1
|
Zhidu S, Ying T, Rui J, Chao Z. Translational potential of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative therapies for human diseases: challenges and opportunities. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:266. [PMID: 39183341 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in stem cell technology offer new possibilities for patients with untreated diseases and disorders. Stem cell-based therapy, which includes multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), has recently become important in regenerative therapies. MSCs are multipotent progenitor cells that possess the ability to undergo in vitro self-renewal and differentiate into various mesenchymal lineages. MSCs have demonstrated promise in several areas, such as tissue regeneration, immunological modulation, anti-inflammatory qualities, and wound healing. Additionally, the development of specific guidelines and quality control methods that ultimately result in the therapeutic application of MSCs has been made easier by recent advancements in the study of MSC biology. This review discusses the latest clinical uses of MSCs obtained from the umbilical cord (UC), bone marrow (BM), or adipose tissue (AT) in treating various human diseases such as pulmonary dysfunctions, neurological disorders, endocrine/metabolic diseases, skin burns, cardiovascular conditions, and reproductive disorders. Additionally, this review offers comprehensive information regarding the clinical application of targeted therapies utilizing MSCs. It also presents and examines the concept of MSC tissue origin and its potential impact on the function of MSCs in downstream applications. The ultimate aim of this research is to facilitate translational research into clinical applications in regenerative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhidu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tao Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang Rui
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhang Chao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218, Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Taherian M, Bayati P, Mojtabavi N. Stem cell-based therapy for fibrotic diseases: mechanisms and pathways. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:170. [PMID: 38886859 PMCID: PMC11184790 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process, that could result in permanent scarring and impairment of the physiological function of the affected organ; this condition which is categorized under the term organ failure could affect various organs in different situations. The involvement of the major organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidney, heart, and skin, is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality across the world. Fibrotic disorders encompass a broad range of complications and could be traced to various illnesses and impairments; these could range from simple skin scars with beauty issues to severe rheumatologic or inflammatory disorders such as systemic sclerosis as well as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Besides, the overactivation of immune responses during any inflammatory condition causing tissue damage could contribute to the pathogenic fibrotic events accompanying the healing response; for instance, the inflammation resulting from tissue engraftment could cause the formation of fibrotic scars in the grafted tissue, even in cases where the immune system deals with hard to clear infections, fibrotic scars could follow and cause severe adverse effects. A good example of such a complication is post-Covid19 lung fibrosis which could impair the life of the affected individuals with extensive lung involvement. However, effective therapies that halt or slow down the progression of fibrosis are missing in the current clinical settings. Considering the immunomodulatory and regenerative potential of distinct stem cell types, their application as an anti-fibrotic agent, capable of attenuating tissue fibrosis has been investigated by many researchers. Although the majority of the studies addressing the anti-fibrotic effects of stem cells indicated their potent capabilities, the underlying mechanisms, and pathways by which these cells could impact fibrotic processes remain poorly understood. Here, we first, review the properties of various stem cell types utilized so far as anti-fibrotic treatments and discuss the challenges and limitations associated with their applications in clinical settings; then, we will summarize the general and organ-specific mechanisms and pathways contributing to tissue fibrosis; finally, we will describe the mechanisms and pathways considered to be employed by distinct stem cell types for exerting anti-fibrotic events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Taherian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Bayati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Mojtabavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Azab M, Idiiatullina E, Safi M, Hezam K. Enhancers of mesenchymal stem cell stemness and therapeutic potency. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114356. [PMID: 37040673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a range of cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, and adipocytes. Multiple preclinical investigations and clinical trials employed enhanced MSCs-dependent therapies in treatment of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. They have demonstrated considerable and prospective therapeutic potentials even though the large-scale use remains a problem. Several strategies have been used to improve the therapeutic potency of MSCs in cellular therapy. Treatment of MSCs utilizing pharmaceutical compounds, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, and vitamins have shown potential outcomes in boosting MSCs' stemness. In this study, we reviewed the current advances in enhancing techniques that attempt to promote MSCs' therapeutic effectiveness in cellular therapy and stemness in vivo with potential mechanisms and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al-Azab
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Elina Idiiatullina
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China; Department of Therapy and Nursing, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa 450008, Russia
| | - Mohammed Safi
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Kamal Hezam
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, 6350 Taiz, Yemen
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kian M, Mirzavand S, Sharifzadeh S, Kalantari T, Ashrafmansouri M, Nasri F. Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapy in Parasitic Infections: Are Anti-parasitic Drugs Combined with MSCs More Effective? Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1487-1499. [DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
5
|
Shi MY, Liu L, Yang FY. Strategies to improve the effect of mesenchymal stem cell therapy on inflammatory bowel disease. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:684-699. [PMID: 36188115 PMCID: PMC9516464 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i9.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis and is an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disease of the colonic mucosa. The occurrence of IBD, causes irreversible damage to the colon and increases the risk of carcinoma. The routine clinical treatment of IBD includes drug treatment, endoscopic treatment and surgery. The vast majority of patients are treated with drugs and biological agents, but the complete cure of IBD is difficult. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a new type of cell therapy for the treatment of IBD due to their immunomodulatory and nutritional functions, which have been confirmed in many clinical trials. This review discusses some potential mechanisms of MSCs in the treatment of IBD, summarizes the experimental results, and provides new insights to enhance the therapeutic effects of MSCs in future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yue Shi
- School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yangtze University, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Yang
- Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molnar V, Pavelić E, Vrdoljak K, Čemerin M, Klarić E, Matišić V, Bjelica R, Brlek P, Kovačić I, Tremolada C, Primorac D. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Effects in Osteoarthritis: A Narrative Review. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060949. [PMID: 35741711 PMCID: PMC9222975 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the insufficient satisfaction rates and high cost of operative treatment for osteoarthritis (OA), alternatives have been sought. Furthermore, the inability of current medications to arrest disease progression has led to rapidly growing clinical research relating to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The availability and function of MSCs vary according to tissue source. The three primary sources include the placenta, bone marrow, and adipose tissue, all of which offer excellent safety profiles. The primary mechanisms of action are trophic and immunomodulatory effects, which prevent the further degradation of joints. However, the function and degree to which benefits are observed vary significantly based on the exosomes secreted by MSCs. Paracrine and autocrine mechanisms prevent cell apoptosis and tissue fibrosis, initiate angiogenesis, and stimulate mitosis via growth factors. MSCs have even been shown to exhibit antimicrobial effects. Clinical results incorporating clinical scores and objective radiological imaging have been promising, but a lack of standardization in isolating MSCs prevents their incorporation in current guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vilim Molnar
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Eduard Pavelić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Kristijan Vrdoljak
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.V.); (M.Č.)
| | - Martin Čemerin
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.V.); (M.Č.)
| | - Emil Klarić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Vid Matišić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
| | - Roko Bjelica
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Petar Brlek
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
| | | | | | - Dragan Primorac
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.M.); (E.P.); (E.K.); (V.M.); (P.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Medical School REGIOMED, 96450 Coburg, Germany
- Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu Z, Lin L, Fan Y, Huselstein C, De Isla N, He X, Chen Y, Li Y. Secretome of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Consecutive Hypoxic Cultures Promotes Resolution of Lung Inflammation by Reprogramming Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084333. [PMID: 35457151 PMCID: PMC9032661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretome from hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to promote resolution of inflammation and alleviate acute lung injury (ALI) through its immunomodulatory function. However, the effects of consecutive hypoxic culture on immunomodulatory function of the MSCs secretome are largely unclarified. Here, we intend to investigate the effects of consecutive hypoxia on therapeutic efficacy of conditioned medium derived from MSCs (MSCs-CM) in alleviating ALI. Human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) were consecutively cultured in 21% O2 (Nor-MSCs) or in 1% O2 (Hypo-MSCs) from passage 0. Their conditioned medium (Nor-CM and Hypo-CM respectively) was collected and administered into ALI models. Our findings confirmed that Hypo-MSCs exhibited increased proliferation ability and decreased cell senescence compared with Nor-MSCs. Consecutive hypoxia promoted UC-MSCs to secrete immunomodulatory cytokines, such as insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1), IL10, TNFα-stimulated gene 6(TSG6), TGFβ, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Both Nor-CM and Hypo-CM could effectively limit lung inflammation, promote efferocytosis and modulate anti-inflammatory polarization of lung macrophages in ALI models. Moreover, the effects of Hypo-CM were more potent than Nor-CM. Taken together, our findings indicate that consecutive hypoxic cultures could not only promote both proliferation and quality of UC-MSCs, but also enhance the therapeutic efficacy of their secretome in mitigating lung inflammation by promoting efferocytosis and anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Z.X.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (X.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Lulu Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Z.X.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (X.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuxuan Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Z.X.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (X.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Céline Huselstein
- UMR 7365 CNRS, Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54505 Nancy, France; (C.H.); (N.D.I.)
| | - Natalia De Isla
- UMR 7365 CNRS, Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54505 Nancy, France; (C.H.); (N.D.I.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Z.X.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (X.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Z.X.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (X.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yinping Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Z.X.); (L.L.); (Y.F.); (X.H.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-6875-8727; Fax: +86-27-6875-9222
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szewc M, Radzikowska-Bűchner E, Wdowiak P, Kozak J, Kuszta P, Niezabitowska E, Matysiak J, Kubiński K, Masłyk M. MSCs as Tumor-Specific Vectors for the Delivery of Anticancer Agents-A Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer Diseases: Perspectives for Quinazoline Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2745. [PMID: 35269887 PMCID: PMC8911180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered to be a powerful tool in the treatment of various diseases. Scientists are particularly interested in the possibility of using MSCs in cancer therapy. The research carried out so far has shown that MSCs possess both potential pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic properties. It has been confirmed that MSCs can regulate tumor cell growth through a paracrine mechanism, and molecules secreted by MSCs can promote or block a variety of signaling pathways. These findings may be crucial in the development of new MSC-based cell therapeutic strategies. The abilities of MSCs such as tumor tropism, deep migration and immune evasion have evoked considerable interest in their use as tumor-specific vectors for small-molecule anticancer agents. Studies have shown that MSCs can be successfully loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs such as gemcitabine and paclitaxel, and can release them at the site of primary and metastatic neoplasms. The inhibitory effect of MSCs loaded with anti-cancer agents on the proliferation of cancer cells has also been observed. However, not all known chemotherapeutic agents can be used in this approach, mainly due to their cytotoxicity towards MSCs and insufficient loading and release capacity. Quinazoline derivatives appear to be an attractive choice for this therapeutic solution due to their biological and pharmacological properties. There are several quinazolines that have been approved for clinical use as anticancer drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It gives hope that the synthesis of new quinazoline derivatives and the development of methods of their application may contribute to the establishment of highly effective therapies for oncological patients. However, a deeper understanding of interactions between MSCs and tumor cells, and the exploration of the possibilities of using quinazoline derivatives in MSC-based therapy is necessary to achieve this goal. The aim of this review is to discuss the prospects for using MSC-based cell therapy in cancer treatment and the potential use of quinazolines in this procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szewc
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Elżbieta Radzikowska-Bűchner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital MSWiA, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Paulina Wdowiak
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Joanna Kozak
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kuszta
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.W.); (J.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Ewa Niezabitowska
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Multidisciplinary Hospital in Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Matysiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Konrad Kubiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Maciej Masłyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Strategies to enhance immunomodulatory properties and reduce heterogeneity in mesenchymal stromal cells during ex vivo expansion. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:456-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
10
|
Wiśniewska J, Sadowska A, Wójtowicz A, Słyszewska M, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A. Perspective on Stem Cell Therapy in Organ Fibrosis: Animal Models and Human Studies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101068. [PMID: 34685439 PMCID: PMC8538998 DOI: 10.3390/life11101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that result from the disruption of regulatory processes responsible for ECM synthesis, deposition, and remodeling. Fibrosis develops in response to a trigger or injury and can occur in nearly all organs of the body. Thus, fibrosis leads to severe pathological conditions that disrupt organ architecture and cause loss of function. It has been estimated that severe fibrotic disorders are responsible for up to one-third of deaths worldwide. Although intensive research on the development of new strategies for fibrosis treatment has been carried out, therapeutic approaches remain limited. Since stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), show remarkable self-renewal, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capacity, they have been intensively tested in preclinical studies and clinical trials as a potential tool to slow down the progression of fibrosis and improve the quality of life of patients with fibrotic disorders. In this review, we summarize in vitro studies, preclinical studies performed on animal models of human fibrotic diseases, and recent clinical trials on the efficacy of allogeneic and autologous stem cell applications in severe types of fibrosis that develop in lungs, liver, heart, kidney, uterus, and skin. Although the results of the studies seem to be encouraging, there are many aspects of cell-based therapy, including the cell source, dose, administration route and frequency, timing of delivery, and long-term safety, that remain open areas for future investigation. We also discuss the contemporary status, challenges, and future perspectives of stem cell transplantation for therapeutic options in fibrotic diseases as well as we present recent patents for stem cell-based therapies in organ fibrosis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen G, Yue A, Wang M, Ruan Z, Zhu L. The Exosomal lncRNA KLF3-AS1 From Ischemic Cardiomyocytes Mediates IGF-1 Secretion by MSCs to Rescue Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:671610. [PMID: 34621793 PMCID: PMC8490635 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.671610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to explore the mechanism by which myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced exosomes modulate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to regulate myocardial injury. In this study, we established an I/R injury model in vivo and a hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) model in vitro. Then, exosomes isolated from H/R-exposed H9c2 cells were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Western blot analysis. CCK-8 assays and flow cytometry were performed to assess cell injury. ELISA was applied to determine the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Echocardiography was used to assess cardiac function in vivo. HE staining and TUNEL assays were conducted to analyze myocardial injury in vivo. In the present study, H/R-exposed H9c2 cells induced IGF-1 secretion from MSCs to inhibit cell myocardial injury. Moreover, exosomes derived from H/R-exposed H9c2 cells were introduced to MSCs to increase IGF-1 levels. The lncRNA KLF3-AS1 was dramatically upregulated in exosomes derived from H/R-treated H9c2 cells. Functional experiments showed that the exosomal lncRNA KLF3-AS1 promoted IGF-1 secretion from MSCs and increased H9c2 cell viability. In addition, miR-23c contains potential binding sites for both KLF3-AS1 and STAT5B, and miR-23c directly bound to the 3'-UTRs of KLF3-AS1 and STAT5B. Furthermore, the lncRNA KLF3-AS1 promoted IGF-1 secretion from MSCs and rescued myocardial cell injury in vivo and in vitro by upregulating STAT5B expression. The lncRNA KLF3-AS1 may serve as a new direction for the treatment of myocardial I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gecai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Aihuan Yue
- Taizhou Mabtech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China
| | - Meixiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhongbao Ruan
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bashir NZ. The role of insulin-like growth factors in modulating the activity of dental mesenchymal stem cells. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 122:104993. [PMID: 33259987 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative treatment protocols are an exciting prospect in the management of oral pathology, as they allow for tissues to be restored to their original form and function, as compared to the reparative healing mechanisms which currently govern the outcomes of the majority of dental treatment. Stem cell therapy presents with a great deal of untapped potential in this pursuit of tissue regeneration, and, in particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from dental tissues are of specific relevance with regards to their applications in engineering craniofacial tissues. A number of mediatory factors are involved in modulating the actions of dental MSCs, and, of these, insulin like growth factors (IGFs) are known to have potent effects in governing the behavior of these cells. The IGF family comprises a number of primary ligands, receptors, and binding proteins which are known to modulate the key properties of dental MSCs, such as their proliferation rates, differentiation potential, and mineralisation. The aims of this review are three-fold: (i) to present an overview of dental MSCs and the role of growth factors in modulating their characteristics, (ii) to discuss in greater detail the specific role of IGFs and the benefits they may convey for tissue engineering, and (iii) to provide a summary of potential for in vivo clinical translation of the current in vitro body of evidence.
Collapse
|
13
|
Smolgovsky S, Ibeh U, Tamayo TP, Alcaide P. Adding insult to injury - Inflammation at the heart of cardiac fibrosis. Cell Signal 2020; 77:109828. [PMID: 33166625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fibrotic response has evolutionary worked in tandem with the inflammatory response to facilitate healing following injury or tissue destruction as a result of pathogen clearance. However, excessive inflammation and fibrosis are key pathological drivers of organ tissue damage. Moreover, fibrosis can occur in several conditions associated with chronic inflammation that are not directly caused by overt tissue injury or infection. In the heart, in particular, fibrotic adverse cardiac remodeling is a key pathological driver of cardiac dysfunction in heart failure. Cardiac fibroblast activation and immune cell activation are two mechanistic domains necessary for fibrotic remodeling in the heart, and, independently, their contributions to cardiac fibrosis and cardiac inflammation have been studied and reviewed thoroughly. The interdependence of these two processes, and how their cellular components modulate each other's actions in response to different cardiac insults, is only recently emerging. Here, we review recent literature in cardiac fibrosis and inflammation and discuss the mechanisms involved in the fibrosis-inflammation axis in the context of specific cardiac stresses, such as myocardial ischemia, and in nonischemic heart conditions. We discuss how the search for anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic therapies, so far unsuccessful to date, needs to be based on our understanding of the interdependence of immune cell and fibroblast activities. We highlight that in addition to the extensively reviewed role of immune cells modulating fibroblast function, cardiac fibroblasts are central participants in inflammation that may acquire immune like cell functions. Lastly, we review the gut-heart axis as an example of a novel perspective that may contribute to our understanding of how immune and fibrotic modulation may be indirectly modulated as a potential area for therapeutic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Smolgovsky
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America; Immunology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Udoka Ibeh
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America; Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Peña Tamayo
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America; Immunology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America; Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Damasceno PKF, de Santana TA, Santos GC, Orge ID, Silva DN, Albuquerque JF, Golinelli G, Grisendi G, Pinelli M, Ribeiro Dos Santos R, Dominici M, Soares MBP. Genetic Engineering as a Strategy to Improve the Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:737. [PMID: 32974331 PMCID: PMC7471932 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been widely studied in the field of regenerative medicine for applications in the treatment of several disease settings. The therapeutic potential of MSCs has been evaluated in studies in vitro and in vivo, especially based on their anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative action, through the secretion of soluble mediators. In many cases, however, insufficient engraftment and limited beneficial effects of MSCs indicate the need of approaches to enhance their survival, migration and therapeutic potential. Genetic engineering emerges as a means to induce the expression of different proteins and soluble factors with a wide range of applications, such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, enzymes and microRNAs. Distinct strategies have been applied to induce genetic modifications with the goal to enhance the potential of MCSs. This review aims to contribute to the update of the different genetically engineered tools employed for MSCs modification, as well as the factors investigated in different fields in which genetically engineered MSCs have been tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kauanna Fonseca Damasceno
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Health Institute of Technology, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Iasmim Diniz Orge
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Health Institute of Technology, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniela Nascimento Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Health Institute of Technology, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Giulia Golinelli
- Division of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Division of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Pinelli
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Health Institute of Technology, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine (INCT-REGENERA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Health Institute of Technology, SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine (INCT-REGENERA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guo Y, Yu Y, Hu S, Chen Y, Shen Z. The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells for cardiovascular diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:349. [PMID: 32393744 PMCID: PMC7214402 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are derived from a wide range of sources and easily isolated and cultured. MSCs have the capacity for in vitro amplification and self-renewal, low immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties, and under certain conditions, MSCs can be differentiated into a variety of cells. In the cardiovascular system, MSCs can protect the myocardium by reducing the level of inflammation, promoting the differentiation of myocardial cells around infarct areas and angiogenesis, increasing apoptosis resistance, and inhibiting fibrosis, which are ideal qualities for cardiovascular repair. Preclinical studies have shown that MSCs can be transplanted and improve cardiac repair, but challenges, such as their low rate of migration to the ischemic myocardium, low tissue retention, and low survival rate after transplantation, remain. This article reviews the potential and methods of MSC transplantation in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and the challenges of the clinical use of MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Guo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yunsheng Yu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shijun Hu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China. .,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Yueqiu Chen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China. .,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China. .,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| |
Collapse
|