins were shown to relieve CIRI by inhibiting oxidation stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis, restoring BBB integrity, and promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis. This review summarizes and classifies several common saponins and their mechanisms in relieving CIRI. Information provided in this review will benefit researchers to design, research and develop new medicines to treat CIRI-related conditions with saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qiuyue Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Huhu Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Bin Lu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Fu YY, Cen JK, Song HL, Song SY, Zhang ZJ, Lu HJ. Ginsenoside Rh2 Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain by inhibition of the miRNA21-TLR8-MAPK axis. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221126078. [PMID: 36039405 PMCID: PMC9478689 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221126078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the major bioactive ginsenosides in Panax
ginseng. Although Rh2 is known to enhance immune cells activity for
treatment of cancer, its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects have yet
to be determined. In this study, we investigated the effects of Rh2 on spared
nerve injury (SNI)-induced neuropathic pain and elucidated the potential
mechanisms. We found that various doses of Rh2 intrathecal injection
dose-dependently attenuated SNI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal
hyperalgesia. Rh2 also inhibited microglia and astrocyte activation in the
spinal cord of a murine SNI model. Rh2 treatment inhibited SNI-induced increase
of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin
(IL)-1 and IL-6. Expression of miRNA-21, an endogenous ligand of Toll like
receptor (TLR)8 was also decreased. Rh2 treatment blocked the mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway by inhibiting of phosphorylated
extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression. Finally, intrathecal injection
of TLR8 agonist VTX-2337 reversed the analgesic effect of Rh2. These results
indicated that Rh2 relieved SNI-induced neuropathic pain via inhibiting the
miRNA-21-TLR8-MAPK signaling pathway, thus providing a potential application of
Rh2 in pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Fu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School
of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Ke Cen
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao-Lin Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, School
of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Song
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School
of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
- Zhi-jun Zhang, Department of Human Anatomy,
School of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China,
| | - Huan-Jun Lu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
- Huan-Jun Lu, Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China,
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20
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Zuo S, Wang J, An X, Wang Z, Zheng X, Zhang Y. Fabrication of Ginsenoside-Based Nanodrugs for Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:945472. [PMID: 36032706 PMCID: PMC9412961 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.945472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify chemotherapeutic agents with improved efficacy and safety against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Ginsenosides can reportedly induce tumor cell death, invasion, and metastasis; however, poor water solubility, low oral absorption rate, and rapid blood clearance limit their clinical application. Utilizing the amphiphilic property of ginsenosides as building blocks of biomaterials, we fabricated a carrier-free nanodrug composed of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rb1 using a nano-reprecipitation method without any additional carriers. After characterizing and demonstrating their uniform morphology and pH-sensitive drug release properties, we observed that Rg3-Rb1 nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited stronger antitumor and anti-invasive effects on TNBCs in vitro than those mediated by free ginsenosides. Consequently, Rg3-Rb1 NPs afforded superior inhibition of tumor growth and reduction of pulmonary metastasis than the Rg3 and Rb1 mixture, with no obvious systematic toxicity in vivo. Collectively, our results provide a proof-of-concept that self-assembled engineered ginsenoside nanodrugs may be efficient and safe for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zuo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianquan An
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Zheng, ; Yan Zhang,
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Zheng, ; Yan Zhang,
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Current Progress on Neuroprotection Induced by Artemisia, Ginseng, Astragalus, and Ginkgo Traditional Chinese Medicines for the Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3777021. [PMID: 35746960 PMCID: PMC9213169 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3777021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the occurrence of diverse degenerative changes in various tissues and organs and with an increased incidence of neurological disorders, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In recent years, the search for effective components derived from medicinal plants in delaying aging and preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases has been increasing and the number of related publications shows a rising trend. Here, we present a concise, updated review on the preclinical and clinical research progress in the assessment of the therapeutic potential of different traditional Chinese medicines and derived active ingredients and their effect on the signaling pathways involved in AD neuroprotection. Recognized by their multitargeting ability, these natural compounds hold great potential in developing novel drugs for AD.
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22
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Tan B, Wu X, Yu J, Chen Z. The Role of Saponins in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123956. [PMID: 35745079 PMCID: PMC9227328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain caused by tissue injury or disease involving the somatosensory nervous system, which seriously affects the patient's body function and quality of life. At present, most clinical medications for the treatment of neuropathic pain, including antidepressants, antiepileptic drugs, or analgesics, often have limited efficacy and non-negligible side effects. As a bioactive and therapeutic component extracted from Chinese herbal medicine, the role of the effective compounds in the prevention and treatment of neuropathic pain have gradually become a research focus to explore new analgesics. Notably, saponins have shown analgesic effects in a large number of animal models. In this review, we summarized the most updated information of saponins, related to their analgesic effects in neuropathic pain, and the recent progress on the research of therapeutic targets and the potential mechanisms. Furthermore, we put up with some perspectives on future investigation to reveal the precise role of saponins in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xueqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
- School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (B.T.); (X.W.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88208228
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23
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Reducing neuroinflammation via therapeutic compounds and lifestyle to prevent or delay progression of Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101618. [PMID: 35395416 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder and is characterised by progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Peripheral immune cell infiltration and activation of microglia and astrocytes are observed in PD, a process called neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a fundamental response to protect the brain but, when chronic, it triggers neuronal damage. In the last decade, central and peripheral inflammation were suggested to occur at the prodromal stage of PD, sustained throughout disease progression, and may play a significant role in the pathology. Understanding the pathological mechanisms of PD has been a high priority in research, primarily to find effective treatments once symptoms are present. Evidence indicates that early life exposure to neuroinflammation as a consequence of life events, environmental or behaviour factors such as exposure to infections, pollution or a high fat diet increase the risk of developing PD. Many studies show healthy habits and products that decrease neuroinflammation also reduce the risk of PD. Here, we aim to stimulate discussion about the role of neuroinflammation in PD onset and progression. We highlight that reducing neuroinflammation throughout the lifespan is critical for preventing idiopathic PD, and present epidemiological studies that detail risk and protective factors. It is possible that introducing lifestyle changes that reduce neuroinflammation at the time of PD diagnosis may slow symptom progression. Finally, we discuss compounds and therapeutics to treat the neuroinflammation associated with PD.
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Adedayo AA, Babalola OO, Prigent-Combaret C, Cruz C, Stefan M, Kutu F, Glick BR. The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in Solanum lycopersicum production in the agricultural system: a review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13405. [PMID: 35669957 PMCID: PMC9165593 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety is a significant challenge worldwide, from plantation to cultivation, especially for perishable products such as tomatoes. New eco-friendly strategies are needed, and beneficial microorganisms might be a sustainable solution. This study demonstrates bacteria activity in the tomato plant rhizosphere. Further, it investigates the rhizobacteria's structure, function, and diversity in soil. Rhizobacteria that promote the growth and development of tomato plants are referred to as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR). They form a series of associations with plants and other organisms in the soil through a mutualistic relationship where both parties benefit from living together. It implies the antagonistic activities of the rhizobacteria to deter pathogens from invading tomato plants through their roots. Some PGPR are regarded as biological control agents that hinder the development of spoilage organisms and can act as an alternative for agricultural chemicals that may be detrimental to the health of humans, animals, and some of the beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere soil. These bacteria also help tomato plants acquire essential nutrients like potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N). Some rhizobacteria may offer a solution to low tomato production and help tackle food insecurity and farming problems. In this review, an overview of soil-inhabiting rhizobacteria focused on improving the sustainable production of Solanum lycopersicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afeez Adesina Adedayo
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | | | - Cristina Cruz
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marius Stefan
- Faculty of Biology, Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Iasi, Romania
| | - Funso Kutu
- Faculty of Agiculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mpumalanga, South Africa
| | - Bernard R. Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Medicinal Plants and Their Impact on the Gut Microbiome in Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102111. [PMID: 35631252 PMCID: PMC9144835 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Various neurocognitive and mental health-related conditions have been associated with the gut microbiome, implicating a microbiome–gut–brain axis (MGBA). The aim of this systematic review was to identify, categorize, and review clinical evidence supporting medicinal plants for the treatment of mental disorders and studies on their interactions with the gut microbiota. Methods: This review included medicinal plants for which clinical studies on depression, sleeping disorders, anxiety, or cognitive dysfunction as well as scientific evidence of interaction with the gut microbiome were available. The studies were reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Results: Eighty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and covered thirty mental health-related medicinal plants with data on interaction with the gut microbiome. Conclusion: Only a few studies have been specifically designed to assess how herbal preparations affect MGBA-related targets or pathways. However, many studies provide hints of a possible interaction with the MGBA, such as an increased abundance of health-beneficial microorganisms, anti-inflammatory effects, or MGBA-related pathway effects by gut microbial metabolites. Data for Panax ginseng, Schisandra chinensis, and Salvia rosmarinus indicate that the interaction of their constituents with the gut microbiota could mediate mental health benefits. Studies specifically assessing the effects on MGBA-related pathways are still required for most medicinal plants.
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Chen Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Qi H, Li J, Chen J, Huang Q, Liu Q, Mi J, Li X. Gut Microbiota: Therapeutic Targets of Ginseng Against Multiple Disorders and Ginsenoside Transformation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:853981. [PMID: 35548468 PMCID: PMC9084182 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.853981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, as the king of Chinese herb, has significant therapeutic effects on obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, colitis, diarrhea, and many other diseases. This review systematically summarized recent findings, which show that ginseng plays its role by regulating gut microbiota diversity, and gut microbiota could also regulate the transformation of ginsenosides. We conclude the characteristics of ginseng in regulating gut microbiota, as the potential targets to prevent and treat metabolic diseases, colitis, neurological diseases, cancer, and other diseases. Ginseng treatment can increase some probiotics such as Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia, and reduce pathogenic bacteria such as Deferribacters, Lactobacillus, Helicobacter against various diseases. Meanwhile, Bacteroides, Eubacterium, and Bifidobacterium were found to be the key bacteria for ginsenoside transformation in vivo. Overall, ginseng can regulate gut microbiome diversity, further affect the synthesis of secondary metabolites, as well as promote the transformation of ginsenosides for improving the absorptivity of ginsenosides. This review can provide better insight into the interaction of ginseng with gut microbiota in multiple disorders and ginsenoside transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiang Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Mi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jia Mi, ; Xiangyan Li,
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Jia Mi, ; Xiangyan Li,
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Inhibition of Aldose Reductase by Ginsenoside Derivatives via a Specific Structure Activity Relationship with Kinetics Mechanism and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072134. [PMID: 35408532 PMCID: PMC9000482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This present work is designed to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of 22 ginsenosides via the inhibition against rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR), and human recombinant aldose reductase (HRAR), using DL-glyceraldehyde as a substrate. Among the ginsenosides tested, ginsenoside Rh2, (20S) ginsenoside Rg3, (20R) ginsenoside Rg3, and ginsenoside Rh1 inhibited RLAR significantly, with IC50 values of 0.67, 1.25, 4.28, and 7.28 µM, respectively. Moreover, protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, compound K, and ginsenoside Rh1 were potent inhibitors of HRAR, with IC50 values of 0.36, 1.43, 2.23, and 4.66 µM, respectively. The relationship of structure-activity exposed that the existence of hydroxyl groups, linkages, and their stereo-structure, as well as the sugar moieties of the ginsenoside skeleton, represented a significant role in the inhibition of HRAR and RLAR. Additional, various modes of ginsenoside inhibition and molecular docking simulation indicated negative binding energies. It was also indicated that it has a strong capacity and high affinity to bind the active sites of enzymes. Further, active ginsenosides suppressed sorbitol accumulation in rat lenses under high-glucose conditions, demonstrating their potential to prevent sorbitol accumulation ex vivo. The findings of the present study suggest the potential of ginsenoside derivatives for use in the development of therapeutic or preventive agents for diabetic complications.
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Chen F, Li C, Cao H, Zhang H, Lu C, Li R, Zhu Z, Chen L, Zhao Y. Identification of Adenylate Kinase 5 as a Protein Target of Ginsenosides in Brain Tissues Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS) and Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) Techniques. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2741-2751. [PMID: 35184563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is a very famous Chinese herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects. Ginsenosides, the main effective compounds of ginseng, show favorable biological activities in the central nervous system (CNS), but the protein targets of ginsenosides in brain tissues have not been clarified clearly. First, we screened proteins that interact with ginsenosides by mass spectrometry-based drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Then, we identified and confirmed adenylate kinase 5 (AK5) as a target protein of ginsenosides by biolayer interferometry (BLI), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking. Finally, an enzyme activity kit was used to determine the effect of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), a ginseng saponin metabolite, on AK5 activities in vivo and in vitro. We screened out seven overlapping target proteins by proteomics of DARTS and CETSA. The BLI direct action assays showed that the direct interaction of PPD with AK5 was higher compared to the parental ginsenosides. Subsequently, BLI kinetic analysis and ITC assay showed that PPD specifically bound to AK5. Furthermore, key amino acid mutations predicted by molecular docking decreased the affinity between PPD and AK5. Enzyme activity assays showed that PPD increased AK5 activities in vivo and in vitro. The above-mentioned findings indicated that AK5 is a protein target of ginsenoside in the brain and PPD is considered to be a small-molecular activator of AK5, which can improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms of ginseng pharmacological effects in the CNS and further develop AK5 activators based on the dammarane-type triterpenoid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Chen
- Research and Innovation Center, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chu Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiying Cao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hantao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cai Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruimei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Tabnak P, Masrouri S, Mafakheri A. Natural products in suppressing glioma progression: A focus on the role of microRNAs. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1576-1599. [PMID: 35174549 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most common malignancies of the central nervous system. Due to inadequate response to the current treatments available, glioma has been at the center of recent cancer studies searching for novel treatment strategies. This has prompted an intensive search using linkage studies and preliminary evidence to gain efficient insight into the mechanisms involved in the alleviation of the pathogenesis of glioma mediated by miRNAs, a group of noncoding RNAs that affect gene expression posttranscriptionally. Dysregulated expression of miRNAs can exacerbate the malignant features of tumor cells in glioma and other cancers. Natural products can exert anticancer effects on glioma cells by stimulating the expression levels of tumor suppressor miRNAs and repressing the expression levels of oncogenic miRNAs. In this review, we aimed to collect and analyze the literature addressing the roles of natural products in the treatment of glioma, with an emphasis on their involvement in the regulation of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Tabnak
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soroush Masrouri
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asrin Mafakheri
- Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Tian D, Gao Q, Chang Z, Lin J, Ma D, Han Z. Network pharmacology and in vitro studies reveal the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of Shenzhi Jiannao prescription against vascular dementia. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:33. [PMID: 35109845 PMCID: PMC8812053 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shenzhi Jiannao (SZJN) prescription is a type of herbal formula adopted in the management of cognitive impairment and related disorders. However, its effects and related regulatory mechanisms on vascular dementia (VD) are elusive. Herein, network pharmacology prediction was employed to explore the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of SZJN prescription on VD using network pharmacology prediction, and validated the results through in vitro experiments. Methods Through a search in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) database, chemical composition and targets for SZJN prescription were retrieved. The potential targets for VD were then obtained from the GeneCards and DisGeNET databases. The network was constructed that depicted the interactions between putative SZJN prescription and known therapeutic targets for VD using Cytoscape 3.7.1. Analysis of protein-protein interaction was achieved via STRING 11.0 software, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Gene and Genome Encyclopedia (KEGG) pathway analyses. To validate the computer-predicted results, in vitro experiments based on an excitotoxic injury model were designed using glutamate-exposed PC12 cells, and treated with varying concentrations (low, 0.05; medium, 0.1 and high, 0.2 mg/mL) of SZJN prescription. Cell viability and cell death were detected using the IncuCyte imaging system. Moreover, the expression profiles of Caspase-3 were analyzed through qRT-PCR. Results Twenty-eight potentially active ingredients for SZJN prescription, including stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, and kaempferol, plus 21 therapeutic targets for VD, including PTGS2, PTGS1, and PGR were revealed. The protein-protein interaction network was employed for the analysis of 20 target proteins, including CASP3, JUN, and AChE. The enrichment analysis demonstrated candidate targets of SZJN prescription were more frequently involved in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, calcium, apoptosis, and cholinergic synaptic signaling pathways. In vitro experiments revealed that SZJN prescription could significantly reverse glutamate-induced cell viability loss and cell death, and lower the levels of Caspase-3 mRNA in glutamate-induced PC12 cells. Conclusions Collectively, this study demonstrated that SZJN prescription exerted the effect of treating VD by regulating multi-targets and multi-channels with multi-components through the method of network pharmacology. Furthermore, in vitro results confirmed that SZJN prescription attenuated glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Tian
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East road, North 3rd Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East road, North 3rd Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ze Chang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East road, North 3rd Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingfeng Lin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.11 East road, North 3rd Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dayong Ma
- Neurology Department of Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zhenyun Han
- Shenzhen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Longgang), No.1 Dayun road, Sports New City Road, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
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Yang L, Zheng L, Xie X, Luo J, Yu J, Zhang L, Meng W, Zhou Y, Chen L, Ouyang D, Zhou H, Tan Z. Targeting PLA2G16, a lipid metabolism gene, by Ginsenoside Compound K to suppress the malignant progression of colorectal cancer. J Adv Res 2022; 36:265-276. [PMID: 35127176 PMCID: PMC8799872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PLA2G16 is up-regulated in CRC, and high expression of PLA2G16 is associated with the advanced stages. PLA2G16 promotes the malignant progression of CRC through the Hippo signaling pathway. GCK exerts its anti-CRC effects by inhibiting the protein expression of PLA2G16. Provide a new insights towards the development of effective therapeutic strategies for CRC treatment by targeting PLA2G16.
Introduction Objectives Methods Results Conclusion
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A Study of the Protective Effect of Bushen Huoxue Prescription on Cerebral Microvascular Endothelia Based on Proteomics and Bioinformatics. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2545074. [PMID: 35035499 PMCID: PMC8758271 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2545074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cognitive dysfunction is a serious complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which can cause neurological and microvascular damage in the brain. At present, there is no effective treatment for this complication. Bushen Huoxue prescription (BSHX) is a newly formulated compound Chinese medicine containing 7 components. Previous research indicated that BSHX was neuroprotective against advanced glycosylation end product (AGE)-induced PC12 cell insult; however, the effect of BSHX on AGE-induced cerebral microvascular endothelia injury has not been studied. In the current research, we investigated the protective effects of BSHX on AGE-induced injury in bEnd.3 cells. Our findings revealed that BSHX could effectively protect bEnd.3 cells from apoptosis. Moreover, we analyzed the network regulation effect of BSHX on AGE-induced bEnd.3 cells injury at the proteomic level. The LC-MS/MS-based shotgun proteomics analysis showed BSHX negatively regulated multiple AGE-elicited proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed these differential proteins were involved in multiple processes, such as Foxo signaling pathway. Further molecular biology analysis confirmed that BSHX could downregulate the expression of FoxO1/3 protein and inhibit its nuclear transfer and inhibit the expression of downstream apoptotic protein Bim and the activation of caspase, so as to play a protective role in AGE-induced bEnd.3 injury. Taken together, these findings demonstrated the role of BSHX in the management of diabetic cerebral microangiopathy and provide some insights into the proteomics-guided pharmacological mechanism study of traditional Chinese Medicine.
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Yang F, Yang MY, Le JQ, Luo BY, Yin MD, Chao-Li, Jiang JL, Fang YF, Shao JW. Protective Effects and Therapeutics of Ginsenosides for Improving Endothelial Dysfunction: From Therapeutic Potentials, Pharmaceutical Developments to Clinical Trials. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:749-772. [PMID: 35450513 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium covers the internal lumen of the entire circulatory system and plays an important modulatory role in vascular homeostasis. Endothelium dysfunction, characterized by a vasoconstrictive, pro-inflammatory, and pro-coagulant state, usually manifests as a significant pathological process of vascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis (AS), stroke, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and cancer. Therefore, there is an urgent necessity to seek promising therapeutic drugs or remedies to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction-induced vascular ailments and complications. Recently, much attention has been attached to ginsenosides, the most significant active components of ginseng, which have always been referred to as "all-healing" and widely used for its extensively medicinal value. Surprisingly, ginsenosides have diverse biological activity which might be related to inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis. In this review, a brief introduction about endothelial dysfunction and ginsenosides was demonstrated, and the emphasis was put on summarizing multi-faceted pharmacological effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of ginsenosides on the endothelium, including vasorelaxation, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and angio-modulation. Beyond that, nanotechnology to improve efficacy and the existing clinical trials of ginsenosides were concluded. Hopefully, our work will give suggestions for promoting clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine, e.g., hypertension, AS, diabetes, ischemic stroke, and cancer. This review provides a comprehensive base of knowledge for ginsenosides to prevention and treatment of vascular injury- related diseases with clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Ming-Yue Yang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jing-Qing Le
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Bang-Yue Luo
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Meng-Die Yin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Chao-Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jia-Li Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yi-Fan Fang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jing-Wei Shao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
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Sng KS, Li G, Zhou LY, Song YJ, Chen XQ, Wang YJ, Yao M, Cui XJ. Ginseng extract and ginsenosides improve neurological function and promote antioxidant effects in rats with spinal cord injury: A meta-analysis and systematic review. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:11-22. [PMID: 35058723 PMCID: PMC8753526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is defined as damage to the spinal cord that temporarily or permanently changes its function. There is no definite treatment established for neurological complete injury patients. This study investigated the effect of ginseng extract and ginsenosides on neurological recovery and antioxidant efficacies in rat models following SCI and explore the appropriate dosage. Searches were done on PubMed, Embase, and Chinese databases, and animal studies matches the inclusion criteria were selected. Pair-wise meta-analysis and subgroup analysis were performed. Ten studies were included, and the overall methodological qualities were low quality. The result showed ginseng extract and ginsenosides significantly improve neurological function, through the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale (pooled MD = 4.40; 95% CI = 3.92 to 4.88; p < 0.00001), significantly decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) (n = 290; pooled MD = −2.19; 95% CI = −3.16 to −1.22; p < 0.0001) and increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (n = 290; pooled MD = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.45 to 2.83; p < 0.00001). Both low (<25 mg/kg) and high dosage (≥25 mg/kg) showed significant improvement in the motor function recovery in SCI rats. Collectively, this review suggests ginseng extract and ginsenosides has a protective effect on SCI, with good safety and a clear mechanism of action and may be suitable for future clinical trials and applications.
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Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in American Ginseng Extraction Residue by Fermentation with Ganoderma lucidum Improves Insulin-like Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. FERMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines that have been widely used in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years. Ginsenosides are the unique bioactive saponins occurring in ginseng, and their biological activities have been extensively investigated. A large amount of ginseng residue is produced as waste product due to its applications in manufacturing functional food products, even though it may still contain bioactive components. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic activities of American ginseng extraction residue (AmR) via fermentation with Ganoderma lucidum. Our results showed that the total phenolic contents and β-glucosidase activity of AmR profoundly increased after fermentation with G. lucidum. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, stimulation of glucose uptake by treatment with AmR was not significant, while fermented AmR (FAmR) exhibited insulin-like glucose-uptake-stimulatory effects. Importantly, the hypoglycemic effects of FAmR were positively associated with the amount of the deglycosylated minor ginsenosides Rg1, Rg3, and compound K. Taken together, our current findings suggest that bioconversion of AmR by fermentation with G. lucidum may be a feasible and eco-friendly approach to developing a functional ingredient for the management of diabetes, while also resolving the problem of ginseng waste.
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Chen L, Li R, Chen F, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Xu S, Cheng Y, Zhao Y. A possible mechanism to the antidepressant-like effects of 20 (S)-protopanaxadiol based on its target protein 14-3-3 ζ. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:666-674. [PMID: 36090685 PMCID: PMC9459030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides and their metabolites have antidepressant-like effects, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We previously identified 14-3-3 ζ as one of the target proteins of 20 (S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), a fully deglycosylated ginsenoside metabolite. Methods Corticosterone (CORT) was administered repeatedly to induce the depression model, and PPD was given concurrently. The tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST) were used for behavioral evaluation. All mice were sacrificed. Golgi-cox staining, GSK 3β activity assay, and Western blot analysis were performed. In vitro, the kinetic binding analysis with the Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) was used to determine the molecular interactions. Results TST and FST both revealed that PPD reversed CORT-induced behavioral deficits. PPD also ameliorated the CORT-induced expression alterations of hippocampal Ser9 phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-Ser9 GSK 3β), Ser133 phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-Ser133 CREB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, PPD attenuated the CORT-induced increase in GSK 3β activity and decrease in dendritic spine density in the hippocampus. In vitro, 14-3-3 ζ protein specifically bound to p-Ser9 GSK 3β polypeptide. PPD promoted the binding and subsequently decreased GSK 3β activity. Conclusion These findings demonstrated the antidepressant-like effects of PPD on the CORT-induced mouse depression model and indicated a possible target-based mechanism. The combination of PPD with the 14-3-3 ζ protein may promote the binding of 14-3-3 ζ to p-GSK 3β (Ser9) and enhance the inhibition of Ser9 phosphorylation on GSK 3β kinase activity, thereby activating the plasticity-related CREB–BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruimei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Research and Innovation Center, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hantao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuyi Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Hyun TK. A recent overview on ginsenosides as microRNA modulators in the treatment of human diseases. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:1453-1457. [PMID: 34737687 PMCID: PMC8564905 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Hyun
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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38
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Chun YL, Lee S, Park KH, Park C, Huh Y, Jeong NY, Jung J. Protective and therapeutic effect of (S)-ginsenoside F1 on peripheral nerve degeneration targeting Schwann cells: a pharmaco-neuroanatomical approach. Anat Sci Int 2021; 97:79-89. [PMID: 34535878 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-021-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Damaged peripheral nerves undergo peripheral neurodegenerative processes that are essential for the nerve regeneration. Peripheral neurodegenerative diseases, including diabetic peripheral neuropathy, are induced by irreversible nerve damage caused by abnormal peripheral nerve degeneration. However, until now, there have been no effective therapeutic treatments for these diseases. Ginsenosides are the most pharmacologically active compounds in Panax ginseng, and are being actively studied. Ginsenosides have a variety of effects, including neuroprotective, antioxidative, anti-cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we investigated the efficacy of 18 ginsenosides. We then tested the ability of the most effective ginsenoside, (S)-ginsenosides F1 (sF1), to inhibit peripheral neurodegenerative processes using mouse sciatic ex vivo culture, and several morphological and biochemical indicators. Our results suggest that sF1 could effectively protect Schwann cells against peripheral nerve degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Lim Chun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Ki-Hoon Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Chan Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Youngbuhm Huh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Na Young Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49201, Korea.
| | - Junyang Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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39
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Liu L, Wang H, Chai X, Meng Q, Jiang S, Zhao F. Advances in Biocatalytic Synthesis, Pharmacological Activities, Pharmaceutical Preparation and Metabolism of Ginsenoside Rh2. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:437-448. [PMID: 34517798 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210913114631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 (3β-O-Glc-protopanaxadiol), a trace but characteristic pharmacological component of red ginseng, exhibited versatile pharmacological activities, such as antitumor effects, improved cardiac function and fibrosis, anti-inflammatory effects, antibiosis and excellent medicinal potential. In recent years, increased research has been performed on the biocatalytic synthesis of ginsenoside Rh2. In this paper, advances in the biocatalytic synthesis, pharmacological activities, pharmaceutical preparation and metabolism of ginsenoside Rh2 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005. China
| | - Huiyun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, 276826. China
| | - Xiaoyun Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433. China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005. China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Shandong Wendeng Jizhen American Ginseng Industry Co., Ltd., Shandong Province, 264400. China
| | - Fenglan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005. China
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40
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Xu J, Pan Y, Liu Y, Na S, Zhou H, Li L, Chen F, Song H. A review of anti-tumour effects of ginsenoside in gastrointestinal cancer. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1292-1301. [PMID: 33836068 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastrointestinal cancer, one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in the world, refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other organs. Although conventional therapy has been successful to some extent in cancer treatment, drug resistance and cancer recurrence still limit the therapeutic efficacy. There is increasing evidence indicating that ginsenoside, as a kind of high nutritional value and widely used traditional Chinese medicine, could contribute to the promotion of treatment in GI cancer, which deserves further investigation. KEY FINDINGS Based on previous studies, the possible mechanisms mainly include regulation of autophagy, apoptosis, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. However, no studies recently have conducted a more in-depth review of the anti-cancer effects of ginsenoside in GI cancer. SUMMARY Therefore, this review will summarise and analyse the latest developments in the anti-tumour effects of ginsenosides in GI cancer, thus may promote further research of the anti-tumour efficacy of ginsenoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yunxia Pan
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Sha Na
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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41
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Vahdat-Lasemi F, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Tasbandi A, Jaafari MR, Sahebkar A. Targeting interleukin-β by plant-derived natural products: Implications for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5596-5622. [PMID: 34390063 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the main contributing factor to atheroma formation in atherosclerosis. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is an inflammatory mediator found in endothelial cells and resident leukocytes. Canakinumab is a selective monoclonal antibody against IL-1β which attenuates inflammation and concurrently precipitates fatal infections and sepsis. Natural products derived from medicinal plants, herbal remedy and functional foods are widely used nowadays. Experimental and clinical trial evidence supports that some natural products such as curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin have potential effects on IL-1β suppression. In this review, we tried to document findings that used medicinal plants and plant-based natural products for treating atherosclerosis and its related diseases through the suppression of IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Vahdat-Lasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Aida Tasbandi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Natural Products of Pharmacology and Mechanisms in Nucleus Pulposus Cells and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9963677. [PMID: 34394398 PMCID: PMC8357477 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9963677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the main causes of low back pain (LBP), which severely reduces the quality of life and imposes a heavy financial burden on the families of affected individuals. Current research suggests that IDD is a complex cell-mediated process. Inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal mechanical load, telomere shortening, DNA damage, and nutrient deprivation contribute to intervertebral disc cell senescence and changes in matrix metabolism, ultimately causing IDD. Natural products are widespread, structurally diverse, afford unique advantages, and exhibit great potential in terms of IDD treatment. In recent years, increasing numbers of natural ingredients have been shown to inhibit the degeneration of nucleus pulposus cells through various modes of action. Here, we review the pharmacological effects of natural products on nucleus pulposus cells and the mechanisms involved. An improved understanding of how natural products target signalling pathways will aid the development of anti-IDD drugs. This review focuses on potential IDD drugs.
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43
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Kang GU, Ibal JC, Lee S, Jang MH, Park YJ, Kim MC, Park TH, Kim MS, Kim RH, Shin JH. Alteration of the Soil Microbiota in Ginseng Rusty Roots: Application of Machine Learning Algorithm to Explore Potential Biomarkers for Diagnostic and Predictive Analytics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8298-8306. [PMID: 34043355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conceptualization to utilize microbial composition as a prediction tool has been widely applied in human cohorts, yet the potential capacity of soil microbiota as a diagnostic tool to predict plant phenotype remains unknown. Here, we collected 130 soil samples which are 54 healthy controls and 76 ginseng rusty roots (GRRs). Alpha diversities including Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, and phylogenetic diversity were significantly decreased in GRR (P < 0.05). Moreover, we identified 30 potential biomarkers. The optimized markers were obtained through fivefold cross-validation on a support vector machine and yielded a robust area under the curve of 0.856. Notably, evaluation of multi-index classification performance including accuracy, F1-score, and Kappa coefficient also showed robust discriminative capability (90.99%, 0.903, and 0.808). Taken together, our results suggest that the disease affects the microbial community and offers the potential ability of soil microbiota to identifying farms at the risk of GRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Ung Kang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerald Conrad Ibal
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hwan Jang
- Punggi Ginseng Research Institute GBARES, Youngju 36023, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Jun Park
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Park
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sueng Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeong-Hui Kim
- Department of Intergrative Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intergrative Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Chopra P, Chhillar H, Kim YJ, Jo IH, Kim ST, Gupta R. Phytochemistry of ginsenosides: Recent advancements and emerging roles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:613-640. [PMID: 34278879 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1952159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, a group of tetracyclic saponins, accounts for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical relevance of the ginseng (Panax sp.) herb. Owing to the associated therapeutic potential of ginsenosides, their demand has been increased significantly in the last two decades. However, a slow growth cycle, low seed production, and long generation time of ginseng have created a gap between the demand and supply of ginsenosides. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides involves an intricate network of pathways with multiple oxidation and glycosylation reactions. However, the exact functions of some of the associated genes/proteins are still not completely deciphered. Moreover, ginsenoside estimation and extraction using analytical techniques are not feasible with high efficiency. The present review is a step forward in recapitulating the comprehensive aspects of ginsenosides including their distribution, structural diversity, biotransformation, and functional attributes in both plants and animals including humans. Moreover, ginsenoside biosynthesis in the potential plant sources and their metabolism in the human body along with major regulators and stimulators affecting ginsenoside biosynthesis have also been discussed. Furthermore, this review consolidates biotechnological interventions to enhance the biosynthesis of ginsenosides in their potential sources and advancements in the development of synthetic biosystems for efficient ginsenoside biosynthesis to meet their rising industrial demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chopra
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Chhillar
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Ick Hyun Jo
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, South Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Department of Forestry, Environment, and Systems, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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Lee HYJ, Meng M, Liu Y, Su T, Kwan HY. Medicinal herbs and bioactive compounds overcome the drug resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:646. [PMID: 34386068 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~85% of all lung cancer cases. Patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations usually develop resistance to treatment with frontline EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). The present review summarizes the current findings and delineates the molecular mechanism of action for the therapeutic effects of herbal extracts and phytochemicals in overcoming EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC. Novel molecular targets underlying EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC are also discussed. This review provides valuable information for the development of herbal bioactive compounds as alternative treatments for EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yan Jennifer Lee
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Mingjing Meng
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Tao Su
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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Ginsenoside Rg5 Inhibits Human Osteosarcoma Cell Proliferation and Induces Cell Apoptosis through PI3K/Akt/mTORC1-Related LC3 Autophagy Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5040326. [PMID: 34257801 PMCID: PMC8257372 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The function and mechanism underlying the suppression of human osteosarcoma cells by ginsenoside-Rg5 (Rg5) was investigated in the present study. MG-63, HOS, and U2OS cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay after Rg5 treatment for 24 h. Rg5 inhibited human osteosarcoma cell proliferation effectively in a dose-dependent manner. The range of effective inhibitory concentrations was 160-1280 nM. Annexin V-FITC and PI double-staining assay revealed that Rg5 induced human osteosarcoma cell apoptosis. Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and FACS experiments revealed that Rg5 inhibited human osteosarcoma cells via caspase-3 activity which was related to the LC3-mediated autophagy pathway. Rg5 decreased the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and mTORC1 activation. In contrast, LC3-mediated autophagy and caspase-3 activity increased significantly. A PI3K/AKT stimulator, IGF-1, reversed Rg5-induced cell autophagy and apoptosis in MG-63 cells. Collectively, the current study demonstrated that Rg5 induced human osteosarcoma cell apoptosis through the LC3-mediated autophagy pathway. Under physiological conditions, activation of PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 inhibits LC3 activity and caspase-3-related cell apoptosis. However, Rg5 activated LC3 activity by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTORC1. The present study indicated that Rg5 could be a promising candidate as a chemotherapeutic agent against human osteosarcoma.
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Ali MY, Zaib S, Jannat S, Khan I. Inhibition of Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme by Ginsenosides: Structure-Activity Relationships and Inhibitory Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6073-6086. [PMID: 34014666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) extract has been reported to inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE); however, the possible inhibitory action of most of its constituents (ginsenosides) against ACE remains unknown. Thus, in this study, we investigated ginsenoside derivatives' inhibitory effect on ACE. We assessed the activities of 22 ginsenosides, most of which inhibited ACE significantly. Notably, protopanaxatriol, protopanaxadiol, and ginsenoside Rh2 exhibited the most potent ACE inhibitory potential, with IC50 values of 1.57, 2.22, and 5.60 μM, respectively. Further, a kinetic study revealed different modes of inhibition against ACE. Molecular docking studies have confirmed that ginsenosides inhibit ACE via many hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with catalytic residues and zinc ion of C- and N-domain ACE that block the catalytic activity of ACE. In addition, we found that the active ginsenosides stimulated glucose uptake in insulin-resistant C2C12 skeletal muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the most active ginsenosides' reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) scavenging properties were evaluated, in which IC50 values ranged from 1.44-43.83 to 2.36-39.56 μM in ONOO- and ROS, respectively. The results derived from these computational and in vitro experiments provide additional scientific support for the anecdotal use of ginseng in traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yousof Ali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Susoma Jannat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4 Alberta, Canada
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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Ginsenoside Compound K Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Differentiation of Schwann Cells via the Activation of MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT Pathways. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1400-1409. [PMID: 33738663 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of Schwann cells are critical for the remyelination of injured peripheral nerve. Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is a metabolite produced from ginsenoside Rb1 which has strong anti-inflammatory effects. However, the potential effects of CK on Schwann cells have not been studied systematically before. Therefore, this study was aimed to explore the functions of CK in Schwann cell proliferation, migration and differentiation and its potential regulatory mechanism. Primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells were treated with or without CK at different doses. The proliferation and migration of primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells were examined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell assays, respectively. The mRNA expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin basic protein (MBP) was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The levels of all proteins were examined by Western blot. CK could promote cell proliferation, migration and induce MAG and MBP expression in primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells. Furthermore, CK activated MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways, and the beneficial effects of CK on primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells were distinctly suppressed by inhibitor PD98059 or LY294002. Ginsenoside compound K induced cell proliferation, migration and differentiation via the activation of MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways in cultured primary Schwann cells and RSC96 cells.
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Liu Q, Zhou J, Yang Z, Xie C, Huang Y, Ling L, Cao Y, Hu H, Hua Y. The Ginsenoside Exhibits Antiosteoporosis Effects in Ketogenic-Diet-Induced Osteoporosis via Rebalancing Bone Turnover. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:593820. [PMID: 33519454 PMCID: PMC7840492 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside is widely used in China for therapeutic and healthcare practice. Ginsenoside-Rb2 shows the antiosteoporosis effects in ovariectomized rodents. However, the protective effects on osteoporosis induced by ketogenic diet (KD) remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effects of ginsenoside-Rb2 on KD-induced osteoporosis. Thirty mice were randomly divided into three groups: sham, KD, and KD + Rb2. Bone microstructures, biomechanical properties, concentrations of serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), and protein expression of osteocalcin (OCN), peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), cathepsin K, and TRAP were evaluated after a 12-week intervention. The results show that KD induced significant bone loss and biomechanical impairment. Ginsenoside-Rb2 attenuated significant bone loss and maintained biomechanics in cancellous bone. The bone volume fraction increased from 2.3 to 6.0% in the KD + Rb2 group than that in the KD group. Meanwhile, ginsenoside-Rb2 effectively maintained biomechanical strengths in cancellous bone, increased serum BALP and decreased TRACP, and upregulated OCN and downregulated TRAP, PPAR-γ, and cathepsin K in the KD mice. This study demonstrated that ginsenoside-Rb2 retards bone loss and maintains biomechanics with KD. The underlying mechanism might be that ginsenoside-Rb2 inhibits bone resorption process and induces osteogenic differentiation, providing evidence for ginsenoside as being an alternative option for osteoporosis induced by KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Spine and Joint Surgery, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of TCM, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuhai Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Ling
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanming Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailan Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Hua
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Huang Q, Su H, Qi B, Wang Y, Yan K, Wang X, Li X, Zhao D. A SIRT1 Activator, Ginsenoside Rc, Promotes Energy Metabolism in Cardiomyocytes and Neurons. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1416-1427. [PMID: 33439015 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeting SIRT1 signaling pathway could improve glucose aerobic metabolism and mitochondrial biosynthesis to resist cardiac and neurological injuries. Ginsenoside Rc has been identified for targeting mitochondrial function, but how ginsenoside Rc interacts with SIRT1 to regulate energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes and neurons under physiological or ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injured conditions has not been clearly investigated. Here, we confirm the interaction of Rc on the residue sites of SIRT1 in promoting its activity. Ginsenoside Rc significantly promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and increases the levels of electron-transport chain complex II-IV in cardiomyocytes and neurons. Meanwhile, ginsenoside Rc pretreatment increases ATP production, glucose uptake, and the levels of hexokinase I/II and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier I/II in both cell models. In addition, ginsenoside Rc activates the PGC1α pathway to induce mitochondrial biosynthesis. More importantly, ginsenoside Rc reduces mitochondrial damage and apoptosis through SIRT1 restoration-mediated reduction of PGC1α acetylation in the I/R-induced cardiac and neuronal models. Collectively, the in vitro and in vivo data indicate that ginsenoside Rc as a SIRT1 activator promotes energy metabolism to improve cardio- and neuroprotective functions under normal and I/R injury conditions, which provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rc as a protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xinglin Wang
- Guangdong Hanfang Health Research Institute, Guangzhou 510550, P. R. China
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