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Li Y, Zhang J, Chen S, Ke Y, Li Y, Chen Y. Growth differentiation factor 15: Emerging role in liver diseases. Cytokine 2024; 182:156727. [PMID: 39111112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cell stress-response cytokine within the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily. It is known to exert diverse effects on many metabolic pathways through its receptor GFRAL, which is expressed in the hindbrain, and transduces signals through the downstream receptor tyrosine kinase Ret. Since the liver is the core organ of metabolism, summarizing the functions of GDF15 is highly important. In this review, we assessed the relevant literature regarding the main metabolic, inflammatory, fibrogenic, tumorigenic and other effects of GDF15 on different liver diseases, including Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD), alcohol and drug-induced liver injury, as well as autoimmune and viral hepatitis, with a particular focus on the pathogenesis of MASLD progression from hepatic steatosis to MASH, liver fibrosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Finally, we discuss the prospects of the clinical application potential of GDF15 along with its research and development progress. With better knowledge of GDF15, increasing in-depth research will lead to a new era in the field of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shurong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yini Ke
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Youming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Silva-Bermudez LS, Klüter H, Kzhyshkowska JG. Macrophages as a Source and Target of GDF-15. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7313. [PMID: 39000420 PMCID: PMC11242731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a multifunctional cytokine that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. GDF-15 is involved in immune tolerance and is elevated in several acute and chronic stress conditions, often correlating with disease severity and patient prognosis in cancer172 and metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Despite these clinical associations, the molecular mechanisms orchestrating its effects remain to be elucidated. The effects of GDF-15 are pleiotropic but cell-specific and dependent on the microenvironment. While GDF-15 expression can be stimulated by inflammatory mediators, its predominant effects were reported as anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic. The role of GDF-15 in the macrophage system has been increasingly investigated in recent years. Macrophages produce high levels of GDF-15 during oxidative and lysosomal stress, which can lead to fibrogenesis and angiogenesis at the tissue level. At the same time, macrophages can respond to GDF-15 by switching their phenotype to a tolerogenic one. Several GDF-15-based therapies are under development, including GDF-15 analogs/mimetics and GDF-15-targeting monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we summarize the major physiological and pathological contexts in which GDF-15 interacts with macrophages. We also discuss the major challenges and future perspectives in the therapeutic translation of GDF-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Susana Silva-Bermudez
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (L.S.S.-B.); (H.K.)
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harald Klüter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (L.S.S.-B.); (H.K.)
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia G. Kzhyshkowska
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (L.S.S.-B.); (H.K.)
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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3
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Wan Y, Fu J. GDF15 as a key disease target and biomarker: linking chronic lung diseases and ageing. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:453-466. [PMID: 37093513 PMCID: PMC10123484 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is expressed in several human organs. In particular, it is highly expressed in the placenta, prostate, and liver. The expression of GDF15 increases under cellular stress and pathological conditions. Although numerous transcription factors directly up-regulate the expression of GDF15, the receptors and downstream mediators of GDF15 signal transduction in most tissues have not yet been determined. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α-like protein was recently identified as a specific receptor that plays a mediating role in anorexia. However, the specific receptors of GDF15 in other tissues and organs remain unclear. As a marker of cell stress, GDF15 appears to exert different effects under different pathological conditions. Cell senescence may be an important pathogenetic process and could be used to assess the progression of various lung diseases, including COVID-19. As a key member of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype protein repertoire, GDF15 seems to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, although the specific molecular mechanism linking GDF15 expression with ageing remains to be elucidated. Here, we focus on research progress linking GDF15 expression with the pathogenesis of various chronic lung diseases, including neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary hypertension, suggesting that GDF15 may be a key biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. Thus, in this review, we aimed to provide new insights into the molecular biological mechanism and emerging clinical data associated with GDF15 in lung-related diseases, while highlighting promising research and clinical prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Wang SF, Chang YL, Liu TY, Huang KH, Fang WL, Li AFY, Yeh TS, Hung GY, Lee HC. Mitochondrial dysfunction decreases cisplatin sensitivity in gastric cancer cells through upregulation of integrated stress response and mitokine GDF15. FEBS J 2024; 291:1131-1150. [PMID: 37935441 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Gastric neoplasm is a high-mortality cancer worldwide. Chemoresistance is the obstacle against gastric cancer treatment. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed to promote malignant progression. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. The mitokine growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a significant biomarker for mitochondrial disorder and is activated by the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway. The serum level of GDF15 was found to be correlated with the poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. In this study, we found that high GDF15 protein expression might increase disease recurrence in adjuvant chemotherapy-treated gastric cancer patients. Moreover, treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors, especially oligomycin (a complex V inhibitor) and salubrinal (an ISR activator), respectively, was found to upregulate GDF15 and enhance cisplatin insensitivity of human gastric cancer cells. Mechanistically, it was found that the activating transcription factor 4-C/EBP homologous protein pathway has a crucial function in the heightened manifestation of GDF15. In addition, reactive oxygen species-activated general control nonderepressible 2 mediates the oligomycin-induced ISR, and upregulates GDF15. The GDF15-glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor a-like-ISR-cystine/glutamate transporter-enhanced glutathione production was found to be involved in cisplatin resistance. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction might enhance cisplatin insensitivity through GDF15 upregulation, and targeting mitokine GDF15-ISR regulation might be a strategy against cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hung Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Gastric Cancer Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Fang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Gastric Cancer Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Anna Fen-Yau Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shun Yeh
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Giun-Yi Hung
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liuizė (Abramavičiūtė) A, Mongirdienė A. TGF-β Isoforms and GDF-15 in the Development and Progression of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2104. [PMID: 38396781 PMCID: PMC10889676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of oxidised lipoproteins on the endothelium, monocytes, platelets, and macrophages is a key factor in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Antioxidant action, lipoprotein metabolism, and chronic inflammation are the fields of research interest for better understanding the development of the disease. All the fields are related to inflammation and hence to the secretion of cytokines, which are being investigated as potential diagnostic markers for the onset of atherosclerosis. Pathways of vascular damage are crucial for the development of new laboratory readouts. The very early detection of endothelial cell damage associated with the onset of atherosclerosis, allowing the initiation of therapy, remains a major research goal. This article summarises the latest results on the relationship of tumour growth factor beta (TGF-β) isoforms and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: which cells involved in atherosclerosis produce them, which effectors stimulate their synthesis and secretion, how they influence atherosclerosis development, and the relationship between the levels of TGF-β and GDF-15 in the blood and the development and extent of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aušra Mongirdienė
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Holmannova D, Borsky P, Andrys C, Kremlacek J, Fiala Z, Parova H, Rehacek V, Esterkova M, Poctova G, Maresova T, Borska L. The Influence of Metabolic Syndrome on Potential Aging Biomarkers in Participants with Metabolic Syndrome Compared to Healthy Controls. Biomedicines 2024; 12:242. [PMID: 38275413 PMCID: PMC10813522 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological aging is a physiological process that can be altered by various factors. The presence of a chronic metabolic disease can accelerate aging and increase the risk of further chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to determine whether the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects levels of markers that are associated with, among other things, aging. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 169 subjects (58 with MetS, and 111 without metabolic syndrome, i.e., non-MetS) participated in the study. Levels of telomerase, GDF11/15, sirtuin 1, follistatin, NLRP3, AGEs, klotho, DNA/RNA damage, NAD+, vitamin D, and blood lipids were assessed from blood samples using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS Telomerase (p < 0.01), DNA/RNA damage (p < 0.006) and GDF15 (p < 0.02) were higher in MetS group compared to non-MetS group. Only vitamin D levels were higher in the non-MetS group (p < 0.0002). Differences between MetS and non-MetS persons were also detected in groups divided according to age: in under 35-year-olds and those aged 35-50 years. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that people with MetS compared to those without MetS have higher levels of some of the measured markers of biological aging. Thus, the presence of MetS may accelerate biological aging, which may be associated with an increased risk of chronic comorbidities that accompany MetS (cardiovascular, inflammatory, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, metabolic, or cancer diseases) and risk of premature death from all causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drahomira Holmannova
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.B.)
| | - Pavel Borsky
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.B.)
| | - Ctirad Andrys
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kremlacek
- Institute of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Fiala
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.B.)
| | - Helena Parova
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Rehacek
- Transfusion Department, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Esterkova
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.B.)
| | - Gabriela Poctova
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.B.)
| | - Tereza Maresova
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.B.)
| | - Lenka Borska
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic (L.B.)
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Luo J, He Z, Li Q, Lv M, Cai Y, Ke W, Niu X, Zhang Z. Adipokines in atherosclerosis: unraveling complex roles. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1235953. [PMID: 37645520 PMCID: PMC10461402 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1235953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipokines are biologically active factors secreted by adipose tissue that act on local and distant tissues through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. However, adipokines are believed to be involved in an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Classical adipokines include leptin, adiponectin, and ceramide, while newly identified adipokines include visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin, omentin, and asprosin. New evidence suggests that adipokines can play an essential role in atherosclerosis progression and regression. Here, we summarize the complex roles of various adipokines in atherosclerosis lesions. Representative protective adipokines include adiponectin and neuregulin 4; deteriorating adipokines include leptin, resistin, thrombospondin-1, and C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 5; and adipokines with dual protective and deteriorating effects include C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 1 and C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3; and adipose tissue-derived bioactive materials include sphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramide, and adipose tissue-derived exosomes. However, the role of a newly discovered adipokine, asprosin, in atherosclerosis remains unclear. This article reviews progress in the research on the effects of adipokines in atherosclerosis and how they may be regulated to halt its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Luo
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengna Lv
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuli Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ke
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Niu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Sawalha K, Norgard NB, Drees BM, López-Candales A. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), a New Biomarker in Heart Failure Management. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2023; 20:287-299. [PMID: 37289373 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-023-00610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of biomarkers across medicine's subspecialties continues to evolve. In essence, a biomarker is a biological observation that clearly substitutes a clinical endpoint or intermediate outcome not only are more difficult to observe but also, biomarkers are easier, less expensive and could be measured over shorter periods. In general, biomarkers are versatile and not only used for disease screening and diagnosis but, most importantly, for disease characterization, monitoring, and determination of prognosis as well as individualized therapeutic responses. Obviously, heart failure (HF) is no exception to the use of biomarkers. Currently, natriuretic peptides are the most used biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognostication, while their role in the monitoring of treatment is still debatable. Although several other new biomarkers are currently under investigation regarding diagnosis and determination of prognosis, none of them are specific for HF, and none are recommended for routine clinical use at present. However, among these emerging biomarkers, we would like to highlight the potential for growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 as a plausible new biomarker that could be helpful in providing prognostic information regarding HF morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Sawalha
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Fellowship, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Health, Truman Medical Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2301 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Nicholas B Norgard
- Department of Medicine, University Health Truman Medical Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Betty M Drees
- Department(s) of Internal Medicine, Biomedical and Health Informatics, Section of Endocrinology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Angel López-Candales
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Health, Truman Medical Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2301 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
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9
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Lösch L, Stemmler A, Fischer A, Steinmetz J, Schuldt L, Hennig CL, Symmank J, Jacobs C. GDF15 Promotes the Osteogenic Cell Fate of Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts, thus Affecting Their Mechanobiological Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10011. [PMID: 37373159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PdLFs) exert important functions in oral tissue and bone remodeling following mechanical forces, which are specifically applied during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Located between the teeth and the alveolar bone, mechanical stress activates the mechanomodulatory functions of PdLFs including regulating local inflammation and activating further bone-remodeling cells. Previous studies suggested growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) as an important pro-inflammatory regulator during the PdLF mechanoresponse. GDF15 exerts its effects through both intracrine signaling and receptor binding, possibly even in an autocrine manner. The extent to which PdLFs are susceptible to extracellular GDF15 has not yet been investigated. Thus, our study aims to examine the influence of GDF15 exposure on the cellular properties of PdLFs and their mechanoresponse, which seems particularly relevant regarding disease- and aging-associated elevated GDF15 serum levels. Therefore, in addition to investigating potential GDF15 receptors, we analyzed its impact on the proliferation, survival, senescence, and differentiation of human PdLFs, demonstrating a pro-osteogenic effect upon long-term stimulation. Furthermore, we observed altered force-related inflammation and impaired osteoclast differentiation. Overall, our data suggest a major impact of extracellular GDF15 on PdLF differentiation and their mechanoresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lösch
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Albert Stemmler
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Fischer
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Steinmetz
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Schuldt
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Judit Symmank
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Collin Jacobs
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
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10
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Shimizu Y, Hayashida N, Yamanashi H, Noguchi Y, Kawashiri SY, Takada M, Arima K, Nakamichi S, Nagata Y, Maeda T. Serum Concentration of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 and Atherosclerosis among General Older Japanese Individuals with Normal Weight. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1572. [PMID: 37371667 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), which modulates cellular energy balance, is reported to be positively associated with cardiovascular disease. However, there have been no reports about the association between serum GDF-15 concentration and atherosclerosis as evaluated by carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) among the general population. A cross-sectional study of 536 Japanese individuals aged 60 to 69 years was conducted. To avoid the influence of abnormal cellular energy balance, this study only included participants who had a normal body mass index (BMI) and normal thyroid hormone (free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine) levels. A significant positive association between serum GDF-15 concentration and atherosclerosis was observed. In the sex- and age-adjusted model (Model 1), the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for the logarithmic value of GDF-15 and atherosclerosis was 2.62 (1.67, 5.87). This association remained after adjusting for thyroid function and renal function (Model 2) and further adjusting for known cardiovascular risk factors (Model 3). The corresponding values were 2.61 (1.15, 5.93) for Model 2 and 2.49 (1.08, 5.71) for Model 3, respectively. Serum GDF-15 concentrations could help us to estimate the risk of atherosclerosis by indicating the status of cellular energy balance, which is related to mitochondrial activity among comparative healthy older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shimizu
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Epidemiology Section, Division of Public Health, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Naomi Hayashida
- Division of Strategic Collaborative Research, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 853-8523, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Yamanashi
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 853-8523, Japan
| | - Yuko Noguchi
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Kawashiri
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Midori Takada
- Epidemiology Section, Division of Public Health, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Arima
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Nagata
- Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 853-8523, Japan
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Leading Medical Research Core Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 853-8523, Japan
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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11
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Schwarz A, Kinscherf R, Bonaterra GA. Role of the Stress- and Inflammation-Induced Cytokine GDF-15 in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Relevance. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:81. [PMID: 39077481 PMCID: PMC11264000 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2403081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress- and inflammation-induced growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is proposed as a biomarker for mortality and disease progression in patients with atherosclerosis and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD). The development of atherosclerotic lesions depends, among other factors, on inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and impaired lipid homeostasis. As a consequence, activation and dysfunction of endothelial cells, release of chemokines, growth factors and lipid mediators occur. GDF-15 is suggested as an acute-phase modifier of transforming growth factor (TGF)-ßRII-dependent pro-inflammatory responses leading to rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, although the exact biological function is poorly understood to date. GDF-15 is upregulated in many disease processes, and its effects may be highly context-dependent. To date, it is unclear whether the upregulation of GDF-15 leads to disease progression or provides protection against disease. Concerning CVD, cardiomyocytes are already known to produce and release GDF-15 in response to angiotensin II stimulation, ischemia, and mechanical stretch. Cardiomyocytes, macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and adipocytes also release GDF-15 in response to oxidative as well as metabolic stress or stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Given the critically discussed pathophysiological and cellular functions and the important clinical significance of GDF-15 as a biomarker in CVD, we have summarized here the basic research findings on different cell types. In the context of cellular stress and inflammation, we further elucidated the signaling pathway of GDF-15 in coronary artery disease (CAD), the most common CVD in developing and industrial nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schwarz
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel A. Bonaterra
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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12
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Beydoun MA, Noren Hooten N, Weiss J, Beydoun HA, Georgescu M, Freeman DW, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. GDF15 and its association with cognitive performance over time in a longitudinal study of middle-aged urban adults. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:340-349. [PMID: 36549580 PMCID: PMC10026559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum GDF15 levels are correlated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Few studies have tested this marker's association with middle-aged cognitive performance over time, and whether race affects this association is unknown. We examined associations of initial serum GDF15 concentrations with longitudinal cognitive performance, spanning domains of global mental status, visual and verbal memory, attention, fluency, and executive function in a sub-sample of adults participating in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study (n = 776, Agev1:30-66y, 45.6 % male, 57.0 % African American, 43.0 % below poverty). This analysis consisted of mixed-effects regression models applied to the total selected sample, while also stratifying the analyses by race in the main analyses and further stratifying by sex, age group and poverty status in an exploratory analysis. Our main findings, which passed multiple testing and covariate-adjustment, indicated that GDF15 was associated with poorer baseline performance on several cognitive tests, including animal fluency [overall sample: (Model 1: γ0 ± SE: -0.664 ± 0.208, P < 0.001; Model 2, γ0 ± SE: -0.498 ± 0.217, P < 0.05)]. Among White adults, GDF15 was linked to poorer performance on a brief test of attention (Model 1: γ0 ± SE: -0.426 ± 0.126, P < 0.001; Model 2, γ0 ± SE: -0.281 ± 0.139, P < 0.05); and Trailmaking test, part B (Model 1: γ0 ± SE: +0.129 ± 0.040, P < 0.001; Model 2, γ0 ± SE: +0.089 ± 0.041, P < 0.05), the latter being also linked to higher GDF15 among individuals living below poverty. Among women, GDF15 was associated with poor global mental status (Normalized MMSE: Model 1: γ0 ± SE: -2.617 ± 0.746, P < 0.001; Model 2: γ0 ± SE: -1.729 ± 0.709, P < 0.05). GDF15 was not associated with decline on any of the 11 cognitive test scores considered in ∼ 4 years of follow-up. In sum, we detected cross-sectional associations between GDF15 and cognition, although GDF15 did not predict rate of change in cognitive performance over time among a sample of middle-aged adults. More longitudinal studies are needed to address the clinical utility of this biomarker for early cognitive defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- May A Beydoun
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nicole Noren Hooten
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan Weiss
- Stanford Center on Longevity, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hind A Beydoun
- Department of Research Programs, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA
| | - Michael Georgescu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David W Freeman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Ganjoo S, Puebla-Osorio N, Nanez S, Hsu E, Voss T, Barsoumian H, Duong LK, Welsh JW, Cortez MA. Bone morphogenetic proteins, activins, and growth and differentiation factors in tumor immunology and immunotherapy resistance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033642. [PMID: 36353620 PMCID: PMC9638036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β superfamily is a group of secreted polypeptides with key roles in exerting and regulating a variety of physiologic effects, especially those related to cell signaling, growth, development, and differentiation. Although its central member, TGF-β, has been extensively reviewed, other members of the family-namely bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), activins, and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs)-have not been as thoroughly investigated. Moreover, although the specific roles of TGF-β signaling in cancer immunology and immunotherapy resistance have been extensively reported, little is known of the roles of BMPs, activins, and GDFs in these domains. This review focuses on how these superfamily members influence key immune cells in cancer progression and resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Angelica Cortez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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14
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Darling: A Web Application for Detecting Disease-Related Biomedical Entity Associations with Literature Mining. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040520. [PMID: 35454109 PMCID: PMC9028073 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding, exploring and filtering frequent sentence-based associations between a disease and a biomedical entity, co-mentioned in disease-related PubMed literature, is a challenge, as the volume of publications increases. Darling is a web application, which utilizes Name Entity Recognition to identify human-related biomedical terms in PubMed articles, mentioned in OMIM, DisGeNET and Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) disease records, and generates an interactive biomedical entity association network. Nodes in this network represent genes, proteins, chemicals, functions, tissues, diseases, environments and phenotypes. Users can search by identifiers, terms/entities or free text and explore the relevant abstracts in an annotated format.
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15
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Conte M, Giuliani C, Chiariello A, Iannuzzi V, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. GDF15, an emerging key player in human aging. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101569. [PMID: 35051643 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is recently emerging not only as a stress-related mitokine, but also as a key player in the aging process, being one of the most up-regulated protein with age and associated with a variety of age-related diseases (ARDs). Many data indicate that GDF15 has protective roles in several tissues during different stress and aging, thus playing a beneficial role in apparent contrast with the observed association with many ARDs. A possible detrimental role for this protein is then hypothesized to emerge with age. Therefore, GDF15 can be considered as a pleiotropic factor with beneficial activities that can turn detrimental in old age possibly when it is chronically elevated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biology of GDF15 during aging. We also propose GDF15 as a part of a dormancy program, where it may play a role as a mediator of defense processes aimed to protect from inflammatory damage and other stresses, according to the life history theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre "Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Interdepartmental Centre "Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiariello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Iannuzzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology & Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Institute of Information Technologies, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre "Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate)", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Jiang WW, Zhang ZZ, He PP, Jiang LP, Chen JZ, Zhang XT, Hu M, Zhang YK, Ouyang XP. Emerging roles of growth differentiation factor-15 in brain disorders (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1270. [PMID: 34594407 PMCID: PMC8456456 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and cerebral stroke, are an important contributor to mortality and disability worldwide, where their pathogenesis is currently a topic of intense research. The mechanisms underlying the development of brain disorders are complex and vary widely, including aberrant protein aggregation, ischemic cell necrosis and neuronal dysfunction. Previous studies have found that the expression and function of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) is closely associated with the incidence of brain disorders. GDF15 is a member of the TGFβ superfamily, which is a dimer-structured stress-response protein. The expression of GDF15 is regulated by a number of proteins upstream, including p53, early growth response-1, non-coding RNAs and hormones. In particular, GDF15 has been reported to serve an important role in regulating angiogenesis, apoptosis, lipid metabolism and inflammation. For example, GDF15 can promote angiogenesis by promoting the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, apoptosis of prostate cancer cells and fat metabolism in fasted mice, and GDF15 can decrease the inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. The present article reviews the structure and biosynthesis of GDF15, in addition to the possible roles of GDF15 in Alzheimer's disease, cerebral stroke and Parkinson's disease. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the mechanism underlying the role of GDF15 in various brain disorders, which hopes to provide evidence and guide the prevention and treatment of these debilitating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ping He
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Centre for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Nursing School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Taihe Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410004, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Zhi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Ting Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Mi Hu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Kai Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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17
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Rocha S, Valente MJ, Coimbra S, Catarino C, Rocha-Pereira P, Oliveira JG, Madureira J, Fernandes JC, do Sameiro-Faria M, Miranda V, Belo L, Santos-Silva A, Bronze-da-Rocha E. Interleukin 6 (rs1800795) and pentraxin 3 (rs2305619) polymorphisms-association with inflammation and all-cause mortality in end-stage-renal disease patients on dialysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14768. [PMID: 34285273 PMCID: PMC8292348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the progression and outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The circulating levels of the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin 6 (IL6) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) are enhanced in CKD patients, and are associated with the progression of the disease and with higher risk for cardiovascular events, the major cause of death in CKD patients. Our aim was to study how specific polymorphisms of IL6 and PTX3 encoding genes affect the inflammatory response and outcome of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis. Methodology included the analysis of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), namely the IL6 (rs1800795) polymorphism in the promoter region (-174G > C), and the PTX3 (rs2305619) polymorphism in the intron 1 (+ 281A > G), which were analyzed in ESRD patients on dialysis and in a group of heathy individuals. The allelic frequencies, genotype distribution and their association with circulating levels of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), IL6, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and PTX3, were determined in ESRD patients. Events of death were recorded along one year, to assess the association of the studied SNPs with all-cause mortality and the inflammatory biomarkers, in ESRD patients. Results showed that the allelic frequencies and genotype distribution for IL6 and PTX3 SNPs in the control group and ESRD patients were similar and in agreement with other European reports. For the IL6 polymorphism, we found a trend towards higher levels of high-sensitivity (hs) CRP, IL6 and PTX3 in the homozygous genotypes; the CC genotype also showed the highest levels of GDF15. The mortality rate after the 1-year follow-up was 10.4%. The CC genotype (IL6 SNP) was associated to a higher risk of mortality and deceased patients carrying this genotype also showed the highest levels of hsCRP. Regarding the studied PTX3 SNP, the AA genotype was linked to an enhanced inflammatory response, showing the highest values of hsCRP and IL6. Nevertheless, this genotype had no significant impact on the mortality rate. In conclusion, both studied SNPs seem to modulate the inflammatory response in ESRD and may, therefore, be determinant on disease progression and patients' outcome. Our data also highlights the importance of research on genetic variants that, although less frequent, may have significant biological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rocha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Valente
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Coimbra
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CESPU, IINFACTS, Gandra, Paredes, Portugal
| | - Cristina Catarino
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Petronila Rocha-Pereira
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Gerardo Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias de Saúde (CINTESIS), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Clínica de Hemodiálise do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Madureira
- Centro de Hemodiálise de Nossa Senhora da Franqueira, NefroServe, Barcelos, Portugal
| | | | - Maria do Sameiro-Faria
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Unidade de Hemodiálise, Hospital Agostinho Ribeiro, Felgueiras, Portugal
| | - Vasco Miranda
- Clínica de Hemodiálise de Gondomar, Gondomar, Portugal
| | - Luís Belo
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Elsa Bronze-da-Rocha
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Hassanzadeh Daloee S, Nakhaei N, Hassanzadeh Daloee M, Mahmoodi M, Barzegar-Amini M. Evaluation of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Patients with or without Coronary Artery Disease. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2021; 92:e2021051. [PMID: 33988174 PMCID: PMC8182609 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i2.9267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a distant member of the transforming growth factor-beta cytokine superfamily expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque macrophages. In this study, we sought to compare GDF-15 between patients with coronary artery disease and control group. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 176 subjects were enrolled, consisted of 88 coronary artery disease patients (CAD group) and 88 non-CAD participants (control group. Clinical and demographic data, comprising of family history of CAD, history, and lifestyle factors, hypertension, diabetes, and some blood parameters (e.g. glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)), triglyceride, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)). Results: Mean age of the patients was 55.5±11.1 years (age range: 28–80 years). Of all the participants, 91 (51.7%) were male and 85 (48.3%) female. Hs-CRP, LDL-C, and GDF-15 levels were significantly higher in the CAD patients (P=0.091, P=0.008, and P<0.001, respectively). Total cholesterol, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were significantly higher in the controls (P=0.002, P=0.011, and P=0.055, respectively). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve yielded the satisfactory result of 0.9 (95% CI, 0.8-0.9; P<0.001). The optimum cut-off value of GDF-15 was 1233 ng/L with 71% specificity and 71% sensitivity for CAD diagnosis. Conclusion: These data suggest that serum GDF-15 might be useful in prediction of CAD. (www.actabiomedica)
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Hassanzadeh Daloee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Nima Nakhaei
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mahdy Hassanzadeh Daloee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Mahmoodi
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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19
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Addison R, Weatherhead SC, Pawitri A, Smith GR, Rider A, Grantham HJ, Cockell SJ, Reynolds NJ. Therapeutic wavelengths of ultraviolet B radiation activate apoptotic, circadian rhythm, redox signalling and key canonical pathways in psoriatic epidermis. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101924. [PMID: 33812333 PMCID: PMC8050411 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) exerts pleiotropic effects on human skin. DNA damage response and repair pathways are activated by UVB; if damage cannot be repaired, apoptosis ensues. Although cumulative UVB exposure predisposes to skin cancer, UVB phototherapy is widely used as an effective treatment for psoriasis. Previous studies defined the therapeutic action spectrum of UVB and showed that psoriasis is resistant to apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate early molecular responses within psoriasis plaques following irradiation with single equi-erythemogenic doses of clinically-effective (311 nm, narrow-band) compared to clinically-ineffective (290 nm) UVB. Forty-eight micro-dissected epidermal samples from 20 psoriatic patients were analyzed using microarrays. Our bioinformatic analysis compared gene expression between 311 nm irradiated, 290 nm irradiated and control psoriasis epidermis to specifically identify 311 nm UVB differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their upstream regulatory pathways. Key DEGs and pathways were validated by immunohistochemical analysis. There was a dynamic induction and repression of 311 nm UVB DEGs between 6 h and 18 h, only a limited number of DEGs maintained their designated expression status between time-points. Key disease and function pathways included apoptosis, cell death, cell migration and leucocyte chemotaxis. DNA damage response pathways, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response and P53 signalling were key nodes, interconnecting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Interferon signalling, dendritic cell maturation, granulocyte adhesion and atherosclerotic pathways were also differentially regulated. Consistent with these findings, top transcriptional regulators of 311 nm UVB DEGs related to: a) apoptosis, DNA damage response and cell cycle control; b) innate/acquired immune regulation and inflammation; c) hypoxia/redox response and angiogenesis; d) circadian rhythmicity; f) EGR/AP1 signalling and keratinocyte differentiation; and g) mitochondrial biogenesis. This research provides important insights into the molecular targets of 311 nm UVB, underscoring key roles for apoptosis and cell death. These and the other key pathways delineated may be central to the therapeutic effects of 311 nm in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Addison
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sophie C Weatherhead
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anandika Pawitri
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Graham R Smith
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ashley Rider
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Henry J Grantham
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon J Cockell
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nick J Reynolds
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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20
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de Zegher F, Díaz M, Villarroya J, Cairó M, López-Bermejo A, Villarroya F, Ibáñez L. The relative deficit of GDF15 in adolescent girls with PCOS can be changed into an abundance that reduces liver fat. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7018. [PMID: 33782413 PMCID: PMC8007831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A prime concern of young patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the control of body adiposity, given their tendency to gain weight and/or their difficulty to lose weight. Circulating growth-and-differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) facilitates the control of body weight via receptors in the brainstem. C-reactive protein (CRP) and insulin are endogenous GDF15 secretagogues. We hypothesised that PCOS in non-obese adolescents is characterised by low concentrations of circulating GDF15, when judged by the degree of CRP and insulin drive. GDF15 was added as a post-hoc endpoint of two previously reported, randomised studies in non-obese adolescent girls with PCOS (N = 58; 60% normal weight; 40% overweight) who received either an oral oestroprogestogen contraceptive (OC), or a low-dose combination of spironolactone-pioglitazone-metformin (SPIOMET) for 1 year; subsequently, all girls remained untreated for 1 year. Adolescent girls with regular menses (N = 20) served as healthy controls. Circulating GDF15, CRP and fasting insulin were assessed prior to treatment, and halfway the on- and post-treatment years. Pre-treatment, the absolute GDF15 concentrations were normal in PCOS girls, but their relative levels were markedly low, in view of the augmented CRP and insulin drives. OC treatment was accompanied by a near-doubling of circulating GDF15 (on average, from 296 to 507 pg/mL) and CRP, so that the relative GDF15 levels remained low. SPIOMET treatment was accompanied by a 3.4-fold rise of circulating GDF15 (on average, from 308 to 1045 pg/mL) and by a concomitant lowering of CRP and insulin concentrations towards normal, so that the relative GDF15 levels became markedly abundant. Post-OC, the relatively low GDF15 levels persisted; post-SPIOMET, the circulating concentrations of GDF15, CRP and insulin were all normal. BMI remained stable in both treatment groups. Only SPIOMET was accompanied by a reduction of hepato-visceral fat (by MRI) towards normal. In conclusion, early PCOS was found to be characterised by a relative GDF15 deficit that may partly explain the difficulties that young patients experience to control their body adiposity. This relative GDF15 deficit persisted during and after OC treatment. In contrast, SPIOMET treatment was accompanied by an absolute and a relative abundance of GDF15, and followed by normal GDF15, CRP and insulin concentrations. The present findings strengthen the rationale to raise the concentrations of circulating GDF15 in early PCOS, for example with a SPIOMET-like intervention that attenuates low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and ectopic adiposity, without necessarily lowering body weight.Clinical trial registries: ISRCTN29234515 and ISRCTN11062950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis de Zegher
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta Díaz
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Pediàtric, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu, 2, Esplugues, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Cairó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBGI), Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Pediàtric, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu, 2, Esplugues, 08950, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Wang X, Li X, Wang Z. lncRNA MEG3 inhibits pituitary tumor development by participating in cell proliferation, apoptosis and EMT processes. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:40. [PMID: 33649837 PMCID: PMC7934213 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumors do not pose a threat to life but can cause visual disturbances and serious clinical syndromes, such as infertility and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, screening of key genes involved in the occurrence and development of pituitary tumors can provide new targets for the treatment of pituitary tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of long non‑coding (lnc.) RNA maternally expressed 3 (MEG3) in cell proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes of pituitary tumor. Tissue samples were obtained from 34 patients who underwent surgical treatment of pituitary tumors. Pituitary tumor cells (GH3 and MMQ) were transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)‑MEG3, short hairpin (sh)MEG3, microRNA (miR)‑23‑3p inhibitor or their controls using Lipofectamine® 2000. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were used to detect the levels of MEG3, miR‑23b‑3p and FOXO4, as well as proliferation‑, apoptosis‑ and EMT‑associated genes and proteins. Cell Counting Kit‑8 and flow cytometry assays were performed to detect proliferation and apoptosis, and Transwell assay was undertaken to assess invasion and migration. Luciferase reporter and RNA pulldown assays were performed to verify the binding between lncRNA MEG3, miR‑23b‑3p and FOXO4. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between expression levels of MEG3, miR‑23b‑3p and FOXO4. lncRNA MEG3 was expressed at lower levels in pituitary tumor tissues and cells. Overexpression of lncRNA MEG3 inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration and accelerated apoptosis of pituitary tumor cells. lncRNA MEG3 negatively regulated miR‑23b‑3p expression levels, while miR‑23b‑3p negatively regulated FOXO4 expression levels. Overexpression of lncRNA MEG3 inhibited the EMT process in pituitary tumor cells. miR‑23‑3p inhibitor rescued the effect of shMEG3 on proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis and the EMT process in pituitary tumor cells. lncRNA MEG3 inhibited pituitary tumor development by participating in cell proliferation, apoptosis and the EMT process, which may present a novel target for pituitary tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, P.R. China
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22
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Hasanpour Segherlou Z, Nouri-Vaskeh M, Noroozi Guilandehi S, Baghbanzadeh A, Zand R, Baradaran B, Zarei M. GDF-15: Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance in glioblastoma multiforme. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5564-5581. [PMID: 33580506 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the commonest primary malignant brain tumor and has a remarkably weak prognosis. According to the aggressive form of GBM, understanding the accurate molecular mechanism associated with GBM pathogenesis is essential. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) belongs to transforming growth factor-β superfamily with important roles to control biological processes. It affects cancer growth and progression, drug resistance, and metastasis. It also can promote stemness in many cancers, and also can stress reactions control, bone generation, hematopoietic growth, adipose tissue performance, and body growth, and contributes to cardiovascular disorders. The role GDF-15 to develop and progress cancer is complicated and remains unclear. GDF-15 possesses tumor suppressor properties, as well as an oncogenic effect. GDF-15 antitumorigenic and protumorigenic impacts on tumor development are linked to the cancer type and stage. However, the GDF-15 signaling and mechanism have not yet been completely identified because of no recognized cognate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Nouri-Vaskeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Zand
- Department of Neurology, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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23
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Kim KH, Lee MS. GDF15 as a central mediator for integrated stress response and a promising therapeutic molecule for metabolic disorders and NASH. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129834. [PMID: 33358864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria is a key organelle for energy production and cellular adaptive response to intracellular and extracellular stresses. Mitochondrial stress can be evoked by various stimuli such as metabolic stressors or pathogen infection, which may lead to expression of 'mitokines' such as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the mechanism of GDF15 expression in response to organelle stress such as mitochondrial stress, and covers pathophysiological conditions or diseases that are associated with elevated GDF15 level. This review also illustrates the in vivo role of GDF15 expression in those stress conditions or diseases, and a potential of GDF15 as a therapeutic agent against metabolic disorders such as NASH. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a critical process to recover from mitochondrial stress. UPRmt can induce expression of secretory proteins that can exert systemic effects (mitokines) as well as mitochondrial chaperons. GDF15 can have either protective or detrimental systemic effects in response to mitochondrial stresses, suggesting its role as a mitokine. Mounting evidence shows that GDF15 is also induced by stresses of organelles other than mitochondria such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER). GDF15 level is increased in serum or tissue of mice and human subjects with metabolic diseases such as obesity or NASH. GDF15 can modulate metabolic features of those diseases. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GDF15 play a role as an integrated stress response (ISR) beyond mitochondrial stress response. GDF15 is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as NASH, and also could be a candidate for therapeutic agent against those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kook Hwan Kim
- GI Innovatioin, Inc., Tera Tower, Songpa-daero 167, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05855, South Korea.
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Dept. of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50-1, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
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24
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GDF15, an update of the physiological and pathological roles it plays: a review. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1535-1546. [PMID: 32936319 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a peptide hormone, and a divergent member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily. In normal physiology, GDF15 is expressed in multiple tissues at a low concentration. GDF15 is overexpressed during and following many pathological conditions such as tissue injury and inflammation in order to play a protective role. However, GDF15 appears to promote tumour growth in the later stages of malignant cancer. The recently identified endogenous receptor for GDF15, GDNF family receptor a-like (GFRAL), has allowed elucidation of a physiological pathway in which GDF15 regulates energy homeostasis and body weight, primarily via appetite suppression. The anorectic effect of GDF15 provides some therapeutic potential in management of cancer-related anorexia/cachexia and obesity. Despite the identification of GFRAL as a GDF15 receptor, there appears to be other signalling mechanisms utilized by GDF15 that further increase the possibility of development of therapeutic treatments, should these pathways be fully characterized. In this review, GDF15 function in both physiological and pathological conditions in various tissues will be discussed.
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25
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Association between GDF15, poverty and mortality in urban middle-aged African American and white adults. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237059. [PMID: 32764826 PMCID: PMC7413478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality disparities are influenced by race and poverty. There is limited information about whether poverty influences biologic markers of mortality risk. Emerging data suggests that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is associated with mortality; however, the interplay between GDF15, sociodemographic factors and mortality is not known. We sought to evaluate the interactions between GDF15 and sex, race and poverty status on mortality. Serum GDF15 was measured in 1036 African American and white middle-aged men and women above and below 125% of the Federal poverty status from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. Multivariable adjusted Cox regression models were used to assess the association between log-transformed GDF15 (logGDF15) and 12-year mortality outcomes (all-cause, cardiovascular- and cancer-specific outcomes) and interactions with sex, race and poverty status. Likelihood ratio tests were used to assess significance of the interaction terms. Median GDF15 was 655.2 pg/mL (IQR = 575.1). During 12.2 years of follow-up, 331 died of which 94 cardiovascular- and 87 were cancer-specific deaths. One unit of increase in logGDF15 was associated with a hazard ratio for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular- and cancer-specific mortality of 2.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.94–2.64), 2.74 (95%CI, 2.06–3.63) and 1.41 (95%CI, 1.00–2.00), respectively. There was an interaction between logGDF15 and poverty status on all-cause mortality (p<0.05). The GDF15×poverty status interaction term improved model calibration for all-cause mortality. Our study provides the first evidence that the effect of elevated GDF15 on all-cause mortality is modified by poverty status.
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26
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Lockhart SM, Saudek V, O’Rahilly S. GDF15: A Hormone Conveying Somatic Distress to the Brain. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa007. [PMID: 32310257 PMCID: PMC7299427 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GDF15 has recently gained scientific and translational prominence with the discovery that its receptor is a GFRAL-RET heterodimer of which GFRAL is expressed solely in the hindbrain. Activation of this receptor results in reduced food intake and loss of body weight and is perceived and recalled by animals as aversive. This information encourages a revised interpretation of the large body of previous research on the protein. GDF15 can be secreted by a wide variety of cell types in response to a broad range of stressors. We propose that central sensing of GDF15 via GFRAL-RET activation results in behaviors that facilitate the reduction of exposure to a noxious stimulus. The human trophoblast appears to have hijacked this signal, producing large amounts of GDF15 from early pregnancy. We speculate that this encourages avoidance of potential teratogens in pregnancy. Circulating GDF15 levels are elevated in a range of human disease states, including various forms of cachexia, and GDF15-GFRAL antagonism is emerging as a therapeutic strategy for anorexia/cachexia syndromes. Metformin elevates circulating GDF15 chronically in humans and the weight loss caused by this drug appears to be dependent on the rise in GDF15. This supports the concept that chronic activation of the GDF15-GFRAL axis has efficacy as an antiobesity agent. In this review, we examine the science of GDF15 since its identification in 1997 with our interpretation of this body of work now being assisted by a clear understanding of its highly selective central site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Lockhart
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vladimir Saudek
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Li G, Wang T, Li J, Chen P, Jia P, Zhao J, Duan Y, Liu D, Xu X, Liu B. Increased concentrations of growth differentiation factor-15 in children with Kawasaki disease. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 507:264-270. [PMID: 32387635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the serum concentrations of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) in children with acute Kawasaki disease (KD) and evaluate its role in predicting coronary artery lesions (CALs) and no response KD. METHODS We obtained blood sample from 30 healthy children and 131 children with KD before intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Serum GDF-15 concentrations were measured using ELISA kits. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the potential association between GDF-15 and the occurrence of CALs and treatment responses. RESULTS Serum GDF-15 concentrations in KD were remarkably increased compared with healthy control. Serum GDF-15 concentrations in KD with CALs were also increased compared with no CALs, and in no response KD compared with response KD. Serum of GDF-15 concentrations was positively correlated with white blood cell count, C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and negatively associated with albumin and pre-albumin in all patients with KD. GDF-15 was an independent predictor of CALs and no response KD. GDF-15 was superior to CRP and ESR, while it was not inferior to the combination of CRP and ESR for predicting CALs. CONCLUSIONS Serum of GDF-15 concentrations was significantly increased in acute KD patients, especially in KD with CALs and no response KD. GDF-15 could sever as an independent predictor for CALs and no response KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengyuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan People's Hospital, No. 32, Section 2, 1st Ring Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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28
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Rochette L, Méloux A, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Functional roles of GDF15 in modulating microenvironment to promote carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165798. [PMID: 32304740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic dysregulation are risk factors for many types of cancer. The interactions between a developing tumor and its microenvironment are known to implicate a complex "crosstalk" among the factors produced by the population of cells. Among these factors, Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has a functional role in cancer. GDF15 expression is induced in response to the conditions associated with cellular stress and diseases. The GDF15 receptor, a member of the glial-cell-derived neurotropic factor family (GDNF), is a GDNF family receptor α-like (GFRAL) protein. GDF15 induces pro-angiogenic effects in tumors. However, GDF15 could affect tumorigenesis both positively and negatively. With a better understanding of the upstream disease pathways reflected by GDF15, new treatment targets may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases research team (PEC2, EA 7460), University of Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France.
| | - Alexandre Méloux
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases research team (PEC2, EA 7460), University of Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Marianne Zeller
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases research team (PEC2, EA 7460), University of Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Yves Cottin
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases research team (PEC2, EA 7460), University of Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France; Cardiology Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Cerebro-Cardiovascular diseases research team (PEC2, EA 7460), University of Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
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Oldfield CJ, Duhamel TA, Dhalla NS. Mechanisms for the transition from physiological to pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:74-84. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The heart is capable of responding to stressful situations by increasing muscle mass, which is broadly defined as cardiac hypertrophy. This phenomenon minimizes ventricular wall stress for the heart undergoing a greater than normal workload. At initial stages, cardiac hypertrophy is associated with normal or enhanced cardiac function and is considered to be adaptive or physiological; however, at later stages, if the stimulus is not removed, it is associated with contractile dysfunction and is termed as pathological cardiac hypertrophy. It is during physiological cardiac hypertrophy where the function of subcellular organelles, including the sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and myofibrils, may be upregulated, while pathological cardiac hypertrophy is associated with downregulation of these subcellular activities. The transition of physiological cardiac hypertrophy to pathological cardiac hypertrophy may be due to the reduction in blood supply to hypertrophied myocardium as a consequence of reduced capillary density. Oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, Ca2+-handling abnormalities, and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes are suggested to play a critical role in the depression of contractile function during the development of pathological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Oldfield
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Todd A. Duhamel
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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30
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Wang J, Wei L, Yang X, Zhong J. Roles of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012826. [PMID: 31432727 PMCID: PMC6755840 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Liqun Wei
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Jiuchang Zhong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing China
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31
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Liu H, Lyu Y, Li D, Cui Y, Huang Y, Dai W, Li Y. Potential relation between soluble growth differentiation factor-15 and testosterone deficiency in male patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:21. [PMID: 30819257 PMCID: PMC6394066 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a mutual interaction between inflammation and endocrine disorders in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is associated with CAD, and the effects of testosterone on CAD as reported in literature have been considered as anti-atherosclerotic. The present study aimed to examine the possible association between serum GDF-15 and testosterone in male CAD patients. Methods GDF-15 and testosterone concentrations were determined in blood samples of 426 male patients with CAD and 220 male controls. Serum concentrations of hs-CRP, and other baseline characteristics were also measured. Results Serum levels of GDF-15 were higher in CAD patients when compared to controls, and testosterone concentrations were lower (p < 0.001). Patients with low testosterone levels had higher concentrations of GDF-15 (p < 0.001). In stratified analyses, inverse relations between GDF-15 levels and testosterone were noted for almost all strata, stratified by categories of hs-CRP, leukocytes, neutrophils, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, glucose, HDL-c, and LDL-c, and whether had hypertension, diabetes, and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Furthermore, in the linear regression models with bootstrap resampling with 1000 replications, high GDF-15 levels were independently associated with testosterone deficiency in male patients with CAD. Conclusions In male patients with CAD, high GDF-15 levels were associated with testosterone deficiency. These results support that upregulation of GDF-15 in the presence of low testosterone levels during CAD progression is a potential mechanism by which GDF-15 affects CAD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-019-0823-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Dept of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yongnan Lyu
- Dept of Cardiology, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Di Li
- Dept of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Dept of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Dept of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Dai
- Dept of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Dept of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Univ, Renmin Hospital, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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